Name: combination radiotherapy in an orthotopic mouse brain tumor model
Uploaded: 2012-03-06T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model at JoVE.com

이 연구는 NIH의 교내 프로그램에서 기금에 의해 지원됩니다.

I. 셀 준비 <ol><li> 세포 이식되는 매 5 생쥐 한 80% 합류 225cm 3 플라스크에 대해 10% FBS으로 DMEM의 합류로 성장하고 있습니다. </li><li> 세포의 미디어 벗어 대기음, 칼슘이나 마그네슘없이 PBS의 10 ML로 씻는다. 대기음 PBS 해제 세포. </li><li> 트립신 3 ML과 세포를 Trypsinize, 10-15 분 기다려야하고, 미디어의 15 ML에 트립신을 중화. </li><li> Pipet 50 ML 원추형으로 모든 세포와 미디어. 두 개의 커다란 flask...

<ol>
	<li>Bleau, A. M., Holland, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+the+mouse+genome+to+hunt+human+alternations.">Trapping the mouse genome to hunt human alternations.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7737-7738 (2007).</li><li>McGrady, B. J., McCormick, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+murine+model+of+intracranial+invasion:+morphological+observations+on+central+nervous+system+invasion+by+melanoma+cells.">A murine model of intracranial invasion: morphological observations on central nervous system invasion by melanoma cells.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 10, 387-393 (1992).</li><li>Fei, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, J., Diao, y., Wang, Z., Li, R., Wu, Z., Wang, A., Lan, Q., Zhang, S., Huang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+clinically+relevant+orthotopic+xenograft+mouse+model+of+metastatic+lung+cancer+and+glioblastoma+through+surgical+tumor+tissues+injection+with+trocar.">Development of clinically relevant orthotopic xenograft mouse model of metastatic lung cancer and glioblastoma through surgical tumor tissues injection with trocar.</a> Journal of Experimental &#38; Clinical Cancer Research. 29, 84-84 (2010).</li><li>Fujita, M., Zhu, X., Sasaki, K., Ueda, R., Low, K., Pollack, I., Okada, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+STAT3+Promotes+the+Efficacy+of+Adoptive+Transfer+Therapy+Using+Type-1+CTLs+by+Modulation+of+the+Immunological+Microenvironment+in+a+Murine+Intracranial+Glioma.">Inhibition of STAT3 Promotes the Efficacy of Adoptive Transfer Therapy Using Type-1 CTLs by Modulation of the Immunological Microenvironment in a Murine Intracranial Glioma.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 2089-2098 (2008).</li><li>Candolfi, M., Curtin, J. F., Nichols, W. S., Muhammad, A. K. M. .. . G., King, G., Pluhar, G. D., McNiel, G. E., Ohlfest, E. A., Freese, J. R., Moore, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+glioblastoma+models+in+preclinical+neuro-oncology:+neuropathlogical+characterization+and+tumor+progression.">Intracranial glioblastoma models in preclinical neuro-oncology: neuropathlogical characterization and tumor progression.</a> J. Neurooncol. 85, 133-148 (2007).</li><li>Kaye, A., Morstyn, G., Gardner, I., Pyke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+xenograft+glioma+model+in+mouse+brain.">Development of a xenograft glioma model in mouse brain.</a> Cancer Research. 46, 1367-1373 (1986).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Xiao, A., diPierro, C., Carpenter, J., Abdel-Fattah, R., Redpath, G., Lopez, M., Hussaini, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Extensive+Invasive+Intracranial+Human+Glioblastoma+Xenograft+Model.">An Extensive Invasive Intracranial Human Glioblastoma Xenograft Model.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 176, 3032-3049 (2010).</li><li>Learn, C., Grossi, P., Schmittling, R., Xie, W., Mitchell, D., Karikari, I., Wei, Z., Dressman, H., Sampson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Analysis+of+Intracranial+Tumors+in+a+Murine+Model+of+Glioma+Demonstrate+a+Shift+in+Gene+Expression+in+Response+to+Host+Immunity.">Genetic Analysis of Intracranial Tumors in a Murine Model of Glioma Demonstrate a Shift in Gene Expression in Response to Host Immunity.</a> J. Neuroimmunol. 182, 63-72 (2007).</li><li>Martens, T., Laabs, Y., Günther, H., Kemming, D., Zhu, Z., Witte, L., Hagel, C., Westphal, M., Lamszus, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Glioblastoma+Growth+in+a+Highly+Invasive+Nude+Mouse+Model+Can+Be+Achieved+by+Targeting+Epidermal+Growth+Factor+Receptor+but+not+Vascular+Endothelial+Growth+Factor+Receptor-2.">Inhibition of Glioblastoma Growth in a Highly Invasive Nude Mouse Model Can Be Achieved by Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor but not Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 5447-5458 (2008).</li><li>Purow, B., Schiff, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+genetics+of+glioblastoma:+are+we+reaching+critical+mass.">Advances in the genetics of glioblastoma: are we reaching critical mass.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5, 419-426 (2009).</li></ol>

