Name: purification of hsp104, a protein disaggregase
Uploaded: 2011-09-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase at JoVE.com

이 작품은 NIH (5T32GM008275 - 22)와 미국 심장 협회 predoctoral 교제 (EAS)을에서 교부금에 의해 지원되었다; 화학 - 생물학 인터페이스 NIH (2T32GM071339 - 06A1) (MED로)에서 원정, 그리고으로부터 보조금 NIH (1DP2OD002177 - 01 및 NS067354 - 0110), 엘리슨 의료 재단, 그리고 빌과 멜린다 게이츠 재단 (JS로).

1. Hsp104 표현 <ol><li> 플라스미드가 E.에 정화를위한 고용 대장균, pPROEX - HTb - Hsp104은 TRC업자 26 inducible 제어 아래에있는 Hsp104 오픈 읽기 프레임이 포함되어 있습니다. 플라스미드는 TEV 테아제 절단하여 제거할 수 있습니다 N - 터미널 그의 6 태그 Hsp104을 생산하고 있습니다. 코돈 최적화 E.에 pPROEX - HTb - Hsp104 변환 전형적인 세균의 변환 절차를 사용하여 <em...

타임 라인 : 최대한 Hsp104 활동에 우리가 전체 정화 체계는 최대한 신속하게 완료하는 것이 좋습니다. 그러나, 정화 단계의 숫자는 항상 실용적되지 않을 수 있습니다 요구하는 일정을 만듭니다. 정화 단계가 가능한 빨리 실시하는 경우, 30에서 부화의 2-4시간까지 밤새 표현의 마지막에서 시간 ° TEV 프로 테아제와 C가 약 9~11시간입니다. 일시 정지 한 잠재적인 장소는 TEV 절단 단계를 수행합니?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> 시약의 이름 </th><th> 회사 </th><th> 카탈로그 번호 </th></tr><tr><td> BL21 - CodonPlus - RIL 관할 전지 </td><td> Stratagene, 애질런트 테크놀로지 </td><td> 230255 </td></tr><tr><td> 2XYT 국물 </td><td> USB </td><td> 75,864 </td></tr><tr><td> 완료, 미니, EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) - 무료 프로 테아제 억제제의 정제 </td><td> 호슈 </td><td> 1,836,170 </td></tr><tr><td> Pepstatin </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P4265 </td></tr><tr><td> NI - 세파 로스 6 빠른 흐름 </td><td> GE 헬스케어 </td><td> 17-5318-02 </td></tr><tr><td> Amicon 울트라 - 15 원심 필터 유닛 (MWCO 30,000) </td><td> Millipore </td><td> UFC903008 </td></tr><tr><td> 자원 Q - 6ml 칼럼 </td><td> GE 헬스케어 </td><td> 17-1179-01 </td></tr><tr><td> proTEV 프로 테아제 </td><td> Promega </td><td> V6052 </td></tr><tr><td> AcTEV 프로 테아제 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 12575015 </td></tr><tr><td> Superose 6 3백분의 10 GL </td><td> GE 헬스케어 </td><td> 17-5172-01 </td></tr><tr><td> Hsp40 </td><td> 분석 설계 </td><td> SPP - 400 </td></tr><tr><td> Hsp72 </td><td> 분석 설계 </td><td> ADI - NSP - 555 </td></tr></tbody></table>

