Name: combination radiotherapy in an orthotopic mouse brain tumor model
Uploaded: 2012-03-06T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model at JoVE.com

Esta investigación está financiada por el programa Intramural del NIH.

I. Preparación de la célula <ol><li> Las células se crecieron hasta confluencia en DMEM con FBS al 10% sobre un 80% confluente 225 cm 3 matraz por cada 5 ratones para ser implantados. </li><li> Aspirar medios fuera de las células; lavar con 10 ml de PBS sin calcio o magnesio. Aspirar PBS fuera de las células. </li><li> Trypsinize células con 3 ml de tripsina, esperar 10-15 min, y neutralizar la tripsina con 15 ml de medio. </li><li> Pipetee todas las células y los medios en un cónico de 50 ml. Dos m...

<ol>
	<li>Bleau, A. M., Holland, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+the+mouse+genome+to+hunt+human+alternations.">Trapping the mouse genome to hunt human alternations.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7737-7738 (2007).</li><li>McGrady, B. J., McCormick, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+murine+model+of+intracranial+invasion:+morphological+observations+on+central+nervous+system+invasion+by+melanoma+cells.">A murine model of intracranial invasion: morphological observations on central nervous system invasion by melanoma cells.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 10, 387-393 (1992).</li><li>Fei, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, J., Diao, y., Wang, Z., Li, R., Wu, Z., Wang, A., Lan, Q., Zhang, S., Huang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+clinically+relevant+orthotopic+xenograft+mouse+model+of+metastatic+lung+cancer+and+glioblastoma+through+surgical+tumor+tissues+injection+with+trocar.">Development of clinically relevant orthotopic xenograft mouse model of metastatic lung cancer and glioblastoma through surgical tumor tissues injection with trocar.</a> Journal of Experimental &#38; Clinical Cancer Research. 29, 84-84 (2010).</li><li>Fujita, M., Zhu, X., Sasaki, K., Ueda, R., Low, K., Pollack, I., Okada, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+STAT3+Promotes+the+Efficacy+of+Adoptive+Transfer+Therapy+Using+Type-1+CTLs+by+Modulation+of+the+Immunological+Microenvironment+in+a+Murine+Intracranial+Glioma.">Inhibition of STAT3 Promotes the Efficacy of Adoptive Transfer Therapy Using Type-1 CTLs by Modulation of the Immunological Microenvironment in a Murine Intracranial Glioma.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 2089-2098 (2008).</li><li>Candolfi, M., Curtin, J. F., Nichols, W. S., Muhammad, A. K. M. .. . G., King, G., Pluhar, G. D., McNiel, G. E., Ohlfest, E. A., Freese, J. R., Moore, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+glioblastoma+models+in+preclinical+neuro-oncology:+neuropathlogical+characterization+and+tumor+progression.">Intracranial glioblastoma models in preclinical neuro-oncology: neuropathlogical characterization and tumor progression.</a> J. Neurooncol. 85, 133-148 (2007).</li><li>Kaye, A., Morstyn, G., Gardner, I., Pyke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+xenograft+glioma+model+in+mouse+brain.">Development of a xenograft glioma model in mouse brain.</a> Cancer Research. 46, 1367-1373 (1986).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Xiao, A., diPierro, C., Carpenter, J., Abdel-Fattah, R., Redpath, G., Lopez, M., Hussaini, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Extensive+Invasive+Intracranial+Human+Glioblastoma+Xenograft+Model.">An Extensive Invasive Intracranial Human Glioblastoma Xenograft Model.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 176, 3032-3049 (2010).</li><li>Learn, C., Grossi, P., Schmittling, R., Xie, W., Mitchell, D., Karikari, I., Wei, Z., Dressman, H., Sampson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Analysis+of+Intracranial+Tumors+in+a+Murine+Model+of+Glioma+Demonstrate+a+Shift+in+Gene+Expression+in+Response+to+Host+Immunity.">Genetic Analysis of Intracranial Tumors in a Murine Model of Glioma Demonstrate a Shift in Gene Expression in Response to Host Immunity.</a> J. Neuroimmunol. 182, 63-72 (2007).</li><li>Martens, T., Laabs, Y., Günther, H., Kemming, D., Zhu, Z., Witte, L., Hagel, C., Westphal, M., Lamszus, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Glioblastoma+Growth+in+a+Highly+Invasive+Nude+Mouse+Model+Can+Be+Achieved+by+Targeting+Epidermal+Growth+Factor+Receptor+but+not+Vascular+Endothelial+Growth+Factor+Receptor-2.">Inhibition of Glioblastoma Growth in a Highly Invasive Nude Mouse Model Can Be Achieved by Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor but not Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 5447-5458 (2008).</li><li>Purow, B., Schiff, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+genetics+of+glioblastoma:+are+we+reaching+critical+mass.">Advances in the genetics of glioblastoma: are we reaching critical mass.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5, 419-426 (2009).</li></ol>