이러한 glioblastoma multiforme와 같은 악성 프로그램 gliomas은 가장 일반적인 기본 뇌종양을 대표하고 음침한 예후에게 4 있습니다. GBM에 의해 영향을 환자의 생존은 수술, 방사선 및 화학 요법 5의 진보에도 불구하고 (9-12 즉, 몇 달 후 진단) 지난 10 년 동안 거의 변함없이 남아있다. 세포가 인간의 gliomas의 histological 기능에 최대한 가깝게 유사합니다; 예측 가능한 성장이 있어야 glioma 치?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 연구실 표준 Stereotaxic Instrutment </td><td> 마우스 및 쥐 어댑터를 Stoelting </td></tr><tr><td> Betadine </td><td> 백퍼센트 EtOH </td></tr><tr><td> 70% EtOH </td><td> 50 % 아세톤 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 &quot;Q-팁 </td><td> 알코올 면봉 </td></tr><tr><td> 해밀턴 주사기 80,008 </td><td> Ethicon 5-0 PD </td></tr><tr><td> 1701 SN 31-33G / 1 &quot;/ PT3 바늘 </td><td> 한 ML의 주사기 </td></tr><tr><td> 25G 바늘 </td><td> 생리대 </td></tr><tr><td> 인공 눈물 연고 </td><td> 아주 좋은 스쳐 영구 마커 </td></tr></tbody></table>

combination radiotherapy in an orthotopic mouse brain tumor model

Glioblastoma multiforme의 (GBM) 1 가장 일반적이고 공격적인 성인 뇌종양입니다. 최근에는 거기에 종양이 침략의 역학에 대한 이해에 상당한 진전되어, 그리고 종양의 직접 했습니다만 접종은 생리학적으로 적절한 환경 2의 침략 과정을 관찰의 기회를 제공하고있다. 마찬가지로 지금까지 인간의 뇌종양에 대해서라면 현재 사용 가능한 orthotopic 모델은 복잡한 craniotomy 절차 3을 통해 종양의 고체 부분의 세포 현탁액 또는 주입의 stereotaxic 주입에 의한 중 설립된다. 우리의 기술 우리는 두뇌에 직접 이식하는 데 사용되는 세포 현탁액을 만들 조직 배양에서 세포를 수확. 수술 시간은 약 30 분 정도이며, 마우스가 지속 외과 비행기에있을 필요로 주사용 마취제가 사용됩니다. 마우스 Stoetling (그림 1)에 의해 만들어진 stereotaxic 지그에 위치합니다. 고물에응급실은 외과 영역이 청소와 준비가되어 있습니다, 절개가 만들어졌다, 그리고 bregma는 craniotomy의 위치를​​ 결정하기 위해 위치하고 있습니다. craniotomy의 위치는 오른쪽으로 2mm와 bregma에 주동이의 1mm입니다. 깊이는 두개골의 표면에서 3mm이며, 세포, 2 μl 매 2 분 속도로 주입하고 있습니다. 피부는 5-0 PDS로 봉합하고, 마우스는 가열 패드에 깨워 허용됩니다. 우리의 경험에서 세포주에 따라 치료는 수술 후 7~10일에서 자리를 차지할 수 있습니다. 마약 배달은 약물 성분에 따라 좌우됩니다. 방사선 치료를 마우스 anesthetized 있으며, 지그 만든 사용자 정의에 투입. 리드는 마우스의 시체를 커버하고 마우스만을 두뇌를 제공합니다. tumorigenesis와 GBM에 대한 새로운 요법의 평가 연구는 정확하고 재현성 뇌종양 동물 모델을 필요로합니다. 따라서 우리는 effectiven을 테스트, 두뇌의 microenvironment과 종양의 상호 작용을 연구하기 위해이 orthotopic 뇌 모델을 사용방사선와의없이 다양한 치료 요원의 ESS.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model at JoVE.com

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

이 문서의 목적은 chemoradiation 연구를위한 orthotopic glioblastoma 모델의 사용을 설명하는 것입니다. 이 문서에서는 이온 주입, 세포 가공 불구하고 이동하고 intracranial 모델을 사용하여 마우스의 방사선 치료합니다.

