Name: behavioral assessment of manual dexterity in non-human primates
Uploaded: 2011-11-11T13:00:00
Duration: 16 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Prof. M.E. Schwab, Dr. P. Freund, Dr. A. Wyss, Dr. S. Bashir, Dr. A. Mir, Dr. J. Bloch, Dr. J.F. Brunet, Dr. J. Aebischer, Dr. A. Meszaros, Dr. V. Goetschman for their contribution to previous experiments and analyses. The experimental set-ups were constructed by Andr&eacute; Gaillard, Bernard Aebischer and Laurent Monney. In the animal facility, the monkeys were placed under the supervision of professional animal caretakers: Josef Corpataux, Laurent Bossy and Jacques Maillard. The behavioral tests and analysis of the data, as well as histology, were conducted with the highly valuable contributions of laboratory technicians: V&eacute;ronique Moret (also web master), Fran&ccedil;oise Tinguely, Christine Roulin, Monica Bennefeld, Christiane Marti and Georgette Fischer. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grants No 31-61857.00, 310000-110005, 31003A-132465 (EMR), 310030-118357, 31003A-104061 (TW), 310030-120411 (ABS), PZ00P3_121646 (ES), Novartis Foundation; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) on "Neural plasticity and repair".

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ब्याज की कोई संघर्ष की घोषणा की.

