Name: infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens
Uploaded: 2012-03-15T12:00:00
Duration: 11 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens at JoVE.com

作者要感谢王超崔，为图4中，乌尔里克Nehrdich和戴维·威特的图像鱼照顾，和其他实验室成员的有益讨论楼埃丝特·科尔特，俯下身去，拉尔夫·卡瓦略。支持这项工作是由荷兰经济事务部的智能组合方案和教育，文化和科学，欧洲委员会第七框架项目ZF健康（健康F4-2010-242048），欧洲玛丽·居里部初始培训网络FishForPharma（PITN-GA-2011-289209），由澳大利亚NHMRC（637394）。澳大利亚的再生医学研究所是由维多利亚州政府和澳大利亚政府的拨款支持。

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作者没有透露。

在这篇文章中所描述的感染方法经常被用来研究宿主先天免疫基因或细菌致病基因的功能。静脉微量注射方法（5和6.1协议）是最常用的此类研究。在尾静脉注射后血岛，是最方便的地点为静脉注射1日龄胚胎。作为尾静脉变得更加难以渗透在稍后阶段，我们更喜欢静脉注射部位的胚胎在2-3 DPF居维叶管道。在所有情况下，关键是一致的细菌数，应检查电镀注射接种菌落计数注入胚胎。必须考虑以下几个方面来实现可重复注射。首先，它必须有高品质的玻璃微毛细管注射针头。如果针尖过大，注入将创建足够大的穿刺孔出血发生和注入的细菌就会流出来的血液循环。其次，细菌必须直接注射进入血液循环。如果不是内静脉或注射液利差如果卵黄囊扩展到针尖，胚胎必须被丢弃的实验。第三，作为一个载体，注入研究 PVP40 海鱼将有助于防止细菌在玻璃针下沉。 PVP40提高了悬挂的同质化，导致整个注射时间更重现接种。 PVP40也可以用来为 S 鼠伤寒杆菌注射，但在这里是不那么重要，因为较大的规模和明亮的荧光细菌可以在实验过程中的视觉控制较注射接种。对于执业注射，我们建议使用酚红染料（1％V / V）或1微米（Invitrogen公司）不同颜色的荧光领域。一旦掌握技术，它需要大约30 minutES注入50-100胚胎，包括琼脂糖板对齐的胚胎和调整细菌的注射量所需的时间。 虽然是最常用的静脉注射进入血液岛（协议）或到居维叶（6.1协议）的管道，感染这个视频文章中所描述的替代路线已经证明有用的研究巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞趋化（协议6.2，6.3和6.4），研究减毒菌株（6.5协议）的增长，以适应高吞吐量的应用（6.6协议）4-8斑马鱼感染模型。所述的微注射方法也可用于注射病毒18，19，真菌孢子14，20或原虫（玛丽亚Forlenza，个人通讯）。注射在这部影片的文章中描述的过程是一个有益的补充皮下的细菌注入zebr最近描述的过程afish胚胎21。此过程被应用于研究组织表面发现有效的吞噬细菌，但由嗜中性粒细胞，吞噬细菌，在巨噬细胞，吞噬后的血液注入到充满液体的体腔的细菌或几乎无法。皮下注射胚胎定位相似，但为这个视频文章中所描述的尾部肌肉注射针插入皮肤下注入了体节的细菌。 重要的是要考虑微量注射本质上是一种人工感染途径。然而，早期胚胎，具有很高的耐外部暴露于细菌病原体。事实上，胚胎沐浴在菌悬液，浸泡实验，不能在我们手中22重现。虽然一些胚胎可能成为感染后浸泡，我们已经观察到的死亡率和中明确一个大的变化离子之间的个别胚胎在这种检测炎症的标记基因。微注射在这篇文章中介绍的方法实现重复性感染和研究细菌与宿主先天免疫细胞相互作用特别有用。量化个别胚胎细菌感染的有效途径是感染胚胎的荧光图像分析与定制，专用像素量化软件17，23。这种方法已被证明关联电镀感染胚胎后菌落计数结果。同样，每胚胎白细胞数量相对变化已在转基因白细胞荧光记者的数字图像分析量化，这种方法是适用于量化主机leukopoietic的响应感染24。 主机先天免疫基因的功能，可以在体内有效地调查相结合的描述感染模型吗啉击倒。吗啉代是人工合成的反义寡核苷酸，针对特定的RNA和基因产物的表达减少到1 -细胞期斑马鱼的胚胎注入其他视频文章中，有25本杂志10所示。在啉击倒研究，这是所有胚胎组相比上演正确细菌注射前非常重要的。这一点尤其重要，因为胚胎有一个发展中的免疫系统，随着时间的推移变得越来越能干。 目前可用来区分的主要先天免疫亚群，巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞在斑马鱼的胚胎中，有几个转的记者线。 MPX和LYZ发起人已用于生成记者行中性粒细胞16，26，27，并在csf1r（FMS）和MPEG1发起人被用来产生巨噬细胞的记者，14，28。虽然CSF此外在xanthophores表达1R（FMS），MPEG1表达完全是在巨噬细胞。在这部影片的文章显示，最近开发的MPEG1记者线条非常有用的成像巨噬细胞吞噬细菌。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 试剂 </td><td> 供应商 </td><td> 目录编号 </td></tr><tr><td>酚红</td><td>西格玛</td><td> P0290 </td></tr><tr><td>甘油</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> 228210 </td></tr><tr><td> DIFCO米德尔7H10琼脂</td><td>流式细胞，迪肯森和公司</td><td> 262710 </td></tr><tr><td>边界层米德尔OADC富集</td><td>流式细胞，迪肯森和公司</td><td> 211886 </td></tr><tr><td> DIFCO米德尔7H9肉汤</td><td>流式细胞，迪肯森和公司</td><td> 271310 </td></tr><tr><td>边界层米德尔ADC的富集</td><td>流式细胞，迪肯森和公司</td><td> 211887 </td></tr><tr><td>吐温80 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> P1754 </td></tr><tr><td>聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP40） </td><td> Calbiochem公司，默克</td><td> 529504 </td></tr><tr><td> N &lt;/ em&gt;的苯基（警察机动部队） </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> P7629 </td></tr><tr><td>甲酸乙酯3 - 氨基磺酸盐（Tricaine，） </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> A5040 </td></tr><tr><td>甲基纤维素</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> M0387 </td></tr><tr><td> SeaPlaque琼脂糖（低熔点琼脂糖） </td><td>龙沙公司</td><td> 50100 </td></tr><tr><td> FluoSpheres（1.0微米，红色荧光（580/605）） </td><td> Invitrogen公司</td><td> F8821 </td></tr><tr><td> FluoSpheres（1.0微米，黄绿色荧光（505/515）） </td><td> Invitrogen公司</td><td> F8823 </td></tr></tbody></table>

infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens

斑马鱼（ 斑马鱼 ）胚胎越来越多地用于研究在宿主-病原体相互作用1脊椎动物先天免疫系统的功能模型。先天免疫系统的主要类型的细胞，巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞，在胚胎发育的第一天前发展的适应性免疫反应的淋巴细胞的成熟。轻松获得大量的胚胎，其无障碍由于外部发展，胚胎和幼虫的光学透明度，广泛的遗传工具，广泛的突变资源和转基因记者线的集合，所有添加到多功能的斑马鱼沙门伤寒（伤寒沙门氏菌）和分枝杆菌模型。可以驻留细胞巨噬细胞，并经常被用来研究在斑马鱼胚胎的宿主-病原体相互作用。这两种感染过程细菌病原体是有趣的比较，因为S。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染是急性和致命的，在一天之内，而研究海鱼感染是慢性的，并可以成像幼虫第2阶段，3。微注射到胚胎（ 图1）细菌的网站，确定是否感染将迅速成为全身或将保持最初的本地化。建立一个快速的全身性感染，可通过微注射直接进入血液循环，通过尾静脉注射后血岛，或通过居维叶，卵黄囊上广泛流通渠道的心连接到主干血管导管的细菌。 1 DPF，在这个阶段的胚胎有phagocytically活跃的巨噬细胞，但尚未成熟的中性粒细胞，注射进入血液岛是首选。居维叶管道为2-3 DPF时，胚胎也已经开发出功能（过氧化物酶产）中性粒细胞，注射优先为t他注射部位。研究，对局部感染的骨髓细胞的定向迁移，细菌可注入尾肌，耳泡，或后脑心室4-6。此外，脊索，这似乎是一个结构通常无法髓细胞，是高度敏感的局部感染7。高吞吐量应用的一个有用的替代方法是细菌注射到胚胎在受精后8小时的蛋黄。结合荧光的巨噬细胞或中性粒细胞的荧光细菌和转基因斑马鱼线创建理想的情况下，宿主 - 病原体相互作用的多色成像。这部影片的文章将描述与S.静脉和局部感染斑马鱼胚胎的详细协议鼠伤寒或M。海鱼细菌和随后与先天免疫系统的细胞相互作用的荧光成像。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens at JoVE.com

Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens

透明斑马鱼的胚胎已经证明有用的模型可视化和主机之间的先天免疫细胞和细胞内细菌病原体的功能，如研究的相互作用，<em&gt;鼠伤寒沙门氏菌</em&gt;和<em&gt;分枝杆菌</em&gt;。微注射细菌和多色荧光成像是在斑马鱼胚胎感染模型中的应用，所涉及的基本技术。

斑马鱼的胚胎细胞内细菌病原体感染

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

“发光法”的分类检测细菌病原体的记者噬菌体

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively 1. ...

科研

免疫与感染

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

在细菌粘附的研究剪应力

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens

单细胞测量液泡破裂引起细胞内病原体

Shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. Subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed ...

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches

新的细胞内病原体由Amoebal共培养和Amoebal富集途径探索

Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

生成和多表型高内涵筛选<em&gt;贝氏柯克斯体</em&gt;转座子突变体

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

施加诱导表达系统研究与细胞内信号细菌毒力因子的干扰

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

破译和成像发病机制与盘带<em&gt;脓肿分枝杆菌</em&gt;斑马鱼胚胎

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

由16S rRNA基因测序和MALDI-TOF MS罕见的细菌病原鉴定

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in ...

Isolation of Single Intracellular Bacterial Communities Generated from a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection for Downstream Single-cell Analysis

尿道感染小鼠模型产生的单细胞内细菌群落的分离, 用于下游单细胞分析

In this article, we outline a procedure used to isolate individual intracellular bacterial communities from a mouse that has been experimentally infected ...

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

评估细菌病原体免疫反应的声吞噬杀灭试验

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental ...