Name: electrolytic inferior vena cava model (eim) of venous thrombosis
Uploaded: 2011-07-12T13:00:00
Duration: 6 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis at JoVE.com

支持由美国国立卫生研究院1P01HL089407 - 01A1（劳伦斯，PI），动物一个核心，美国国立卫生研究院1 K01 HL080962 - 01A2（迈尔斯，PI）。

1。鼠标麻醉程序<ol><li>动物从它们的笼子中删除，并放置在手术前麻醉诱导气体感应室在2％异氟醚和100％的氧气流量在每分钟0.5升（蒸发器控制）。 </li><li>小鼠镇静麻醉诱导室，室拆除，剃腹腹部与电动快船，或室内保持一毛脱毛如果使用（1分）。 </li><li>虽然仍在镇静，他们权衡，眼睛是无菌眼药膏，然后放置在一个温暖的循环水加热装置，在背recumbancy全身麻醉下用鼻子使用异氟醚和氧气锥，润滑。此时氧率降低到每分钟0.2升。 </li><li>腹部洗必泰溶液喷洒（洗必泰双乙酸钠是迅速bacterialcidal和持久的），并用无菌纱布擦拭三次，直到手术部位是干净的。 </li></ol> 2。鼠标显微手术和恢复过程<ol><li>一个腹正中切口（2厘米），是用虹膜剪刀通过皮肤和腹壁，露出腹部。一个无菌生理盐水纱布浸泡的2x2是用来反映动物的左侧肠。鼠标限位到位，使下腔静脉（IVC）的可视化。 </li><li>在这一点上，异氟醚减少到2％的维修水平，氧率保持在每分钟0.2升，其余的手术。 </li><li>促进使用无菌敷贴拭子和额外的细腻光圈半弧形组织钳钝性分离。在处理鼠标组织，因为他们是极其脆弱的，必须小心。 </li><li>所有的下腔静脉侧分支，从肾静脉至髂分叉，与7-0非活性普理灵缝线结扎。回到分支机构保持了专利。 </li><li>在电解腔静脉模型（EIM），一个25G的不锈钢针连接到一个镀银铜线（KY - 30 - 1 - GRN，Electrospec，多佛尔港，新泽西州），插入暴露尾鳍下腔静脉（图1）对前壁（阳极）和定位。 </li><li>另一条导线植入皮下完成电路（阴极）。 </li><li>电流超过15分钟的250μAmps应用草苏昆方波刺激和恒定电流的单位（草技术，一个天文MED公司，西华威，扶轮社）。目前形成电解侵蚀下腔静脉内皮细胞表面，促进凝血的环境和随后的血栓形成的有毒产品的直接结果。 </li><li> 15分钟后，针被删除，棉签轻轻接触面积，以防止出血举行</li><li>在深水动物，放入下腔静脉针，然后取出，没有当前的应用程序。 </li><li>开腹网站是封闭在两层的方式。我们的实验室使用5-0薇乔，合成缝合线，在连续模式，关闭腹壁。胶粘剂皮胶是用来关闭皮肤。有没有外部缝线拆除。 </li><li>小鼠，然后在一个单独的鼠笼恢复，密切观察手术后的下一个加热灯（最小距离为24英寸，远离笼子）（45分钟到2小时），然后返回到原来的公屋单位。可以使用止痛药和消炎药，如果它不干预研究的目的。科学理由隐瞒止痛药，兽医学，和ICUCA审批是必要的。我们的实验室已经发现丁丙诺啡,0.05 - 0 .1毫克/公斤SQ是一个极好的前和手术后的小鼠的镇痛。此外，利多卡因在4mg/kg（1％溶​​液0.4毫升/公斤），可在切口部位注入的全身性镇痛药时，可能会混淆实验结果。 </li><li>通常，我们没有经历过手术后由于深静脉血栓形成的不良影响。然而，不良的手术后效果可以包括自发死亡麻醉，手术失血，因神经损伤和局部麻痹。正在缓慢复苏的动物，可以喂海狸鼠凝胶或潮湿的议员笼的地板上，以方便动物的恢复。动物切断手术后的并发症，应人道安乐死。 </li><li>在指定的时间点，安乐死是人道待遇，在按照安乐死美国兽医医疗协会的准则啮齿类动物中提出的建议。 </li></ol> 3。代表性的成果 EIM解决方案是一个模型，在连续血流存在形成血栓。下面的数字显示在这种新颖的模式调查的参数。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2737/2737fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1 definesthe解剖区域在一个25G的不锈钢插入针，连接到一个镀银铜线（KY - 30 - 1 - GRN，Electrospec，多佛尔港，新泽西州）。请注意，一个淋巴结是几乎目前，作为一个具有里程碑意义，有助于找到尾鳍下腔静脉。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2737/2737fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2：在不同菌株的EIM后第2天的血栓重量。正如预期的那样，血栓重量降低PAI - 1的KO小鼠和高凝三角洲CT的小鼠（^ CT）的较大。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2737/2737fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3：可溶性P -选择，深静脉血栓形成的制造商，测量在不同的菌株。被发现在PAI - 1的KO小鼠的最低水平，而最高级别的高凝三角洲CT小鼠。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2737/2737fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4血栓重量和可溶性P -选择在不同菌株之间的相关。值得注意的是，在本集团产生较短的血栓的大小，可溶性P -选择素检测是最低的（PAI - 1的KO小鼠）。在本集团产生最大的血栓大小，可溶性P -选择素检测是最高的（高凝三角洲CT）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2737/2737fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5：为了证明存在的血流量，超声小鼠进行的EIM执行。图5显示了在鼠标后第2天的EIM进行超声。然后该标本的收获。注意血栓的形状表明，在流动存在血栓形成

<ol>
	<li>Diaz, J. A., Hawley, A. E., Alvarado, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrombogenesis+with+continuous+blood+flow+in+the+inferior+vena+cava.+A+novel+mouse+model.">Thrombogenesis with continuous blood flow in the inferior vena cava. A novel mouse model.</a> Thromb Haemost. 104, 366-375 (2010).</li><li>Eitzman, D. T., Westrick, R. J., Nabel, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+and+vitronectin+promote+vascular+thrombosis+in+mice.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vitronectin promote vascular thrombosis in mice.</a> Blood. 95, 577-580 (2000).</li><li>Myers, D., Farris, D., Hawley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectins+influence+thrombosis+in+a+mouse+model+of+experimental+deep+venous+thrombosis.">Selectins influence thrombosis in a mouse model of experimental deep venous thrombosis.</a> J Surg Res. 108, 212-221 (2002).</li><li>Myers, D. D., Hawley, A. E., Farris, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P-selectin+and+leukocyte+microparticles+are+associated+with+venous+thrombogenesis.">P-selectin and leukocyte microparticles are associated with venous thrombogenesis.</a> J Vasc Surg. 38, 1075-1089 (2003).</li><li>Pierangeli, S. S., Barker, J. H., Stikovac, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+human+IgG+antiphospholipid+antibodies+on+an+in+vivo+thrombosis+model+in+mice.">Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice.</a> Thromb Haemost. 71, 670-674 (1994).</li><li>Pierangeli, S. S., Liu, X. W., Barker, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+thrombosis+in+a+mouse+model+by+IgG,+IgM+and+IgA+immunoglobulins+from+patients+with+the+antiphospholipid+syndrome.">Induction of thrombosis in a mouse model by IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome.</a> Thromb Haemost. 74, 1361-1367 (1995).</li></ol>

鼠标是一个优良的研究工具，在体内实验。因此，发展紧密地模仿疾病或病理状态下的小鼠模型，是必要的。几个静脉血栓形成的小鼠模型已被用来研究深静脉血栓形成，包括：光化学（2），瘀（3-4）和机械创伤（5-6）。然而，这些模型都使用内部的内皮细胞的刺激，在连续血流存在产​​生的血栓。 EIM解决方案，下腔静脉内使用电解刺激，促进血液流动的存在的内皮激活（1）静脉血栓形成。这在技术上是简单，容易复制和成活率高（99％）。尽管事实上，用于创建电解电流，不会产生热量（1）。 EIM的模型准确模拟临床深静脉血栓形成，因此，作为一个有价值的工具，用于研究血栓的形成和解决的内在机制服务。 EIM的模型也可用于防止血栓形成疾病的新治疗方法的进步。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>试剂名称</th><th>公司</th><th>目录编号</th><th>评论（可选） </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM培养液</td><td> Invitrogen公司</td><td> ABCD1234 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrolytic inferior vena cava model (eim) of venous thrombosis