Orthotopic 마우스 뇌종양 모델의 조합 방사선 치료

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

combination-radiotherapy-in-an-orthotopic-mouse-brain-tumor-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Murine 방광 암의 Orthotopic 모델

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

연구

의학

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

구강 편평 세포 암종의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 종양 세포 침략의 다중 광자 이미징

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

유방암 뇌 전이의 종양 Hypoxia 역학 생체내의 Bioluminescence 이미징에서는 마우스 모델에서

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Orthotopic 방광 종양 모델 및 Intravesical saRNA 트리 트먼트의 평가

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

역 형성 갑상선 암의 동소 마우스 모델

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

유전자 전달 연구 동소 방광암 모델

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

인간의 전립선 암 전이의 동소 쥐과 모델

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

An Orthotopic Glioblastoma Mouse Model Maintaining Brain Parenchymal Physical Constraints and Suitable for Intravital Two-photon Microscopy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology rely on the injection of a suspension of glioma cells into the brain parenchyma following incision of the dura-mater. Whereas the cells have to be injected superficially to be accessible to intravital two-photon microscopy, superficial injections fail to recapitulate the physiopathological conditions. Indeed, escaping through the injection tract most tumor cells reach the extra-dural space where they expand abnormally fast in absence of mechanical constraints from the parenchyma.
Our improvements consist not only in focally implanting a glioma spheroid rather than injecting a suspension of glioma cells in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex but also in clogging the injection site by a cross-linked dextran gel hemi-bead that is glued to the surrounding parenchyma and sealed to dura-mater with cyanoacrylate. Altogether these measures enforce the physiological expansion and infiltration of the tumor cells inside the brain parenchyma. Craniotomy was finally closed with a glass window cemented to the skull to allow chronic imaging over weeks in absence of scar tissue development.
Taking advantage of fluorescent transgenic animals grafted with fluorescent tumor cells we have shown that the dynamics of interactions occurring between glioma cells, neurons (e.g. Thy1-CFP mice) and vasculature (highlighted by an intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye) can be visualized by intravital two-photon microscopy during the progression of the disease.
The possibility to image a tumor at microscopic resolution in a minimally compromised cerebral environment represents an improvement of current GBM animal models which should benefit the field of neuro-oncology and drug testing.

We have established a cortical orthotopic glioblastoma model in mice for intravital two-photon microscopy that recapitulates the biophysical constraints normally at play during the growth of the tumor. A chronic glass window replacing the skull above the tumor enables the follow-up of the tumor progression over time by two-photon microscopy.

소성을 Glioblastoma의 마우스 모델은 뇌 실질 물리적 제약 조건을 유지하고의 intravital 두 광자 현미경에 적합

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology ...

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA approved in April 2011 for the treatment of patients 22 years or older with rGBM. The device delivers alternating electric fields and is programmed to ensure maximal tumor cell kill1.
Glioblastoma is the most common type of glioma and has an estimated incidence of approximately 10,000 new cases per year in the United States alone2. This tumor is particularly resistant to treatment and is uniformly fatal especially in the recurrent setting3-5. Prior to the approval of the TTF System, the only FDA approved treatment for rGBM was bevacizumab6. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein that drives tumor angiogenesis7. By blocking the VEGF pathway, bevacizumab can result in a significant radiographic response (pseudoresponse), improve progression free survival and reduce corticosteroid requirements in rGBM patients8,9. Bevacizumab however failed to prolong overall survival in a recent phase III trial26. A pivotal phase III trial (EF-11) demonstrated comparable overall survival between physicians&#8217; choice chemotherapy and TTF Therapy but better quality of life were observed in the TTF arm10.
There is currently an unmet need to develop novel approaches designed to prolong overall survival and/or improve quality of life in this unfortunate patient population. One appealing approach would be to combine the two currently approved treatment modalities namely bevacizumab and TTF Therapy. These two treatments are currently approved as monotherapy11,12, but their combination has never been evaluated in a clinical trial. We have developed an approach for combining those two treatment modalities and treated 2 rGBM patients. Here we describe a detailed methodology outlining this novel treatment protocol and present representative data from one of the treated patients.

A novel methodology that is employed for the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas is described. This treatment approach employs the application of alternating electric tumor treating fields (TTFields), known as TTF Therapy in combination with bevacizumab, a targeted agent that is currently FDA approved as monotherapy.

재발 성 아교 모세포종의 치료를 위해 베바 시주 맙과 조합하여 필드 요법 치료 종양

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.