Name: imaging cell shape change in living drosophila embryos
Uploaded: 2011-03-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Noi riconosciamo con gratitudine Eric Wieschaus, che ha fornito il fondamento su cui è stato sviluppato questo protocollo. Il nostro lavoro è supportato da una McLean Verna &amp; Marrs Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Start-up Award, Baylor College of Medicine.

1. Montare Coppe di raccolta degli embrioni <ol><li> Tagliare il fondo fuori di un 100 mL Tri-corn becher con un rasoio, rendendo il bordo il più agevole possibile. Le coppe sono più facili da gestire se anche tagliare i tre angoli via dalla cima, anche se questo non è assolutamente necessario. </li><li> Tagliare un quadrato di rete metallica (6 cm x 6 cm). Su un pre-riscaldato piastra calda, all&#39;interno di un fumo cappuccio, strato piazza di rete metallica sulla parte superiore di un pezzo di pesanti foglio di...

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transitions+between+epithelial+and+mesenchymal+states+in+development+and+disease.">Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in development and disease.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 19, 294-308 (2008).</li><li>Kibar, Z., Capra, V., Gros, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+understanding+the+genetic+basis+of+neural+tube+defects.">Toward understanding the genetic basis of neural tube defects.</a> Clin Genet. 71, 295-310 (2007).</li><li>Jazwinska, A., Ribeiro, C., Affolter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+tube+morphogenesis+during+Drosophila+tracheal+development+requires+Piopio,+a+luminal+ZP+protein.">Epithelial tube morphogenesis during Drosophila tracheal development requires Piopio, a luminal ZP protein.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 895-901 (2003).</li><li>Martin, P., Parkhurst, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallels+between+tissue+repair+and+embryo+morphogenesis.">Parallels between tissue repair and embryo morphogenesis.</a> Development. 131, 3021-3034 (2004).</li><li>Royou, A., Field, C., Sisson, J. C., Sullivan, W., Karess, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reassessing+the+role+and+dynamics+of+nonmuscle+myosin+II+during+furrow+formation+in+early+Drosophila+embryos.">Reassessing the role and dynamics of nonmuscle myosin II during furrow formation in early Drosophila embryos.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 15, 838-850 (2004).</li><li>Lecuit, T., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarized+insertion+of+new+membrane+from+a+cytoplasmic+reservoir+during+cleavage+of+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Polarized insertion of new membrane from a cytoplasmic reservoir during cleavage of the Drosophila embryo.</a> J Cell Biol. 150, 849-860 (2000).</li><li>Mavrakis, M., Rikhy, R., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+membrane+polarity+and+compartmentalization+are+established+before+cellularization+in+the+fly+embryo.">Plasma membrane polarity and compartmentalization are established before cellularization in the fly embryo.</a> Dev Cell. 16, 93-104 (2009).</li><li>Cao, J., Crest, J., Fasulo, B., Sullivan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+Actin+Dynamics+Facilitate+Early-Stage+Centrosome+Separation.">Cortical Actin Dynamics Facilitate Early-Stage Centrosome Separation.</a> Curr Biol. , (2010).</li><li>Cao, J., Albertson, R., Riggs, B., Field, C. M., Sullivan, W. N. u. f. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Rab11+effector,+maintains+cytokinetic+furrow+integrity+by+promoting+local+actin+polymerization.">a Rab11 effector, maintains cytokinetic furrow integrity by promoting local actin polymerization.</a> J Cell Biol. 182, 301-313 (2008).</li><li>Sokac, A. M., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+actin-dependent+endocytosis+is+zygotically+controlled+to+initiate+Drosophila+cellularization.">Local actin-dependent endocytosis is zygotically controlled to initiate Drosophila cellularization.</a> Dev Cell. 14, 775-786 (2008).</li><li>Fox, D. T., Peifer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abelson+kinase+(Abl)+and+RhoGEF2+regulate+actin+organization+during+cell+constriction+in+Drosophila.">Abelson kinase (Abl) and RhoGEF2 regulate actin organization during cell constriction in Drosophila.</a> Development. 134, 567-578 (2007).</li><li>Martin, A. C., Kaschube, M., Wieschaus, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+contractions+of+an+actin-myosin+network+drive+apical+constriction.">Pulsed contractions of an actin-myosin network drive apical constriction.</a> Nature. 457, 495-499 (2009).</li><li>Bertet, C., Sulak, L., Lecuit, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin-dependent+junction+remodelling+controls+planar+cell+intercalation+and+axis+elongation.">Myosin-dependent junction remodelling controls planar cell intercalation and axis elongation.</a> Nature. 429, 667-671 (2004).</li><li>Blankenship, J. T., Backovic, S. T., Sanny, J. S., Weitz, O., Zallen, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicellular+rosette+formation+links+planar+cell+polarity+to+tissue+morphogenesis.">Multicellular rosette formation links planar cell polarity to tissue morphogenesis.</a> Dev Cell. 11, 459-470 (2006).</li><li>Caussinus, E., Colombelli, J., Affolter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tip-cell+migration+controls+stalk-cell+intercalation+during+Drosophila+tracheal+tube+elongation.">Tip-cell migration controls stalk-cell intercalation during Drosophila tracheal tube elongation.</a> Curr Biol. 18, 1727-1734 (2008).</li><li>Gervais, L., Casanova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+coupling+of+cell+elongation+and+lumen+formation+in+a+single+cell.">In vivo coupling of cell elongation and lumen formation in a single cell.</a> Curr Biol. 20, 359-366 (2010).</li><li>Gorfinkiel, N., Blanchard, G. B., Adams, R. J., Arias, M. a. r. t. i. n. e. z., A, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+control+of+global+cell+behaviour+during+dorsal+closure+in+Drosophila.">Mechanical control of global cell behaviour during dorsal closure in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136, 1889-1898 (2009).</li><li>Solon, J., Kaya-Copur, A., Colombelli, J., Brunner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+forces+timed+by+a+ratchet-like+mechanism+drive+directed+tissue+movement+during+dorsal+closure.">Pulsed forces timed by a ratchet-like mechanism drive directed tissue movement during dorsal closure.</a> Cell. 137, 1331-1342 (2009).</li><li>Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+photographic+study+of+development+in+the+living+embryo+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A photographic study of development in the living embryo of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Embryol Exp Morphol. 33, 789-801 (1975).</li><li>Sokac, A. M., Wieschaus, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zygotically+controlled+F-actin+establishes+cortical+compartments+to+stabilize+furrows+during+Drosophila+cellularization.">Zygotically controlled F-actin establishes cortical compartments to stabilize furrows during Drosophila cellularization.</a> J Cell Sci. 121, 1815-1824 (2008).</li><li>Morin, X., Daneman, R., Zavortink, M., Chia, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein+trap+strategy+to+detect+GFP-tagged+proteins+expressed+from+their+endogenous+loci+in+Drosophila.">A protein trap strategy to detect GFP-tagged proteins expressed from their endogenous loci in Drosophila.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 15050-15055 (2001).</li><li>Oda, H., Tsukita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+of+cell-cell+adherens+junctions+reveals+that+Drosophila+mesoderm+invagination+begins+with+two+phases+of+apical+constriction+of+cells.">Real-time imaging of cell-cell adherens junctions reveals that Drosophila mesoderm invagination begins with two phases of apical constriction of cells.</a> J Cell Sci. 114, 493-501 (2001).</li><li>Kiehart, D. 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Il protocollo qui descritto consentirà di vivere, l&#39;imaging confocale di una serie di cambiamenti nella forma delle cellule dell&#39;embrione volano di sviluppo. Scorte GFP per l&#39;imaging può essere preparato da un laboratorio individuale (Tabella 2), ma molte di tali scorte sono accessibili anche al pubblico da centri come Bloomington Drosophila archivi Center presso l&#39;Università dell&#39;Indiana ( <a href="http://flystocks.bio.indiana.edu">http://flystocks.bio.indiana.edu</a> ) e flytrap magazzi...