हालांकि वर्तमान कार्य व्यवहार हमारी प्रयोगशाला में किया गया है ग्रीवा की हड्डी के घाव या उद्देश्य के साथ मोटर प्रांतस्था के घाव करने के लिए संबंधित के लिए विभिन्न उपचार परीक्षण अध्ययन के संदर्भ में अब तक (14,15,17 <a href="http://www.unifr.ch/neuro/rouiller">और</a> देखें माना http:/ <a href="http://www.unifr.ch/neuro/rouiller">www.unifr.ch / / / न्यूरो rouiller</a> &gt; शीर्ष पट्टी मेनू में &quot;अनुसंधान&quot; का चयन करें, तो&gt; &quot;मोटर प्रणाली&quot;&gt; &quot;घाव के बाद वसूली&quot;), वे भी एक व्यापक आवेदन, मैनुअल निपुणता के रूप में भी एक पहलू है पार्किंसंस रोग (MPTP बंदरों) के रूप में या संवेदी डे - afferentation प्रभावित proprioception और / या छूने की भावना (विशेष रूप से दृश्य नियंत्रण के अभाव में 2 परीक्षण) के मामले में अन्य विकृतियों में विचार करने के लिए . व्यवहार यहाँ प्रस्तावित परीक्षण forelimb के बाहर आंदोलनों की मोटर नियंत्रण की जांच करने के लिए उपयुक्त हैं, के रूप में मैनुअल निपुणता में शामिल है. परीक्षण की विशिष्टता के द्वारा प्रदर्शन किया हैघाटे का एक घाव है जो नियंत्रण प्रणाली के प्रासंगिक घटकों ख़राब नहीं करता है के मामले में अनुपस्थिति (छोड़कर कुछ दिनों के लिए): वास्तव में, एक घाव के मामले में और अधिक हाथ की मांसपेशियों को नियंत्रित motoneurons की तुलना में दुम का रखा, वहाँ कोई घाटा नहीं था. 1 परीक्षण के यथार्थता दो के बाद घाव वसूली, संभवतः एक सेल थेरेपी 17 उपचार के संबंध में वक्र है जो 25% की कार्यात्मक वसूली के एक वृद्धि से अलग है, के समय बिंदुओं पर लिया वीडियो दृश्यों पर तुलना द्वारा सराहना की जा सकती है. कुछ प्रारंभिक, अपेक्षाकृत कम शुरुआत में प्रशिक्षण चरण (आम तौर पर 2-3 महीने स्थायी) के बावजूद, व्यवहार यहाँ प्रस्तावित परीक्षण अपेक्षाकृत &quot;प्राकृतिक&quot; और सीधा कर रहे हैं के रूप में जटिल कार्य (सशर्त जैसे) की तुलना में, जिसके लिए बंदर का प्रशिक्षण लगभग एक साल या उससे अधिक लग सकता है. सकारात्मक सुदृढीकरण ठोस आहार है, जो पानी के अभाव की तुलना में देखने के नैतिक बिंदु पर कम संवेदनशील है पर आधारित है, आमतौर पर अधिक कॉम में इस्तेमाल कियाplex कार्य 23. भोजन से बंदरों को वंचित करने के लिए स्थिर है और सुसंगत परिणाम प्राप्त करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है. कार्य के दौरान प्राप्त छर्रों व्यवहार सत्र (यह सोचते हैं कि बंदर पिछले रात के दौरान खाना नहीं करता है, लेकिन अतिरिक्त खाद्य पिछले दिन के दोपहर के अंत तक दी जा सकती है) के दिन भोजन करने के लिए पहली पहुँच का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं . यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि प्रत्येक बंदर दिन के एक ही समय में व्यवहार सत्र, के रूप में के रूप में अच्छी तरह से अलग आवास के कमरे में एक समूह के गठन बंदरों के बीच एक ही अनुक्रमिक क्रम का सम्मान करता है. के रूप में बंदरों बाहरी परेशान घटनाओं के प्रति संवेदनशील हैं, व्यवहार कार्य पृष्ठभूमि संगीत की उपस्थिति में आयोजित किया जाना चाहिए, संभावित परेशान पड़ोसी कमरे या प्रयोगशालाओं से आ रही शोर मास्किंग. यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि प्रयोग (पिछले दैनिक प्रायोगिक सत्र के प्रारंभिक प्रशिक्षण, कई नहीं तो महीनों वर्षों की एक अवधि से) की पूरी अवधि के के दौरान, एक बंदर दिया हैवही experimenter के पर्यवेक्षण के अंतर्गत दैनिक रखा. वर्तमान व्यवहार परीक्षण, मैनुअल निपुणता यों के लिए हमारी प्रयोगशाला में कई वर्षों के बाद से इस्तेमाल किया, कुछ मैनुअल निपुणता की अन्य परीक्षण हाल ही में 24-28 साहित्य में रिपोर्ट करने के लिए तुलनीय हद तक कर रहे हैं. लेकिन वहाँ एक महत्वपूर्ण के लिए विभिन्न प्रयोगशालाओं (बेहतर की तुलना के लिए) है, जो वर्तमान रिपोर्ट की एक अस्थायी लक्ष्य है भर मानकीकृत परीक्षण की जरूरत है. मांग पर, सेट अप की विस्तृत गुण परीक्षण 1-4 इसी लेखक द्वारा प्रदान किया जा सकता है, क्रम में उन्हें को दोहराने के लिए यहाँ सचित्र. पुनर्योजी दवा (रीढ़ की हड्डी या मस्तिष्क प्रांतस्था के घाव से वसूली) के मुद्दे के अलावा, परीक्षण के वर्तमान पैलेट सामान्य गैर मानव प्राइमेट विकास के मुद्दों (जैसे मोटर निपुण आंदोलनों के विकास के समय कोर्स) में पता करने के लिए उपयुक्त हो सकता है, जांच करने के लिए हो सकता है lateralization (हाथ वरीयता / प्रभुत्व ग) और पहलुओं को समझने विकासवादी सवालों के लिएप्राइमेट मानव विषयों सहित विभिन्न प्रजातियों के मोटर क्षमताओं omparing. लेकिन ध्यान दें कि apparatuses के आयामों के रहनुमा प्रजातियों में से अंकों के आकार (मोटाई और लम्बाई) के अनुसार अनुकूलित किया जा चाहिए, के रूप में यह कार्य प्रदर्शन को प्रभावित कर सकते हैं. वर्तमान अध्ययन में, परीक्षण macaca fascicularis बंदरों पर आयोजित की गई, 2.5 से 8 साल के लिए लेकर और 2.5 के बीच और 8 किलो वजन. तर्जनी (पहली इस्तेमाल छर्रों हेरफेर) की लंबाई 32 से 35 मिमी के लिए पर्वतमाला है, जबकि तर्जनी के बाहर व्यूह (टिप) की परिधि 22 और हमारे अध्ययन में शामिल बंदरों में 25 मिमी के बीच हुई थी. जैसा कि पिछले प्रयोगों में परीक्षण, एक ही लोभी परीक्षण macaca mulatta के लिए उपयुक्त के रूप में अच्छी तरह से कर रहे हैं. सभी प्रयोगों गाइड के साथ अनुसार देखभाल और प्रयोगशाला पशु का प्रयोग (1996) के लिए आयोजित की गई और स्थानीय (स्विस) पशु चिकित्सा अधिकारियों ने मंजूरी दे दी है. सभी बंदर पर प्रयोगात्मक प्रक्रियाओंहै, के रूप में अच्छी तरह के रूप में जानवरों की सुविधा में निरोध शर्तों, हमारी प्रयोगशाला से हाल ही में रिपोर्ट में विस्तार में वर्णित किया गया संदर्भ: 12-18 देख.