purification of hsp104, a protein disaggregase

Hsp104는 효모에서 hexameric AAA + 단백질 1, 단백질 disaggregation 20-10로 커플 ATP의 가수 분해 (그림 1)입니다. 이 활동은 두 가지 핵심 선택적 장점을 부여. 첫째, Hsp104에 의해 무질서 집계의 renaturation는 열 충격 3,5,11,12를 포함하여 다양한 단백질 misfolding 스트레스 후 효모 생존을 최대한 활용하십시오. 둘째, Hsp104에 의해 교차 베타 아밀로이드 원섬유의 리모델링은 유익한의 저수지로 수많은 prions (전염성 amyloids)를 이용하여 13-22 phenotypic 변화를 물려 전할 수있는하는 효모 수 있습니다. 현저하게, Hsp104 직접 효모 prion 단백질 Sup35 및 Ure2 23-30로 구성 포함 preamyloid의 oligomers과 아밀로이드 원섬유을 remodels. 이 아밀로이드 - 리모델링 기능은 효모 Hsp104 전문 패싯입니다. E. 대장균의 orthologue, ClpB는 리모델링의 preamyloid의 oligomers 또는 아밀로이드 원섬유 26,31,32에 실패합니다. Hsp104의 orthologues는 동물, perplexingly,를 제외하고 삶의 모든 왕국에서 볼 수 있습니다. 사실, 동물 세포가 어떤 효소 시스템을 가지고 있는지 여부를 renaturation (오히려 저하 이상)에 커플 단백질 disaggregation 알 수없는 33-35 유지. 따라서, 우리와 다른 Hsp104가 독성 preamyloid의 oligomers과 아밀로이드 원섬유 4,7,23,36-38에 특정 단백질의 misfolding과 관련된 다양한 neurodegenerative 질병에 대한 치료 요원으로 개발을지도 모른다고 제안했습니다. 직접 질병와 관련된 집계 종을 대상도 트리 트먼트가 없습니다. 그러나 Hsp104는 파킨슨병 23뿐만 아니라 PrP 39 아밀로이드 형태로 연결되어있는 알파 synuclein의 구성 독성 oligomers과 아밀로이드 원섬유을 녹이고. 중요한 것은 Hsp104는 단백질 집합을 줄이고 파킨슨병 23 헌팅턴의 질병 38 설치류 모델에서 neurodegeneration을 ameliorates. 이상적으로, 치료를 최적화하고 부작용을 최소화하기 위해, Hsp104 공학 및 선택 질문 4,7의 질병에 중앙 구체적인 집계를 개조하는 potentiated 것입니다. 그러나, 어떻게 Hsp104 disaggregates의 제한된 구조 및 기계론의 이해 집계 구조와 관련이없는 단백질 같은 다양한 레퍼토리이 노력에게 30,40-42을 좌절. Hsp104의 구조와 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해서는 최소한의 구성 요소로 순수 단백질과 reconstitute의 disaggregase 활동을 연구하는 것이 필수적입니다. Hsp104는 ADP 또는 ATP의 존재 또는 염기 43-46의 부재 높은 단백질 농도에 hexamerizes ~ 5.3의 PI와 102kDa 단백질이다. 여기, 우리는 E.에서 매우 적극적인, 안정적인 Hsp104의 정화를 위해 최적화된 프로토콜을 설명 대장균. E.의 사용 대장균은 단순 대규모 생산을 허용하고 우리의 방법은 여러 Hsp104 변종에 대한 신속하고 안정적으로 수행할 수 있습니다. 우리 프로토콜 Hsp104 순도를 높이고 E.에서 이전 정화 방법에 비해 그의 6 태그 제거를 단순화 대장균 47. 또한, 우리의 프로토콜을 두 개 더 최근의 프로토콜 26,48보다 손쉬운하고 편리합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase at JoVE.com

Purification of Hsp104, a Protein Disaggregase

여기서 우리는 매우 적극적인 Hsp104, hexameric AAA + 단백질 효모, 단백질 disaggregation에 커플 ATP의 가수 분해로부터의 정화를 위해 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 이 제도는의 친화력 정화를위한 His6 - 태그 구축을 악용<em&gt; E. 대장균</em&gt; 음이온 교환 크로마 토그래피, TEV 프로 테아제와 His6 태그 제거, 크기 - 배제 크로마 토그래피에 의해 따랐다.

Hsp104의 정화, 단백질 Disaggregase

Hsp104 is a hexameric AAA+ protein1 from yeast, which couples ATP hydrolysis to protein disaggregation2-10 (Fig. 1). This activity imparts two key ...

purification-of-hsp104-a-protein-disaggregase

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

유기 용매 및 초산없이 쿠매시 G - 250로 젤의 단백질 염색법

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

연구

생물학

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is believed to aid their search for suitable environments (1). This capability is conferred by the magnetosome, a subcellular organelle that consists of a linear-chain assembly of lipid vesicles each able to biomineralize and enclose a ~50-nm crystal of magnetite or greigite. A principle component of the magnetosome that was shown to be required for the formation of functional vesicles is MamA. MamA is a highly abundant magnetosome-associated protein which is one of the most characterized magnetosome-associated proteins in vivo (2-6). This article focuses on the purification of MamA, which despite being studied in vivo, no clear functional or structural details have been identified for it. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that MamA is a tetra-tricopeptide repeat (TPR) containing protein. TPR is a structural motif found as such or forming part of a bigger fold in a wide range of proteins, it serves as a template for protein-protein interactions and mediates multi-protein complexes (7). TPRs are involved in many crucial tasks in eukaryotic cell organelle processes and many bacterial pathways (8-14). In order to understand MamA, a unique TPR containing protein, highly purified protein is required as a first step. In this article, we present the purification protocol for a stable MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

Purification of the &lt;em&gt;M. magneticum&lt;/em&gt; Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&amp;Delta;41

