Dette arbeidet ble støttet av NSF award # 0920274 og South Carolina Experiment Station Project (SC-1700340) til KSS. Dette papiret er tekniske bidrag nr. 5929 av Clemson University Experiment Station.

Den generelle ordningen med denne protokollen er skissert i figur 1. 1. Løsning Forberedelse for Standard Kurver og Assays <ol><li> Forbered 100 mL av en 2 mol / L løsning av hydroksylamin-HCl. Vei opp 13,9 g hydroksylamin hydroklorid (MW 69,49 g / mol) og oppløses i ca 50 mL destillert-avionisert vann (DDH 2 O). Juster pH til 7,0 med kaliumhydroksid pellets eller en konsentrert løsning. Ta det endelige volumet til 100 ml. Løsningen kan oppbevares i romtemperatur i opptil 3...

<ol>
	<li>Bork, P., Sander, C., Valencia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ATPase+domain+common+to+prokaryotic+cell+cycle+proteins,+sugar+kinases,+actin,+and+hsp70+heat+shock+proteins.">An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar kinases, actin, and hsp70 heat shock proteins.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 7290-7294 (1992).</li><li>Bork, P., Sander, C., Valencia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convergent+evolution+of+similar+enzymatic+function+on+different+protein+folds:+the+hexokinase,+ribokinase,+and+galactokinase+families+of+sugar+kinases.">Convergent evolution of similar enzymatic function on different protein folds: the hexokinase, ribokinase, and galactokinase families of sugar kinases.</a> Protein Sci. 2, 31-40 (1993).</li><li>Buss, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urkinase:+structure+of+acetate+kinase,+a+member+of+the+ASKHA+superfamily+of+phosphotransferases.">Urkinase: structure of acetate kinase, a member of the ASKHA superfamily of phosphotransferases.</a> J. Bacteriol. 183, 680-686 (2001).</li><li>Hurley, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sugar+kinase/heat+shock+protein+70/actin+superfamily:+implications+of+conserved+structure+for+mechanism.">The sugar kinase/heat shock protein 70/actin superfamily: implications of conserved structure for mechanism.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 25, 137-162 (1996).</li><li>Holmes, K. C., Sander, C., Valencia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+ATP-binding+fold+in+actin,+hexokinase+and+Hsc70.">A new ATP-binding fold in actin, hexokinase and Hsc70.</a> Trends. Cell. Biol. 3, 53-59 (1993).</li><li>Ingram-Smith, C., Martin, S. R., Smith, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetate+kinase:+not+just+a+bacterial+enzyme.">Acetate kinase: not just a bacterial enzyme.</a> Trends. Microbiol. 14, 249-253 (2006).</li><li>Aceti, D. J., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+acetate+kinase+from+acetate-grown+Methanosarcina+thermophila.+Evidence+for+regulation+of+synthesis.">Purification and characterization of acetate kinase from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila. Evidence for regulation of synthesis.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15444-15448 (1988).</li><li>Latimer, M. T., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning,+sequence+analysis,+and+hyperexpression+of+the+genes+encoding+phosphotransacetylase+and+acetate+kinase+from+Methanosarcina+thermophila.">Cloning, sequence analysis, and hyperexpression of the genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.</a> J. Bacteriol. 175, 6822-6829 (1993).</li><li>Ingram-Smith, C., Barber, R. D., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+histidines+in+the+acetate+kinase+from+Methanosarcina+thermophila.">The role of histidines in the acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 275, 33765-33770 (2000).</li><li>Miles, R. D., Iyer, P. P., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-directed+mutational+analysis+of+active+site+residues+in+the+acetate+kinase+from+Methanosarcina+thermophila.">Site-directed mutational analysis of active site residues in the acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45059-45064 (2001).