behavioral assessment of manual dexterity in non-human primates

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of primates1. In case of lesion affecting the CS projection system at its origin (lesion of motor cortical areas) or along its trajectory (cervical cord lesion), there is a dramatic loss of manual dexterity (hand paralysis), as seen in some tetraplegic or hemiplegic patients. Although there is some spontaneous functional recovery after such lesion, it remains very limited in the adult. Various therapeutic strategies are presently proposed (e.g. cell therapy, neutralization of inhibitory axonal growth molecules, application of growth factors, etc), which are mostly developed in rodents. However, before clinical application, it is often recommended to test the feasibility, efficacy, and security of the treatment in non-human primates. This is especially true when the goal is to restore manual dexterity after a lesion of the central nervous system, as the organization of the motor system of rodents is different from that of primates1,2. Macaque monkeys are illustrated here as a suitable behavioral model to quantify manual dexterity in primates, to reflect the deficits resulting from lesion of the motor cortex or cervical cord for instance, measure the extent of spontaneous functional recovery and, when a treatment is applied, evaluate how much it can enhance the functional recovery.
The behavioral assessment of manual dexterity is based on four distinct, complementary, reach and grasp manual tasks (use of precision grip to grasp pellets), requiring an initial training of adult macaque monkeys. The preparation of the animals is demonstrated, as well as the positioning with respect to the behavioral set-up. The performance of a typical monkey is illustrated for each task. The collection and analysis of relevant parameters reflecting precise hand manipulation, as well as the control of force, are explained and demonstrated with representative results. These data are placed then in a broader context, showing how the behavioral data can be exploited to investigate the impact of a spinal cord lesion or of a lesion of the motor cortex and to what extent a treatment may enhance the spontaneous functional recovery, by comparing different groups of monkeys (treated versus sham treated for instance). Advantages and limitations of the behavioral tests are discussed. The present behavioral approach is in line with previous reports emphasizing the pertinence of the non-human primate model in the context of nervous system diseases2,3.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

मैनुअल निपुणता के रूप में मुख्य रूप से primates की एक विशेषाधिकार है, व्यवहार कार्य मकाक बंदरों में विकसित किया गया है. चार तक पहुँचने और परिग्रहण कार्य समझ, हाथ हेरफेर क्षमता और बल को मापने के लिए, केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र के एक घाव के बाद कार्यात्मक वसूली की स्थापना और एक इलाज के प्रभाव का परीक्षण करने की अनुमति.

गैर मानव प्राइमेट में मैनुअल निपुणता के व्यवहार का आकलन

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of ...

behavioral-assessment-of-manual-dexterity-in-non-human-primates

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

चूहे में Sucrose तरस के ऊष्मायन का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए एक सामान्य विधि

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

और कृन्तकों में गतिविधि पहिया चल रहा है में circadian लय का विश्लेषण रिकॉर्डिंग

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

चूहे में hippocampal क्षेत्र के दांतेदार गाइरस में वृक्ष के समान द्रुमायण का आकलन