MamA is a unique Magnetosome associated protein which was shown to be involved in magnetosome activation. Here we present the purification protocol of MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

의 정화 M. magneticum 스트레인 AMB - 1 Magnetosome 관련 단백질 MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics, is a current serious problem in public health. This multidrug resistance is largely due to energy-dependent drug efflux pumps. The pumps expel anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics into the external medium, lowering their intracellular concentration below a toxic threshold. We are studying multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in patients with many types of injuries or illness, for example, burns or cystic fibrosis, and also in immuno-compromised cancer, dialysis, and transplantation patients. The major MDR efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa are tripartite complexes comprised of an inner membrane proton-drug antiporter (RND), an outer membrane channel (OMF), and a periplasmic linker protein (MFP) 1-8. The RND and OMF proteins are transmembrane proteins. Transmembrane proteins make up more than 30% of all proteins and are 65% of current drug targets. The hydrophobic transmembrane domains make the proteins insoluble in aqueous buffer. Before a transmembrane protein can be purified, it is necessary to find buffer conditions containing a mild detergent that enable the protein to be solubilized as a protein detergent complex (PDC) 9-11. In this example, we use an RND protein, the P. aeruginosa MexB transmembrane transporter, to demonstrate how to express a recombinant form of a transmembrane protein, solubilize it using detergents, and then purify the protein detergent complexes. This general method can be applied to the expression, purification, and solubilization of many other recombinantly expressed membrane proteins. The protein detergent complexes can later be used for biochemical or biophysical characterization including X-ray crystal structure determination or crosslinking studies.

In this protocol we demonstrate the expression, solubilization, and purification of a recombinantly expressed membrane protein, MexB, as a soluble protein detergent complex. MexB is a multidrug resistance membrane transporter from the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

표현, 세제 Solubilization 및 멤브레인 전송, MexB의 Multidrug 저항 단백질의 정제

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated ...

Chromatographic Purification of Highly Active Yeast Ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers. Particularly troublesome is the fact that lysis of cells releases a large number of proteases and nucleases which can degrade ribosomes. Thus, it is important to separate ribosomes from these enzymes as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, conventional differential ultracentrifugation methods leaves ribosomes exposed to these enzymes for unacceptably long periods of time, impacting their structural integrity and functionality. To address this problem, we utilize a chromatographic method using a cysteine charged Sulfolink resin. This simple and rapid application significantly reduces co-purifying proteolytic and nucleolytic activities, producing high yields of intact, highly biochemically active yeast ribosomes. We suggest that this method should also be applicable to mammalian ribosomes. The simplicity of the method, and the enhanced purity and activity of chromatographically purified ribosome represents a significant technical advancement for the study of eukaryotic ribosomes.

Contamination of preparations of eukaryotic ribosomes purified by traditional methods by co-purifying nucleases and proteases negatively impacts on downstream biochemical and structural analyses. A rapid and simple chromatographic purification method is used to solve this problem using yeast ribosomes as a model system.

높은 활성 효모 변이의 색층 정화

Eukaryotic ribosomes are much more labile as compared to their eubacterial and archael counterparts, thus posing a significant challenge to researchers.  ...

Orthogonal Protein Purification Facilitated by a Small Bispecific Affinity Tag

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a demand for general methods that do not require target protein specific optimization1 . To achieve this, purification tags that genetically can be fused to the gene of interest are commonly used2 . The most widely used affinity handle is the hexa-histidine tag, which is suitable for purification under both native and denaturing conditions3 . The metabolic burden for producing the tag is low, but it does not provide as high specificity as competing affinity chromatography based strategies1,2.
Here, a bispecific purification tag with two different binding sites on a 46 amino acid, small protein domain has been developed. The albumin-binding domain is derived from Streptococcal protein G and has a strong inherent affinity to human serum albumin (HSA). Eleven surface-exposed amino acids, not involved in albumin-binding4 , were genetically randomized to produce a combinatorial library. The protein library with the novel randomly arranged binding surface (Figure 1) was expressed on phage particles to facilitate selection of binders by phage display technology. Through several rounds of biopanning against a dimeric Z-domain derived from Staphylococcal protein A5, a small, bispecific molecule with affinity for both HSA and the novel target was identified6 .
The novel protein domain, referred to as ABDz1, was evaluated as a purification tag for a selection of target proteins with different molecular weight, solubility and isoelectric point. Three target proteins were expressed in Escherishia coli with the novel tag fused to their N-termini and thereafter affinity purified. Initial purification on either a column with immobilized HSA or Z-domain resulted in relatively pure products. Two-step affinity purification with the bispecific tag resulted in substantial improvement of protein purity. Chromatographic media with the Z-domain immobilized, for example MabSelect SuRe, are readily available for purification of antibodies and HSA can easily be chemically coupled to media to provide the second matrix.
This method is especially advantageous when there is a high demand on purity of the recovered target protein. The bifunctionality of the tag allows two different chromatographic steps to be used while the metabolic burden on the expression host is limited due to the small size of the tag. It provides a competitive alternative to so called combinatorial tagging where multiple tags are used in combination1,7.

