eoe sub articles

EoE Sub Articles

1. C. tropicalis&#160;biofilm formation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare&#160;Candida&#160;biofilms in a 96-well flat-bottomed polystyrene microtiter plate as described earlier (Figure 1).</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of&#160;C. tropicalis&#160;culture (from 106&#160;cells/mL stock, prepared as above) to a 96-well microtiter plate using a multichannel pipette (Figure 2A). Keep the last two columns (11 and 12) as &#39;no fungus plus ...

an in vitro assay to evaluate the effect of antibodies on candida tropicalis biofilm

Source: Chandley, P., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/64425">A Soluble Tetrazolium-Based Reduction Assay to Evaluate the Effect of Antibodies on Candida tropicalis Biofilms.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022).
This video demonstrates an in vitro technique to study the effect of antibodies on fungal biofilms. The pathogenic fungus Candida tropicalis secretes a virulence factor secreted aspartyl proteinase 2 (Sap2), facilitating biofilm formation. Upon introducing a heat-inactivated serum containing Sap2-specific antibodies that inhibit biofilm maturation, the viability of the fungal cells is assessed using a chromogenic assay.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22101/22101_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Imaging&#160;Candida tropicalis&#160;biofilm.&#160;(A) Visualization of&#160;Candida tropicalis&#160;biofilm formed on the bottom of a 96-well microtiter plate after removal of RPMI medium, using an inverted microscope. The image was captured using brightfield microscopy (no stain was used). (B) Visualization of&#160;C. tropicalis<...

An In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Effect of Antibodies on Candida tropicalis Biofilm

1. C. tropicalis&#160;biofilm formation

	Prepare&#160;Candida&#160;biofilms in a 96-well flat-bottomed polystyrene microtiter plate as described earlier ...

Take a microplate containing the fungus Candida tropicalis. 
The cells secrete Sap2, a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves a transmembrane glycoprotein called Msb2, removing its inhibitory domain.
This induces the fungus to adhere to the bottom and grow into a microcolony of yeast and filamentous forms. The cells secrete soluble components and biopolymers, initiating biofilm formation.
Add a serum sample containing Sap2-specific antibodies to selected wells, and incubate in the dark.
The antibodies bind to Sap2 and neutralize its activity, impeding cell viability and biofilm maturation.
In untreated wells, the biofilm matures into a dense network of cells and extracellular matrix.
Aspirate the liquid, wash the biofilm, and air-dry the plate. Add a chromogenic substrate, and incubate in the dark.
Viable cells, utilizing membrane-bound oxidoreductases, reduce the substrate to a colored product.
Transfer the colored supernatant and read the absorbance.
A lower absorbance in the serum-treated wells indicates antibody-mediated biofilm inhibition.&#160;

an-vitro-assay-to-evaluate-effect-antibodies-on-candida-tropicalis

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Antibody-Based Technologies

Characterization and Functional Analysis

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

This protocol describes the use of a customizable automated microfluidic device to visualize biofilm formation in Candida albicans under host physiological conditions.

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. ...

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Oral Biofilm Formation on Different Materials for Dental Implants

Dental implants and their prosthetic components are prone to bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. The use of materials that provides low microbial adhesion may reduce the prevalence and progression of peri-implant diseases. In view of the oral environment complexity and oral biofilm heterogeneity, microscopy techniques are needed that can enable a biofilm analysis of the surfaces of teeth and dental materials. This article describes a series of protocols implemented for comparing oral biofilm formation on titanium and ceramic materials for prosthetic abutments, as well as the methods involved in oral biofilms analyses at the morphological and cellular levels. The in situ model to evaluate oral biofilm formation on titanium and zirconia materials for dental prosthesis abutments as described in this study provides a satisfactory preservation of the 48 h biofilm, thereby demonstrating methodological adequacy. Multiphoton microscopy allows the analysis of an area representative of the biofilm formed on the test materials. In addition, the use of fluorophores and the processing of the images using multiphoton microscopy allows the analysis of the bacterial viability in a very heterogeneous population of microorganisms. The preparation of biological specimens for electron microscopy promotes the structural preservation of biofilm, images with good resolution, and no artifacts.

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate oral biofilm formation on titanium and zirconia materials for dental prosthesis abutments, including the analysis of bacterial cells viability and morphological characteristics. An in situ model associated with powerful microscopy techniques is used for the oral biofilm analysis.

Dental implants and their prosthetic components are prone to bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. The use of materials that provides low ...

Medicine

Assessing Biofilm Dispersal in Murine Wounds

Biofilm-related infections are implicated in a wide array of chronic conditions such as non-healing diabetic foot ulcers, chronic sinusitis, reoccurring otitis media, and many more. Microbial cells within these infections are protected by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which can prevent antibiotics and host immune cells from clearing the infection. To overcome this obstacle, investigators have begun developing dispersal agents as potential therapeutics. These agents target various components within the biofilm EPS, weakening the structure, and initiating dispersal of the bacteria, which can theoretically improve antibiotic potency and immune clearance. To determine the efficacy of dispersal agents for wound infections, we have developed protocols that measure biofilm dispersal both ex vivo and in vivo. We use a mouse surgical excision model that has been well-described to create biofilm-associated chronic wound infections. To monitor dispersal in vivo, we infect the wounds with bacterial strains that express luciferase. Once mature infections have established, we irrigate the wounds with a solution containing enzymes that degrade components of the biofilm EPS. We then monitor the location and intensity of the luminescent signal in the wound and filtering organs to provide information about the level of dispersal achieved. For ex vivo analysis of biofilm dispersal, infected wound tissue is submerged in biofilm-degrading enzyme solution, after which the bacterial load remaining in the tissue, versus the bacterial load in solution, is assessed. Both protocols have strengths and weaknesses and can be optimized to help accurately determine the efficacy of dispersal treatments.

Here, we describe ex vivo and in vivo methods for assessing bacterial dispersal from a wound infection in mice. This protocol can be utilized to test the efficacy of topical antimicrobial and anti-biofilm therapies, or to assess the dispersal capacity of different bacterial strains or species.

Biofilm-related infections are implicated in a wide array of chronic conditions such as non-healing diabetic foot ulcers, chronic sinusitis, reoccurring ...

An In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Effect of Antibodies on Candida tropicalis Biofilm

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