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Quantification of Filamentous Actin (F-actin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich structures suggest alterations in synaptic integrity and connectivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for culturing primary rat cortical neurons, Phalloidin staining for F-actin puncta, and subsequent quantification techniques. First, the frontal cortex of E18 rat embryos are dissociated into low-density cell culture, then the neurons grown in vitro for at least 12-14 days. Following experimental treatment, the cortical neurons are stained with AlexaFluor 488 Phalloidin (to label the dendritic F-actin puncta) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; to validate the neuronal cells and dendritic integrity). Finally, specialized software is used to analyze and quantify randomly selected neuronal dendrites. F-actin rich structures are identified on second order dendritic branches (length range 25-75 &#181;m) with continuous MAP2 immunofluorescence. The protocol presented here will be a useful method for investigating changes in dendritic synapse structures subsequent to experimental treatments.

Quantification of Filamentous Actin F-actin Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays an important role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Quantification of F-actin puncta is therefore a useful tool to study the integrity of synaptic structures. This protocol describes the procedures of quantifying F-actin puncta labeled with Phalloidin in low-density primary cortical neuronal cultures.

चूहा cortical न्यूरॉन्स में filamentous actin (एफ actin) puncta की मात्रा

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

कुतर नाभिक के भीतर डोपामाइन D1-अल्फा रिसेप्टर की पहचान सीटू का पता लगाने प्रौद्योगिकी में एक अभिनव आरएनए द्वारा Accumbens

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

Rodents में लौकिक प्रसंस्करण के मूल्यांकन के लिए Interstimulus अंतराल की शक्ति

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability. However, results obtained from the GluA2-carboxy terminus modified knock-in mice demonstrated normal adaptation of the VOR and the OKR, despite lacking PF-LTD. In that report, induction of LTD was only attempted using one type of stimulation protocol at room temperature. Thus, conditions to induce cerebellar LTD were explored in the same knock-in mutants using various protocols at near physiological temperature. Finally, we found stimulation protocols, by which LTD could be induced in these gene-manipulated mice. In this study, a set of protocols are proposed to evaluate LTD-induction, which will more accurately allow examination of the causal relationship between LTD and motor learning. In conclusion, experimental conditions are crucial when evaluating LTD in gene-manipulated mice.

In some gene-manipulated animals, using a single protocol may fail to induce LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and there may be a discrepancy between LTD and motor learning. Multiple protocols are necessary to assess LTD-induction in gene-manipulated animals. Standard protocols are shown.

वयस्क सेरेबेलर स्लाइस में दीर्घकालिक अवसाद प्रेरण का आकलन

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

मस्तिष्क स्लाइस में और प्राथमिक सेल संस्कृति में पिरामिड न्यूरॉन्स की बैलिस्टिक लेबलिंग

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

A Hydrophobic Tissue Clearing Method for Rat Brain Tissue

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered tissue samples. Traditional immunolabeling procedures require cutting the sample into thin sections, which restricts the ability to label and examine intact structures. However, if brain tissue can remain intact during processing, structures and circuits can remain intact for the analysis. Previously established clearing methods take significant time to completely clear the tissue, and the harsh chemicals can often damage sensitive antibodies. The iDISCO method quickly and completely clears tissue, is compatible with many antibodies, and requires no special lab equipment. This technique was initially validated for the use in mice tissue, but the current protocol adapts this method to image hemispheres of control and transgenic rat brains. In addition to this, the present protocol also makes several adjustments to preexisting protocol to provide clearer images with less background staining. Antibodies for Iba-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase were validated in the HIV-1 transgenic rat and in F344/N control rats using the present hydrophobic tissue clearing method. The brain is an interwoven network, where structures work together more often than separately of one another. Analyzing the brain as a whole system as opposed to a combination of individual pieces is the greatest benefit of this whole brain clearing method.

Here we present a hydrophobic tissue clearing method that allows for the viewing of target molecules as part of intact brain structures. This technique has now been validated for F344/N control and HIV-1 transgenic rats of both sexes.

चूहा मस्तिष्क ऊतक के लिए एक हाइड्रोफोबिक ऊतक समाशोधन विधि

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.

Here, we present a protocol to establish a new rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), which is critical for enhancing our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offering a system to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse).

EcoHIV मस्तिष्क संक्रमण का एक चूहा मॉडल

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...