A novel and highly efficient two-step affinity chromatography protocol has been developed and is described in detail. The method is based on a small purification tag with two inherent affinities and is applicable to a wide range of target proteins with different properties.

작은 Bispecific 선호도 태그에 의해 용이 직교 단백질 정제

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a ...

Identification of Protein Interacting Partners Using Tandem Affinity Purification

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein partners. There are many approaches that allow the identification of interacting partners, including the yeast two hybrid system, as well as pull down assays using recombinant proteins and immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins followed by mass spectrometry identification1. Recent studies have highlighted the utility of double-affinity tag mediated purification, coupled with two specific elution steps in the identification of interacting proteins. This approach, termed Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP), was initially used in yeast2,3 but more recently has been adapted to use in mammalian cells4-8.
As proof-of-concept we have established a tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using the well-characterized eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E9,10.The cellular translation factor eIF4E is a critical component of the cellular eIF4F complex involved in cap-dependent translation initiation10. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence8. To forgo the need for the generation of clonal cell lines, we developed a rapid system that relies on the expression of the TAP-tagged bait protein from an episomally maintained plasmid based on pMEP4 (Invitrogen). Expression of tagged murine eIF4E from this plasmid was controlled using the cadmium chloride inducible metallothionein promoter.
Lysis of the expressing cells and subsequent affinity purification via binding to rabbit IgG agarose, TEV protease cleavage, binding to streptavidin linked agarose and subsequent biotin elution identified numerous proteins apparently specific to the eIF4E pull-down (when compared to control cell lines expressing the TAP tag alone). The identities of the proteins were obtained by excision of the bands from 1D SDS-PAGE and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry. The identified components included the known eIF4E binding proteins eIF4G and 4EBP-1. In addition, other components of the eIF4F complex, of which eIF4E is a component were identified, namely eIF4A and Poly-A binding protein. The ability to identify not only known direct binding partners as well as secondary interacting proteins, further highlights the utility of this approach in the characterization of proteins of unknown function.

Tandem affinity purification is a robust approach for the identification of protein binding partners. As proof of concept, this methodology was applied to the well-characterized translation initiation factor eIF4E to co-precipitate the host cell factors involved in translation initiation. This method is easily adapted to any cellular or viral protein.

탠덤 동질 정제를 사용하여 단백질 나누기 파트너의 식별

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein ...

Generation, Purification, and Characterization of Cell-invasive DISC1 Protein Species

Protein aggregation is seen as a general hallmark of chronic, degenerative brain conditions like, for example, in the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (A&beta;, tau), Parkinson's Disease (&alpha;-synuclein), Huntington's disease (polyglutamine, huntingtin), and others. Protein aggregation is thought to occur due to disturbed proteostasis, i.e. the imbalance between the arising and degradation of misfolded proteins. Of note, the same proteins are found aggregated in sporadic forms of these diseases that are mutant in rare variants of familial forms.
Schizophrenia is a chronic progressive brain condition that in many cases goes along with a permanent and irreversible cognitive deficit. In a candidate gene approach, we investigated whether Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a gene cloned in a Scottish family with linkage to chronic mental disease1, 2, could be found as insoluble aggregates in the brain of sporadic cases of schizophrenia3. Using the SMRI CC, we identified in approximately 20 % of cases with CMD but not normal controls or patients with neurodegenerative diseases sarkosyl-insoluble DISC1 immunoreactivity after biochemical fractionation. Subsequent studies in vitro revealed that the aggregation propensity of DISC1 was influenced by disease-associated polymorphism S704C4, and that DISC1 aggresomes generated in vitro were cell-invasive5, similar to what had been shown for A&beta;6, tau7-9, &alpha;-synuclein10, polyglutamine11, or SOD1 aggregates12. These findings prompted us to propose that at least a subset of cases with CMD, those with aggregated DISC1 might be protein conformational disorders.
 Here we describe how we generate DISC1 aggresomes in mammalian cells, purify them on a sucrose gradient and use them for cell-invasiveness studies. Similarly, we describe how we generate an exclusively multimeric C-terminal DISC1 fragment, label and purify it for cell invasiveness studies. Using the recombinant multimers of DISC1 we achieve similar cell invasiveness as for a similarly labeled synthetic &alpha;-synuclein fragment. We also show that this fragment is taken up in vivo when stereotactically injected into the brain of recipient animals.