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>12-550-343</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cover slips 25x25</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (Corning #2865-25)</td>
<td>1 2-524C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Squirt bottles (H2O)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>02-897-11</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50 ml Falcon tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD# 352070)</td>
<td>14-432-22</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bulbs for small pipets, 1 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>03-448-21</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Scintillation vials with caps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (Wheaton #986546)</td>
<td>66021-533</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tri-Corn Beakers, 100 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>60970</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Falcon Petri dish 60x15mm </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD# 351007)</td>
<td>08757 100B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Falcon Cell strainer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific (BD#352350)</td>
<td>08-771-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Yellow pipet tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ranin</td>
<td>L200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stainless steel mesh, 304, 12x24</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Small Parts</td>
<td>CX-0150-F-01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass 5&frac34; inch Pasteur Pipets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>13-678-20B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>P4 Filter paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisherbrand/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>09-803-6F</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rubber bands</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Office Max</td>
<td>A620645</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Scotch double-sided tape, &frac12; inch</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Office Max</td>
<td>A8137DM-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Robert Simmons Expression paint brushes E85 round #2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Jerry&#x2019;s Artarama</td>
<td>56460</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont #5 Forceps High Precision Inox</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
<td>72701-DZ</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Razor blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (BD #214010)</td>
<td>55411-050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Halocarbon Oil 27</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>H 8773</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heptane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Chemical/Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>H360-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BD Bacto Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR (BD# 214010)</td>
<td>90000-760</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>S7903</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>p-Hydroxybenzoic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>H5501</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Red Star Active Dry Yeast</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>LeSaffre</td>
<td>15700</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Paper towels, C-fold</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Kleenex</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heavy duty aluminum foil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Reynolds Wrap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bleach</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Austin&#x2019;s A-1 Commercial</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100% Apple juice</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ocean Spray or Tree Top</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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imaging cell shape change in living drosophila embryos

