Name: analyzing the function of small gtpases by microinjection of plasmids into polarized epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2011-05-31T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

This work was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (GM070736) to H. F&ouml;lsch. S.F. Ang was supported by an A*STAR Graduate Scholarship award, and R.S. Kang was supported by the Cellular and Molecular Basis of Disease Training Program (GM8061)

1. Isolation of Plasmid DNA
<ol>
	<li>Use a Sigma-Aldrich endotoxin-free maxiprep kit to prepare endotoxin free DNA according to the manufacturer's protocol. This kit works for us, because it reliably removes any endotoxins from DNA preparations. Endotoxins that are injected with the DNA into cell nuclei will lead to cell death.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &mu;l phenol/chlorofom/isoamylalcohol (25:24:1) to the isolated DNA, vortex and spin for 1 min at 13,000 rpm in an Eppendorf microcentrifuge. Transfer the upper water phase i...

<ol>
	<li>Mellman, I., Nelson, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature reviews. 9 (11), 833-833 (2008).</li><li>Rodriguez-Boulan, E., Kreitzer, G., Musch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature reviews. 6 (3), 233-233 (2005).</li><li>Ang, A. L., F&#246;lsch, H., Koivisto, U. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 163 (2), 339-339 (2003).</li><li>Kroschewski, R., Hall, A., Mellman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature cell biology. 1 (1), 8-8 (1999).</li><li>Moskalenko, S., Henry, D. O., Rosse, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature cell biology. 4 (1), 66-66 (2002).</li><li>Schuck, S., Gerl, M. J., Ang, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark). 8 (1), 47-47 (2007).</li><li>Nokes, R. L., Fields, I. C., Collins, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 182 (5), 845-845 (2008).</li><li>Collins, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+cell.">Molecular cell.</a> 12, 1064-1064 (2003).</li><li>Hall, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Science (New York, N.Y. 279 (5350), 509-509 (1998).</li><li>Scales, S. J., Pepperkok, R., Kreis, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell. 90 (6), 1137-1137 (1997).</li><li>Keller, P., Toomre, D., Diaz, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature cell biology. 3 (2), 140-140 (2001).</li></ol>

The most critical steps for a successful microinjection experiment are the quality and purity of the DNA and the polarity of your cells. Without polarized cells, your injection control will already have mistargeted VSVG and the experiment cannot be used. If the DNA is of poor quality, the DNA may clog the injection needle leading to poor or no expression of the desired protein at all. Also, it is advisable to use expression plasmids that are known to lead to high expression levels such as pRKV.
<p class="jove_content...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axiovert 200 Microscope with heated stage</td> 
			<td>Carl Zeiss Inc</td>
			<td>Custom order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injectman NI2 Femtojet micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Custom order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips II (Microinjection needles)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930000043</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930001007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear 12-mm transwell filter supports</td>
			<td>Corning Costar</td>
			<td>3460</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endotoxin-free plasmid maxiprep kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>NA0400</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the function of small gtpases by microinjection of plasmids into polarized epithelial cells

Epithelial cells polarize their plasma membrane into biochemically and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains where the apical domain faces the 'free' surfaces and the basolateral membrane is in contact with the substrate and neighboring cells. Both membrane domains are separated by tight junctions, which form a diffusion barrier. Apical-basolateral polarization can be recapitulated successfully in culture when epithelial cells such as Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are seeded at high density on polycarbonate filters and cultured for several days 1 2. Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is regulated by an array of small GTPases of the Ras superfamily such as RalA, Cdc42, Rab8, Rab10 and Rab13 3 4 5 6 7. Like all GTPases these proteins cycle between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state. Specific mutations in the nucleotide binding regions interfere with this cycling 8. For example, Rab13T22N is permanently locked in the GDP-form and thus dubbed 'dominant negative', whereas Rab13Q67L can no longer hydrolyze GTP and is thus locked in a 'dominant active' state 7. To analyze their function in cells both dominant negative and dominant active alleles of GTPases are typically expressed at high levels to interfere with the function of the endogenous proteins 9. An elegant way to achieve high levels of overexpression in a short amount of time is to introduce the plasmids encoding the relevant proteins directly into the nuclei of polarized cells grown on filter supports using microinjection technique. This is often combined with the co-injection of reporter plasmids that encode plasma membrane receptors that are specifically sorted to the apical or basolateral domain. A cargo frequently used to analyze cargo sorting to the basolateral domain is a temperature sensitive allele of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVGts045) 10. This protein cannot fold properly at 39&deg;C and will thus be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) while the regulatory protein of interest is assembled in the cytosol. A shift to 31&deg;C will then allow VSVGts045 to fold properly, leave the ER and travel to the plasma membrane 11. This chase is typically performed in the presence of cycloheximide to prevent further protein synthesis leading to cleaner results. Here we describe in detail the procedure of microinjecting plasmids into polarized cells and subsequent incubations including temperature shifts that allow a comprehensive analysis of regulatory proteins involved in basolateral sorting.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

This article details the procedures involved in overexpression and analysis of small GTPases in polarized epithelial cells using microinjection technique.

Epithelial cells polarize their plasma membrane into biochemically and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains where the apical domain faces ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic ...

Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells form Mammospheres During Lactogenic Differentiation

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of ...

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons

Primary neuronal cell cultures are valuable tools to study protein function since they represent a more biologically relevant system compared to ...

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and must be exported into the cytoplasm to access the translation machinery. Although ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a conserved and highly regulated pathway by which cells die1.  Apoptosis can be triggered when cells encounter a ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

Chromatin Isolering af RNA Oprensning (chirp)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Induktion og analyse af Epithelial til Mesenchymale Transition

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

Dyrkning af human Nasal epithelialceller på Air Liquid grænseflade

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Cytosoliske Calcium Målinger i Nyrer epitelceller ved flowcytometri

A variety of cellular processes, both physiological and pathophysiological, require or are governed by calcium, including exocytosis, mitochondrial ...