Name: imaging cell shape change in living drosophila embryos
Uploaded: 2011-03-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

我们非常感谢埃里克Wieschaus，提供了该协议开发的基础上。我们的工作是一个贝尔纳Marrs麦克莱恩部生物化学与分子生物学启动奖，贝勒医学院的支持。

1。装配胚胎收集杯<ol><li>切底关闭100 mL的烧杯用剃刀三玉米，尽可能顺利的边缘。杯子很容易处理，如果你还修剪关闭顶部的三个角，虽然这不是绝对必要的。 </li><li>切丝网（6厘米x 6厘米）的平方。在一个预热的热点板块，里面的通风橱，层丝网一块重型铝箔上的平方。推杯的削减，坚决到热网的底部边缘。等待几秒钟，并解除与现在连接的网状杯。如果箔也坚持，只是剥离其关闭。 </li><li>?...

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transitions+between+epithelial+and+mesenchymal+states+in+development+and+disease.">Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in development and disease.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 19, 294-308 (2008).</li><li>Kibar, Z., Capra, V., Gros, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+understanding+the+genetic+basis+of+neural+tube+defects.">Toward understanding the genetic basis of neural tube defects.</a> Clin Genet. 71, 295-310 (2007).</li><li>Jazwinska, A., Ribeiro, C., Affolter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+tube+morphogenesis+during+Drosophila+tracheal+development+requires+Piopio,+a+luminal+ZP+protein.">Epithelial tube morphogenesis during Drosophila tracheal development requires Piopio, a luminal ZP protein.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 895-901 (2003).</li><li>Martin, P., Parkhurst, S. 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C., Sullivan, W., Karess, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reassessing+the+role+and+dynamics+of+nonmuscle+myosin+II+during+furrow+formation+in+early+Drosophila+embryos.">Reassessing the role and dynamics of nonmuscle myosin II during furrow formation in early Drosophila embryos.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 15, 838-850 (2004).</li><li>Lecuit, T., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarized+insertion+of+new+membrane+from+a+cytoplasmic+reservoir+during+cleavage+of+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Polarized insertion of new membrane from a cytoplasmic reservoir during cleavage of the Drosophila embryo.</a> J Cell Biol. 150, 849-860 (2000).</li><li>Mavrakis, M., Rikhy, R., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+membrane+polarity+and+compartmentalization+are+established+before+cellularization+in+the+fly+embryo.">Plasma membrane polarity and compartmentalization are established before cellularization in the fly embryo.</a> Dev Cell. 16, 93-104 (2009).</li><li>Cao, J., Crest, J., Fasulo, B., Sullivan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+Actin+Dynamics+Facilitate+Early-Stage+Centrosome+Separation.">Cortical Actin Dynamics Facilitate Early-Stage Centrosome Separation.</a> Curr Biol. , (2010).</li><li>Cao, J., Albertson, R., Riggs, B., Field, C. M., Sullivan, W. N. u. f. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Rab11+effector,+maintains+cytokinetic+furrow+integrity+by+promoting+local+actin+polymerization.">a Rab11 effector, maintains cytokinetic furrow integrity by promoting local actin polymerization.</a> J Cell Biol. 182, 301-313 (2008).</li><li>Sokac, A. M., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+actin-dependent+endocytosis+is+zygotically+controlled+to+initiate+Drosophila+cellularization.">Local actin-dependent endocytosis is zygotically controlled to initiate Drosophila cellularization.</a> Dev Cell. 14, 775-786 (2008).</li><li>Fox, D. T., Peifer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abelson+kinase+(Abl)+and+RhoGEF2+regulate+actin+organization+during+cell+constriction+in+Drosophila.">Abelson kinase (Abl) and RhoGEF2 regulate actin organization during cell constriction in Drosophila.</a> Development. 134, 567-578 (2007).</li><li>Martin, A. C., Kaschube, M., Wieschaus, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+contractions+of+an+actin-myosin+network+drive+apical+constriction.">Pulsed contractions of an actin-myosin network drive apical constriction.