Lo sviluppo dell&#39;embrione Drosophila melanogaster subisce una serie di modifiche la forma delle cellule che sono altamente suscettibili di vivere l&#39;imaging confocale. Alterazioni cellulari forma nel volo sono analoghi a quelli di organismi superiori, e guidano la morfogenesi dei tessuti. Così, in molti casi, il loro studio ha implicazioni dirette per la comprensione delle malattie umane (Tabella 1) 1-5. Sulla scala sub-cellulare, queste alterazioni cellulari forma sono il prodotto di attività che vanno dalla espressione genica di trasduzione del segnale, polarità cellulare, rimodellamento del citoscheletro e il traffico di membrana. Quindi, l&#39;embrione di Drosophila fornisce non solo il contesto per valutare le variazioni forma delle cellule in cui riguardano la morfogenesi dei tessuti, ma offre anche un ambiente del tutto fisiologico per studiare le sub-cellulare attività che le cellule forma. Il protocollo qui descritto è stato progettato per una specifica immagine di cambiare la forma delle cellule chiamato cellularization. Cellularization è un processo di crescita drammatica della membrana plasmatica, e lo converte in ultima analisi, l&#39;embrione sinciziale nel Blastoderm cellulare. Cioè, in interfase del ciclo mitotico 14, la membrana plasmatica invaginates simultaneamente intorno a ciascuno dei nuclei ~ 6000 corticale ancorato a generare un foglio di primaria cellule epiteliali. Contro suggerimenti precedenti, cellularization non è guidato da miosina-2 contrattilità 6, ma è invece alimentato in gran parte da esocitosi della membrana dai depositi interni 7. Così, cellularization è un sistema eccellente per studiare il traffico di membrana durante i cambi di forma delle cellule che richiedono invaginazione della membrana plasmatica o di espansione, come citocinesi o trasversali-tubulo (T-tubuli) morfogenesi nel muscolo. Si noti che questo protocollo può essere facilmente applicato al di imaging di altri cambiamenti forma delle cellule nell&#39;embrione volare, e richiede solo piccole modifiche come cambiare la fase di raccolta degli embrioni, o usando &quot;colla embrione&quot; per montare l&#39;embrione con un orientamento specifico (Tabella 1) 8-19. In tutti i casi, il flusso di lavoro è fondamentalmente la stessa (Figura 1). Metodi standard per la clonazione e la Drosophila transgenesi vengono utilizzati per preparare le scorte volare stabili che esprimono una proteina di interesse, unito alla proteina fluorescente verde (GFP) o sue varianti, e queste mosche fornire una fonte rinnovabile di embrioni. In alternativa, proteine ​​fluorescenti / sonde vengono inserite direttamente in embrioni di volare attraverso semplici micro-iniezione tecniche 9-10. Poi, a seconda dell&#39;evento di sviluppo e cambiano forma delle cellule per essere ripreso, gli embrioni sono raccolti e messo in scena da morfologia su un microscopio da dissezione, e finalmente posizionato e montato per time-lapse imaging su un microscopio confocale.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Prime fasi dello sviluppo del moscerino della frutta, Drosophila melanogaster, è caratterizzato da una serie di modifiche la forma delle cellule che sono adatti per gli approcci di imaging. Questo articolo descrive gli strumenti di base e metodi necessari per vivere l&#39;imaging confocale di embrioni di Drosophila, e si concentrerà su un cambiamento di forma delle cellule chiamato cellularization.

Imaging Forma Modifica cella in Living Drosophila Embrioni

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

Preparazione delle Culture neuronale da Midgastrula fase embrioni di Drosophila

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Due fotoni assotomia e time-lapse confocale in embrioni di zebrafish vivo

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

La preparazione di Drosophila Gli embrioni per Live-Imaging Utilizzando il protocollo goccia

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparazione di embrioni per la microscopia elettronica del Drosophila Tubo cuore embrionale

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

In vivo centrifugazione di embrioni di Drosophila

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Imaging verticale di Drosophila Embrioni

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

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Colture cellulari primarie da Drosophila Gastrula embrioni

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Isolamento e purificazione di chinesina dal Drosophila Embrioni

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Studiare Checkpoint mitotica illustrando un comportamento dinamico delle proteine ​​cinetocoro e Motion cromosoma in Living<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embrioni sinciziale

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...