为了研究血栓形成，血栓形成的决议，并测试潜在的治疗化合物（1）动物模型为下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的研究中的一个至关重要的作用。目前正在开发利用新的化合物在治疗和预防深静脉血栓形成。潜在的治疗拮抗剂化合物运送到受影响的血栓静脉一直是个问题。在治疗应用中，一个模型，采用局部瘀，始终生成内主要静脉血栓已于日前成立。电解下腔静脉模型（EIM）是允许在连续血流存在血栓形成的深静脉血栓形成的小鼠模型。这个模型允许治疗药物，在接触一个时尚动感的血栓，而且是比其他车型（1）深静脉血栓形成更为敏感。此外，这种血栓模型准确模拟血栓形成的临床情况，是理想的研究静脉内皮细胞激活，白细胞迁移，静脉血栓形成，治疗应用测试（1）。 EIM的模型是技术简单，容易复制，创建一致的血栓大小和允许大样本（即血栓和静脉壁），这是分析的目的所必需的。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis at JoVE.com

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis

电解诱导内皮激活的下腔静脉静脉血栓形成类型由于内皮细胞的活化和局部血液淤滞，魏尔啸的黑社会的两个组成部分的内部表面。

电解下腔静脉静脉血栓形成的模型（EIM）

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential ...

electrolytic-inferior-vena-cava-model-eim-of-venous-thrombosis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) of Venous Thrombosis

Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and mortality rates make VTE a serious health concern 1-2. After heart disease and stroke, VTE is the third most common vascular disease 3. In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 900,000 people affected each year, with 300,000 deaths occurring annually 3. A reliable in vivo animal model to study the mechanisms of this disease is necessary.
The advantages of using the mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis are several. The mouse model allows for the administration of very small volumes of limited availability test agents, reducing costs dramatically. Most promising is the potential for mice with gene knockouts that allow specific inflammatory and coagulation factor functions to be delineated. Current molecular assays allow for the quantitation of vein wall, thrombus, whole blood, and plasma for assays. However, a major concern involving this model is the operative size constraints and the friability of the vessels. Also, due to the small IVC sample weight (mean 0.005 grams) it is necessary to increase animal numbers for accurate statistical analysis for tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, and whole blood and plasma assays 4-8.
The major disadvantage with the stasis model is that the lack of blood flow inhibits the maximal effect of administered systemic therapeutic agents on the thrombus and vein wall.

The mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis yields quantifiable amounts of vein wall tissue and thrombus. It has proven useful for evaluating interactions between the vein wall and the occlusive thrombus and in assessing the progression from acute to chronic inflammation.

鼠标完成血瘀模型的下腔静脉血栓

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).  In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and ...

科研

医学

Implantation of Inferior Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Mouse Model

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. The long-term clinical results showed excellent patency rates, however, with significant incidence of stenosis. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular neotissue formation and prevent stenosis development in tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), we developed a mouse model of the graft with approximately 1 mm internal diameter. First, the TEVGs were assembled from biodegradable tubular scaffolds fabricated from a polyglycolic acid nonwoven felt mesh coated with &#949;-caprolactone and L-lactide copolymer. The scaffolds were then placed in a lyophilizer, vacuumed for 24 hr, and stored in a desiccator until cell seeding. Second, bone marrow was collected from donor mice and mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Third, approximately one million cells were seeded on a scaffold and incubated O/N. Finally, the seeded scaffolds were then implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. The implanted grafts demonstrated excellent patency (&#62;90%) without evidence of thromboembolic complications or aneurysmal formation. This murine model will aid us in understanding and quantifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neotissue formation in the TEVG.

To improve our knowledge of cellular and molecular neotissue formation, a murine model of the TEVG was recently developed. The grafts were implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. This model achieves similar results to those achieved in our clinical investigation, but over a far shortened time-course.

下腔静脉间置移植物在小鼠模型中植入

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

三氯化铁诱发血栓形成小鼠模型上的颈动脉和肠系膜血管

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, we developed a rat model of patch angioplasty that can be used in either a vein or an artery, creating a patch venoplasty or a patch arterioplasty, respectively. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. The infra-renal IVC or aorta are dissected and then clamped proximally and distally. A 3 mm venotomy or arteriotomy is performed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava or aorta of 6 to 8 week-old Wistar rats. A bovine pericardial patch (3 mm x 1.5 mm x 0.6 mm) is then used to close the site using a 10-0 nylon suture. Compared to arterial patches, venous patches show increased neointimal thickness on postoperative day 7. This novel model of pericardial patch angioplasty can be used to examine neointimal hyperplasia on vascular biomaterials, as well as to compare the differences between the arterial and venous environments.