</a> Nature. 457, 495-499 (2009).</li><li>Bertet, C., Sulak, L., Lecuit, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin-dependent+junction+remodelling+controls+planar+cell+intercalation+and+axis+elongation.">Myosin-dependent junction remodelling controls planar cell intercalation and axis elongation.</a> Nature. 429, 667-671 (2004).</li><li>Blankenship, J. T., Backovic, S. T., Sanny, J. S., Weitz, O., Zallen, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicellular+rosette+formation+links+planar+cell+polarity+to+tissue+morphogenesis.">Multicellular rosette formation links planar cell polarity to tissue morphogenesis.</a> Dev Cell. 11, 459-470 (2006).</li><li>Caussinus, E., Colombelli, J., Affolter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tip-cell+migration+controls+stalk-cell+intercalation+during+Drosophila+tracheal+tube+elongation.">Tip-cell migration controls stalk-cell intercalation during Drosophila tracheal tube elongation.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1727-1734 (2008).</li><li>Gervais, L., Casanova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+coupling+of+cell+elongation+and+lumen+formation+in+a+single+cell.">In vivo coupling of cell elongation and lumen formation in a single cell.</a> Curr Biol. 20, 359-366 (2010).</li><li>Gorfinkiel, N., Blanchard, G. B., Adams, R. J., Arias, M. a. r. t. i. n. e. z., A, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+control+of+global+cell+behaviour+during+dorsal+closure+in+Drosophila.">Mechanical control of global cell behaviour during dorsal closure in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136, 1889-1898 (2009).</li><li>Solon, J., Kaya-Copur, A., Colombelli, J., Brunner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+forces+timed+by+a+ratchet-like+mechanism+drive+directed+tissue+movement+during+dorsal+closure.">Pulsed forces timed by a ratchet-like mechanism drive directed tissue movement during dorsal closure.</a> Cell. 137, 1331-1342 (2009).</li><li>Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+photographic+study+of+development+in+the+living+embryo+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A photographic study of development in the living embryo of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Embryol Exp Morphol. 33, 789-801 (1975).</li><li>Sokac, A. M., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zygotically+controlled+F-actin+establishes+cortical+compartments+to+stabilize+furrows+during+Drosophila+cellularization.">Zygotically controlled F-actin establishes cortical compartments to stabilize furrows during Drosophila cellularization.</a> J Cell Sci. 121, 1815-1824 (2008).</li><li>Morin, X., Daneman, R., Zavortink, M., Chia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein+trap+strategy+to+detect+GFP-tagged+proteins+expressed+from+their+endogenous+loci+in+Drosophila.">A protein trap strategy to detect GFP-tagged proteins expressed from their endogenous loci in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 15050-15055 (2001).</li><li>Oda, H., Tsukita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+of+cell-cell+adherens+junctions+reveals+that+Drosophila+mesoderm+invagination+begins+with+two+phases+of+apical+constriction+of+cells.">Real-time imaging of cell-cell adherens junctions reveals that Drosophila mesoderm invagination begins with two phases of apical constriction of cells.</a> J Cell Sci. 114, 493-501 (2001).</li><li>Kiehart, D. P., Galbraith, C. G., Edwards, K. A., Rickoll, W. L., Montague, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+forces+contribute+to+cell+sheet+morphogenesis+for+dorsal+closure+in+Drosophila.">Multiple forces contribute to cell sheet morphogenesis for dorsal closure in Drosophila.</a> J Cell Biol. 149, 471-490 (2000).</li></ol>