The generation, purification and cell invasion of intracellular, cytoplasmic full length DISC1 protein aggresomes from cell cultures and of a labeled, multimeric recombinant DISC1 protein fragment in E. coli are described. Cell invasiveness is shown for recipient cells in cell culture and for neurons in vivo after stereotactical brain inoculation.

셀 침습적 DISC1 단백질 종의 생성, 정제 및 특성

Protein aggregation is seen as a general hallmark of chronic, degenerative brain conditions like, for example, in the neurodegenerative diseases ...

Protein Purification-free Method of Binding Affinity Determination by Microscale Thermophoresis

Quantitative characterization of protein interactions is essential in practically any field of life sciences, particularly drug discovery. Most of currently available methods of KD determination require access to purified protein of interest, generation of which can be time-consuming and expensive. We have developed a protocol that allows for determination of binding affinity by microscale thermophoresis (MST) without purification of the target protein from cell lysates. The method involves overexpression of the GFP-fused protein and cell lysis in non-denaturing conditions. Application of the method to STAT3-GFP transiently expressed in HEK293 cells allowed to determine for the first time the affinity of the well-studied transcription factor to oligonucleotides with different sequences. The protocol is straightforward and can have a variety of application for studying interactions of proteins with small molecules, peptides, DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Microscale thermophoresis (MST) can be widely used for determination of binding affinity without purification of the target protein from cell lysates. The protocol involves overexpression of the GFP-fused protein, cell lysis in non-denaturing conditions, and detection of MST signal in the presence of varying concentrations of the ligand.

미세 규모 Thermophoresis에 의한 결합력 결정 단백질 정제 - 무료 방법

Quantitative characterization of protein  interactions is essential in practically any field of life sciences,  particularly drug discovery. Most of ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. However, the use of biochemical screens aimed at extending the knowledge gained from genetic analysis was explored only recently. Here we describe a method to purify the protein complex that associates with any protein of interest from adult fly heads. This method takes advantage of the Drosophila GAL4/UAS system to express a bait protein fused with a Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) tag in fly neurons in vivo, and then implements two rounds of purification using a TAP procedure similar to the one originally established in yeast1 to purify the interacting protein complex. At the end of this procedure, a mixture of multiple protein complexes is obtained whose molecular identities can be determined by mass spectrometry. Validation of the candidate proteins will benefit from the resource and ease of performing loss-of-function studies in flies. Similar approaches can be applied to other fly tissues. We believe that the combination of genetic manipulations and this proteomic approach in the fly model system holds tremendous potential for tackling fundamental problems in the field of neurobiology and beyond.

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification TAP

Drosophila is famous for its powerful genetic manipulation, but not for its suitability of in-depth biochemical analysis. Here we present a TAP-based procedure to identify interacting partners of any protein of interest from the fly brain. This procedure can potentially lead to new avenues of research.

단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용을 확인<em&gt; 초파리</em탠덤 선호도 정화로&gt; 성인 머리 (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. ...

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that currently limits the average life expectancy of sufferers to &#60;40 years of age. The development of novel drug molecules to restore the activity of CFTR is an important goal in the treatment CF, and the isolation of functionally active CFTR is a useful step towards achieving this goal.
We describe two methods for the purification of CFTR from a eukaryotic heterologous expression system, S. cerevisiae. Like prokaryotic systems, S. cerevisiae can be rapidly grown in the lab at low cost, but can also traffic and posttranslationally modify large membrane proteins. The selection of detergents for solubilization and purification is a critical step in the purification of any membrane protein. Having screened for the solubility of CFTR in several detergents, we have chosen two contrasting detergents for use in the purification that allow the final CFTR preparation to be tailored to the subsequently planned experiments.
In this method, we provide comparison of the purification of CFTR in dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside (DDM) and 1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1&#39;-rac-glycerol) (LPG-14). Protein purified in DDM by this method shows ATPase activity in functional assays. Protein purified in LPG-14 shows high purity and yield, can be employed to study post-translational modifications, and can be used for structural methods such as small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. However it displays significantly lower ATPase activity.

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heterologous expression and purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are significant challenges and limiting factors in the development of drug therapies for cystic fibrosis. This protocol describes two methods for the isolation of milligram quantities of CFTR suitable for functional and structural studies.&#160;