We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

血管补片在大鼠主动脉和下腔静脉

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

应用新型磁吻合技术 Suprahepatic 腔静脉重建大鼠原位肝移植模型的研究

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

氯化铁诱导的犬颈动脉血栓形成: 一种大的血管损伤动物模型

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Murine Model of Central Venous Stenosis using Aortocaval Fistula with an Outflow Stenosis

Central venous stenosis is an important entity contributing to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. A murine AVF model was modified to create a partial ligation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in the outflow of the fistula, mimicking central venous stenosis. Technical aspects of this model are introduced. The aorta and IVC are exposed, following an abdominal incision. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for proximal clamping, and the distal aorta is exposed for puncture. The IVC at the midpoint between the left renal vein and the aortic bifurcation is carefully dissected to place an 8-0 suture beneath the IVC. After clamping the aorta and IVC, an AVF is created by puncturing the infra-renal aorta through both walls into the IVC with a 25 G needle, followed by ligating a 22 G intra-venous (IV) catheter and IVC together. The catheter is then removed, creating a reproducible venous stenosis without occlusion. The aorta and IVC are unclamped after confirming primary hemostasis. This novel model of central vein stenosis is easy to perform, reproducible, and will facilitate studies on AVF failure.

An aortocaval fistula was created by puncturing the murine infra-renal aorta through both walls into the inferior vena cava and was followed by creation of a stenosis in its outflow via partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. This reproducible model can be used to study central venous stenosis.

中央静脉狭窄病的Murine模型,使用具有流出狭窄病的动脉静脉瘘管病

Central venous stenosis is an important entity contributing to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. A murine AVF model was modified to create a partial ...

Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava

Over the past several decades, clinicians have incorporated several applications of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) into medical decision-making. Among the applications of POCUS, imaging the inferior vena cava (IVC) is practiced by a wide variety of specialties, such as nephrology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, critical care, anesthesiology, pulmonology, and cardiology. Although each specialty uses IVC data in slightly different ways, most medical specialties, at minimum, attempt to use IVC data to make predictions about intravascular volume status. While the relationship between IVC sonographic data and intravascular volume status is complex and highly context-dependent, all clinicians should collect the sonographic data in standardized ways to ensure repeatability. This paper describes standardized IVC image acquisition including patient positioning, transducer selection, probe placement, image optimization, and the pitfalls and limitations of IVC sonographic imaging.&#160;This paper also describes the commonly performed anterior IVC long-axis view and three other views of the IVC that can each provide helpful diagnostic information when the anterior long-axis view is difficult to obtain or interpret.

Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is commonly utilized to identify, among other things, the volume status. Imaging should be performed systematically to ensure repeatability. This manuscript reviews the methods and pitfalls of sonographic IVC examination.

一种下腔静脉超声评估的图像采集方法

Over the past several decades, clinicians have incorporated several applications of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) into medical ...

Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Screening for Proximal Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular disorder that requires accurate and early diagnosis to prevent life-threatening sequelae. While whole leg compression ultrasound with color and spectral Doppler is commonly performed in radiology and vascular labs, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is becoming more common in the acute care setting. Providers appropriately trained in focused POCUS can perform a rapid bedside examination with high sensitivity and specificity in critically ill patients. This paper describes a simplified yet validated approach to POCUS by describing a three-zone protocol for lower extremity DVT POCUS image acquisition. The protocol explains the steps in obtaining vascular images at six compression points in the lower extremity. Beginning at the level of the proximal thigh and moving distally to the popliteal space, the protocol guides the user through each of the compression points in a stepwise manner: from the common femoral vein to the femoral and deep femoral vein bifurcation, and, finally, to the popliteal vein. Further, a visual aid is provided that may assist providers during real-time image acquisition. The goal in presenting this protocol is to help make proximal lower extremity DVT exams more accessible and efficient for POCUS users at the patient&#39;s bedside.

Traditionally, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is diagnosed by radiology-performed venous duplex ultrasound. Providers appropriately trained in focused point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can perform a rapid bedside examination with high sensitivity and specificity in critically ill patients. We describe the scanning technique for focused POCUS DVT lower extremity examination.

下肢近端深静脉血栓形成的即时超声筛查

Acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious vascular disorder that requires accurate and early diagnosis to prevent life-threatening ...