</li><li>Miles, R. D., Gorrell, A., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+transition+state+analog,+MgADP-aluminum+fluoride-acetate,+in+acetate+kinase+from+Methanosarcina+thermophila.">Evidence for a transition state analog, MgADP-aluminum fluoride-acetate, in acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 277, 22547-22552 (2002).</li><li>Ingram-Smith, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+acetate+binding+pocket+in+the+Methanosarcina+thermophila+acetate+kinase.">Characterization of the acetate binding pocket in the Methanosarcina thermophila acetate kinase.</a> J. Bacteriol. 187, 2386-2394 (2005).</li><li>Gorrell, A., Lawrence, S. H., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+kinetic+analyses+of+arginine+residues+in+the+active+site+of+the+acetate+kinase+from+Methanosarcina+thermophila.">Structural and kinetic analyses of arginine residues in the active site of the acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10731-10742 (2005).</li><li>Gorrell, A., Ferry, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+Methanosarcina+thermophila+acetate+kinase+mechanism+by+fluorescence+quenching.">Investigation of the Methanosarcina thermophila acetate kinase mechanism by fluorescence quenching.</a> Biochemistry. 46, 14170-14176 (2007).</li><li>Reeves, R. E., Guthrie, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetate+kinase+(pyrophosphate).+A+fourth+pyrophosphate-dependent+kinase+from+Entamoeba+histolytica.">Acetate kinase (pyrophosphate). A fourth pyrophosphate-dependent kinase from Entamoeba histolytica.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66, 1389-1395 (1975).</li><li>Fowler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+and+structural+characterization+of+the+novel+PPi-dependent+acetate+kinase+from+the+parasite+Entamoeba+histolytica.">Kinetic and structural characterization of the novel PPi-dependent acetate kinase from the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Lipmann, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+synthesis+of+acetyl+phosphate.">Enzymatic synthesis of acetyl phosphate.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 155, 55-70 (1944).</li><li>Lipmann, F., Tuttle, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+specific+micromethod+for+determination+of+acyl+phosphates.">A specific micromethod for determination of acyl phosphates.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 159, 21-28 (1945).</li><li>Lipmann, F., Jones, M. E., Black, S., Flynn, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+the+ATP-CoA-acetate+reaction.">The mechanism of the ATP-CoA-acetate reaction.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. Suppl. 41, 109-112 (1953).</li><li>Rose, I. A., Grunberg-Manago, M., Korey, S. F., Ochoa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+phosphorylation+of+acetate.">Enzymatic phosphorylation of acetate.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 211, 737-756 (1954).</li><li>Allen, S. H., Kellermeyer, R. W., Stjernholm, R. L., Wood, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+properties+of+enzymes+involved+in+the+proponic+acid+fermentation.">Purification and properties of enzymes involved in the proponic acid fermentation.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 87, 171-187 (1964).</li><li>Clarke, P. M., Payton, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+enzymatic+assay+for+acetate+in+spent+bacterial+culture+supernatants.">An enzymatic assay for acetate in spent bacterial culture supernatants.</a> Anal. Biochem. 130, 402-405 (1983).</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, S., Hasson, M. S., Sanders, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+continuous+assay+of+acetate+kinase+activity:+measurement+of+inorganic+phosphate+release+generated+by+hydroxylaminolysis+of+acetyl+phosphate.">A continuous assay of acetate kinase activity: measurement of inorganic phosphate release generated by hydroxylaminolysis of acetyl phosphate.</a> Bioorg. Chem. 36, 65-69 (2008).</li><li>Nakajima, H., Suzuki, K., Imahori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+properties+of+acetate+kinase+from+Bacillus+stearothermophilus.">Purification and properties of acetate kinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.</a> J. Biochem. 84, 193-203 (1978).</li></ol>