Los gliomas malignos, tales como el glioblastoma multiforme, representan los tumores cerebrales primarios más comunes y tienen un pronóstico sombrío 4. La supervivencia de los pacientes afectados por el GBM se ha mantenido prácticamente sin cambios durante la última década (es decir, 9-12 meses después del diagnóstico) a pesar de los avances en la cirugía, la radioterapia y la quimioterapia 5. Las características de un modelo apropiado para el estudio del tratamiento del glioma debe inclu...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Estándar de laboratorio estereotáxica Instrutment </td><td> Stoelting mouse y el adaptador de rata </td></tr><tr><td> Betadine </td><td> 100% de EtOH </td></tr><tr><td> 70% de EtOH </td><td> 50% de acetona </td></tr><tr><td> 6 &quot;Q-tips </td><td> Torundas con alcohol </td></tr><tr><td> Hamilton jeringa de 80008 </td><td> Ethicon 5-0 PD </td></tr><tr><td> 1701 SN 31-33G / 1 &quot;/ aguja PT3 </td><td> 1 ml jeringas </td></tr><tr><td> Agujas 25G </td><td> Almohadilla eléctrica </td></tr><tr><td> Las lágrimas artificiales Ungüento </td><td> Muy buen marcador permanente de punta </td></tr></tbody></table>

combination radiotherapy in an orthotopic mouse brain tumor model

El glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) son los más comunes y agresivos tumores cerebrales en adultos de primaria 1. En los últimos años ha habido un progreso sustancial en la comprensión de los mecanismos de invasión tumoral y la inoculación directa de un tumor intracerebral ofrece la oportunidad de observar el proceso invasivo en un entorno fisiológico de 2. En cuanto a los tumores del cerebro humano se refiere, los modelos disponibles en la actualidad ortotópico se establecen, ya sea por inyección estereotáxica de suspensiones celulares o el implante de una pieza sólida de tumor a través de un procedimiento de craneotomía complicada 3. En nuestra técnica se cosechan las células de cultivo de tejidos para crear una suspensión celular utilizada para implantar directamente en el cerebro. La duración de la cirugía es de aproximadamente 30 minutos, y como el ratón tiene que estar en un plano quirúrgico constante, un anestésico inyectable que se usa. El ratón se coloca en una plantilla estereotáxica hecha por Stoetling (figura 1). En popaer el área quirúrgica se limpia y se prepara, se hace una incisión; y el bregma está localizado para determinar la ubicación de la craneotomía. La localización de la craneotomía es de 2 mm a la derecha y 1 mm rostral al bregma. La profundidad es de 3 mm de la superficie del cráneo, y las células se inyectan a un ritmo de 2 l cada 2 minutos. La piel se sutura con 5-0 PDS, y el ratón se le permite despertar en una almohadilla térmica. Desde nuestra experiencia, en función de la línea celular, el tratamiento puede llevarse a cabo de 7-10 días después de la cirugía. Entrega fármaco depende de la composición del fármaco. Para el tratamiento de radiación que los ratones se anestesiaron, y poner en una plantilla de encargo. El plomo cubre el cuerpo del ratón y expone sólo el cerebro del ratón. El estudio de la tumorigénesis y la evaluación de nuevas terapias para MBG requieren exactos y reproducibles cerebrales modelos animales de tumores. Así que utilizamos este modelo ortotópico del cerebro para estudiar la interacción del microambiente del cerebro y el tumor, para comprobar la EFICACIAceso de diferentes agentes terapéuticos con o sin radiación.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model at JoVE.com

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

El propósito de este artículo es describir el uso de un modelo ortotópico de glioblastoma para los estudios de quimiorradioterapia. En este artículo se irá si el procesamiento de células, la implantación, y la radioterapia del ratón usando un modelo intracraneal.