本文所述的协议将允许生活，在发展中国家果蝇胚胎的细胞形态变化的共焦成像。成像GFP的股票，可以由个人实验室（见表2）准备，但许多这类股票也公开如布卢明顿果蝇联合中心的中心在美国印第安纳大学<a href="http://flystocks.bio.indiana.edu">（</a> http://flystocks.bio.indiana.edu）和捕蝇草在美国耶鲁大学（ <a href="http://flytrap.med.yale.edu">http://flytrap.med.yale.edu</a> ）联合中心。一旦获得这些实时成像?...

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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>12-550-343</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cover slips 25x25</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (Corning #2865-25)</td>
<td>1 2-524C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Squirt bottles (H2O)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>02-897-11</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50 ml Falcon tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD# 352070)</td>
<td>14-432-22</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bulbs for small pipets, 1 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>03-448-21</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Scintillation vials with caps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (Wheaton #986546)</td>
<td>66021-533</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tri-Corn Beakers, 100 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>60970</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Falcon Petri dish 60x15mm </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD# 351007)</td>
<td>08757 100B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Falcon Cell strainer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD#352350)</td>
<td>08-771-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Yellow pipet tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ranin</td>
<td>L200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stainless steel mesh, 304, 12x24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Small Parts</td>
<td>CX-0150-F-01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass 5&frac34; inch Pasteur Pipets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>13-678-20B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>P4 Filter paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>09-803-6F</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rubber bands</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Office Max</td>
<td>A620645</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Scotch double-sided tape, &frac12; inch</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Office Max</td>
<td>A8137DM-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Robert Simmons Expression paint brushes E85 round #2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Jerry&#x2019;s Artarama</td>
<td>56460</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont #5 Forceps High Precision Inox</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
<td>72701-DZ</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Razor blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (BD #214010)</td>
<td>55411-050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Halocarbon Oil 27</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>H 8773</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Heptane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Chemical/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>H360-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Bacto Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (BD# 214010)</td>
<td>90000-760</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>S7903</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>p-Hydroxybenzoic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>H5501</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red Star Active Dry Yeast</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>LeSaffre</td>
<td>15700</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Paper towels, C-fold</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kleenex</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heavy duty aluminum foil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Reynolds Wrap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bleach</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Austin&#x2019;s A-1 Commercial</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100% Apple juice</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ocean Spray or Tree Top</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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imaging cell shape change in living drosophila embryos

发展的果蝇胚胎发生细胞形态的变化，非常适合现场共焦成像。在果蝇的细胞形状的变化类似于在高等生物的，他们驾驶的组织形态发生。因此，在许多情况下他们的研究有直接影响，为了解人类疾病（见表1）1-5 。规模在亚细胞，这些细胞形态的变化，产品范围从基因表达的信号转导，细胞极性，细胞骨架重塑和膜贩运活动。因此， 果蝇胚胎不仅提供了背景下，以评估细胞形状的变化，因为这涉及到组织的形态发生，但也提供了一个完全的生理环境研究的亚细胞形状的细胞的活动，。 这里描述的是该协议设计的图像称为cellularization一个特定的细胞形态变化。 Cellularization是一个戏剧性的质膜增长过程，并最终转换成合胞胚胎细胞胚。也就是说，在有丝分裂周期14相间，质膜同时invaginates〜6000 cortically挂靠核周围产生原发性上皮细胞表。 cellularization违反上述建议，是不是驱动由肌球蛋白收缩6，但燃料，而不是主要从7个内部存储的膜胞吐。因此，cellularization是一个优秀的系统研究在细胞形态的变化，需要质膜内陷或扩建，如细胞分裂或横管（T型肾小管）在肌肉形态发生，膜贩运。 请注意，这个协议是很容易应用到其他细胞形状的变化，在果蝇胚胎成像，并且只需要轻微的适应化修改，如改变胚胎收集的阶段，或使用“胚胎胶”，安装在一个特定的方向（表胚胎1）8-19。在所有情况下，工作流程基本上是相同的的（图1）。克隆和转基因果蝇的标准方法用于制备稳定的飞股票，表达利益的一种蛋白，融合，绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）或它的变种，和这些苍蝇提供了一种可再生的胚胎来源。另外，荧光蛋白/探针直接引入飞胚胎，通过简单的显微注射技术 9-10 。然后，根据发展的事件和细胞形状的变化进行成像，胚胎收集和形态解剖显微镜上演，并最终定位和安装时间推移共聚焦显微镜成像。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

果蝇，果蝇，早期发展的特点是由许多细胞形状的变化，以及成像方法适合。本文将描述活果蝇胚胎的共焦成像所需的基本工具和方法，将集中在细胞形态变化称为cellularization。

影像生活细胞的形状变化果蝇胚胎

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

imaging-cell-shape-change-in-living-drosophila-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

从Midgastrula舞台果蝇胚胎神经文化的制备

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

科研

生物学

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

双光子现场斑马鱼的胚胎干切断和时间推移共焦成像

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

编制果蝇实时成像的胚胎使用悬滴协议

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

电子显微镜对胚胎的制备果蝇胚胎心管

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

果蝇胚胎的体内离心

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

直立成像果蝇胚胎

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

原代细胞培养从果蝇原肠胚

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

kinesin的分离和纯化果蝇胚胎

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;合胞胚胎

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

凋亡细胞清除过程中实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎发育

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...