Påvisning av acetyl fosfat i denne analysen er avhengig av en tilstrekkelig konsentrasjon av hydroksylamin hydroklorid og konsentrasjon og surhet av Ferric klorid løsningen. Endring av analysen volum vil kreve ny vurdering av begge disse komponentene. Den enzymatiske reaksjoner som beskrives her ble utført ved 37 ° C med hydroksylamin oppsigelse utført ved 60 ° C i 5 minutter. Dette høyere temperatur er avgjørende for å tillate rask konvertering av de resterende acetyl fosfat til acetyl hydroxamate. Tidspunktet...

<table border="1"><tr><td width="160"> Navn på reagens </td><td width="108"> Firma </td><td width="134"> Katalognummer </td><td width="103"> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> Acetyl fosfat </td><td> Sigma Aldrich </td><td> 01409 </td><td> Lithium Salt (97%) </td></tr><tr><td> Natriumfosfat monobasic (dehydrert) </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> S381 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Natriumfosfat dibasic (vannfri) </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> S374 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Magnesiumklorid (hexahydrate) </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> M33 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tris Base </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> B152 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ferric klorid (hexahydrate) </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> I88 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Trikloreddiksyre </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> A324 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hydroksylamin hydroklorid </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> H330 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Adenosine 5&#39;-diphosphate natrium salt </td><td> Sigma Aldrich </td><td> A2754 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Biomate III spektrofotometer </td><td> ThermoFisher </td><td> 142982082 </td><td> Standard UV / VIS spektrofotometer </td></tr></table>

direct detection of the acetate-forming activity  of the enzyme acetate kinase

Acetat kinase, et medlem av acetat og sukker kinase-Hsp70-aktin (ASKHA) enzym superfamily 1-5, er ansvarlig for reversibel fosforylering av acetate til acetyl fosfat utnytte ATP som substrat. Acetat kinaser er allestedsnærværende i Bakterier, som finnes i en slekt av Archaea, og er også til stede i mikrober av Eukarya 6. Den mest godt karakterisert acetate kinase er at fra metan-produserende archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila 7-14. En acetate kinase som bare kan benytte PP jeg, men ikke ATP i acetyl fosfat-forming retning har vært isolert fra Entamoeba histolytica, den forårsaker agent for amøbedysenteri, og har så langt bare blitt funnet i denne slekten 15,16. I retning av acetyl fosfat formasjonen, er acetate kinase aktivitet vanligvis målt ved hjelp av hydroxamate analysen, først beskrevet av Lipmann17-20, en kombinert analyse hvor konvertering av ATP til ADP er koblet til oksidasjon av NADH til NAD + av enzymene pyruvat kinase og laktat dehydrogenase 21,22, eller en analyse som måler utslipp av uorganisk fosfat etter reaksjonen til acetyl fosfat produktet med hydroksylamin 23. Aktiviteten i det motsatte, er acetate-forming retning målt ved kopling ATP dannelse fra ADP til reduksjon av NADP + til NADPH av enzymer hexokinase og glukose 6-fosfat dehydrogenase 24. Her beskriver vi en metode for påvisning av acetat kinase aktivitet i retning av acetat formasjon som ikke krever kopling enzymer, men er i stedet basert på direkte fastsettelse av acetyl fosfat forbruk. Etter enzymatisk reaksjon, er gjenværende acetyl fosfat omdannes til en Ferric hydroxamate kompleks som kan måles spektrofotometrisk, som for hydroxamate analysen. Derfor, i motsetning til standard kombinert analysen for denne retningen er avhengig av produksjon av ATP fra ADP, kan dette direkte analysen brukes for acetate kinaser som produserer ATP eller PP jeg.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity  of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase at JoVE.com

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity  of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

En metode for bestemmelse av acetat kinase aktivitet er beskrevet. Denne analysen benytter en direkte reaksjon for å bestemme enzymaktivitet og kinetikk av acetat kinase i acetat-forming retning med forskjellige phosphoryl akseptorer. Videre kan denne metoden benyttes for analysere andre acetyl fosfat eller acetyl-CoA utnytte enzymer.

Direkte Påvisning av acetat-forming aktivitet av enzymet Acetat Kinase

Acetate kinase, a member of the acetate and sugar kinase-Hsp70-actin (ASKHA) enzyme superfamily1-5, is responsible for the reversible phosphorylation of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of ...

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect ...

ELIME (Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical) Method for Mycotoxin Detection

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

Immunoassays are a valid alternative to the more expensive and time consuming quantitative HPLC or GC1, 2 methods for the screening detection of hazardous ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Påvisning av nitrogenoksid og Superoxide Radical anion med Electron paramagnetisk resonans spektroskopi fra celler ved hjelp av Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET

Overvåking Kinase og fosfatase Aktiviteter Gjennom Cell Cycle av Ratiometric FRET

F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporters1 allow the assessment of endogenous kinase and phosphatase activities in living cells. Such ...

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro

Analysere den kinase aktivitet av LRRK2 In vitro</em

Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a 2527 amino acid member of the ROCO family of proteins, possessing a complex, multidomain structure including a ...

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

GC-baserte Påvisning av Aldononitrile Acetat Derivatized Glukosamin og Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Bestemmelse i Soil

Quantitative approaches to characterizing microorganisms are crucial for a broader understanding of the microbial status and function within ecosystems. ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Måling av Larve Aktiviteten i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Studere aktiviteten til nevropeptider og andre regulatorer i ekskresjonssystemet i voksen mygg

Studies of insect physiology, particularly in those species that are vectors of pathogens causing disease in humans and other vertebrates, provide the ...