Combinación de radioterapia en un modelo ortotópico de tumor cerebral del ratón

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

combination-radiotherapy-in-an-orthotopic-mouse-brain-tumor-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Investigación

Medicina

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotón imágenes de invasión de células tumorales en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

Imágenes in vivo de tumores bioluminiscencia Dinámica hipoxia de la metástasis cerebral cáncer de mama en un modelo de ratón

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Un modelo de tumor vesical ortotópica y la Evaluación de tratamiento intravesical SARNA

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

Un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma de tiroides anaplásico

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga de Estudios de liberación de genes

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un modelo murino de cáncer de próstata humano Metástasis ortotópico

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

An Orthotopic Glioblastoma Mouse Model Maintaining Brain Parenchymal Physical Constraints and Suitable for Intravital Two-photon Microscopy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology rely on the injection of a suspension of glioma cells into the brain parenchyma following incision of the dura-mater. Whereas the cells have to be injected superficially to be accessible to intravital two-photon microscopy, superficial injections fail to recapitulate the physiopathological conditions. Indeed, escaping through the injection tract most tumor cells reach the extra-dural space where they expand abnormally fast in absence of mechanical constraints from the parenchyma.
Our improvements consist not only in focally implanting a glioma spheroid rather than injecting a suspension of glioma cells in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex but also in clogging the injection site by a cross-linked dextran gel hemi-bead that is glued to the surrounding parenchyma and sealed to dura-mater with cyanoacrylate. Altogether these measures enforce the physiological expansion and infiltration of the tumor cells inside the brain parenchyma. Craniotomy was finally closed with a glass window cemented to the skull to allow chronic imaging over weeks in absence of scar tissue development.
Taking advantage of fluorescent transgenic animals grafted with fluorescent tumor cells we have shown that the dynamics of interactions occurring between glioma cells, neurons (e.g. Thy1-CFP mice) and vasculature (highlighted by an intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye) can be visualized by intravital two-photon microscopy during the progression of the disease.
The possibility to image a tumor at microscopic resolution in a minimally compromised cerebral environment represents an improvement of current GBM animal models which should benefit the field of neuro-oncology and drug testing.

We have established a cortical orthotopic glioblastoma model in mice for intravital two-photon microscopy that recapitulates the biophysical constraints normally at play during the growth of the tumor. A chronic glass window replacing the skull above the tumor enables the follow-up of the tumor progression over time by two-photon microscopy.

El mantenimiento de un modelo de ratón ortotópico Glioblastoma Restricciones cerebral parenquimatosa físicas y Conveniente para intravital microscopía de dos fotones

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumors with no curative treatments available to date.
Murine models of this pathology ...

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA approved in April 2011 for the treatment of patients 22 years or older with rGBM. The device delivers alternating electric fields and is programmed to ensure maximal tumor cell kill1.
Glioblastoma is the most common type of glioma and has an estimated incidence of approximately 10,000 new cases per year in the United States alone2. This tumor is particularly resistant to treatment and is uniformly fatal especially in the recurrent setting3-5. Prior to the approval of the TTF System, the only FDA approved treatment for rGBM was bevacizumab6. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein that drives tumor angiogenesis7. By blocking the VEGF pathway, bevacizumab can result in a significant radiographic response (pseudoresponse), improve progression free survival and reduce corticosteroid requirements in rGBM patients8,9. Bevacizumab however failed to prolong overall survival in a recent phase III trial26. A pivotal phase III trial (EF-11) demonstrated comparable overall survival between physicians&#8217; choice chemotherapy and TTF Therapy but better quality of life were observed in the TTF arm10.
There is currently an unmet need to develop novel approaches designed to prolong overall survival and/or improve quality of life in this unfortunate patient population. One appealing approach would be to combine the two currently approved treatment modalities namely bevacizumab and TTF Therapy. These two treatments are currently approved as monotherapy11,12, but their combination has never been evaluated in a clinical trial. We have developed an approach for combining those two treatment modalities and treated 2 rGBM patients. Here we describe a detailed methodology outlining this novel treatment protocol and present representative data from one of the treated patients.

A novel methodology that is employed for the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas is described. This treatment approach employs the application of alternating electric tumor treating fields (TTFields), known as TTF Therapy in combination with bevacizumab, a targeted agent that is currently FDA approved as monotherapy.

Tumor Tratamiento Terapia del Campo en combinación con bevacizumab para el tratamiento de glioblastoma recurrente

A novel device that employs TTF therapy has recently been developed and is currently in use for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). It was FDA ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.