Name: a genetic screen to isolate toxoplasma gondii host-cell egress mutants
Uploaded: 2012-02-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants at JoVE.com

Эта работа была профинансирована американской Сердечной Ассоциации ученых гранта на развитие 0635480N и Национального института здоровья грант AI081220. BIC поддерживает тамплиеров Eye Foundation грант.

Обзор Протоколы предоставляются сначала определить дозы мутагенов приводит к 70% гибели паразитов (протокол 1). Следующая процедура предусмотрена для обогащения индуцированных мутантов выход из мутагенизированный бассейн паразита (протокол 2, рисунок 2). Это сопровождает?...

<ol>
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Sci. 117 (Pt 24), 5739-5748 (2004).</li><li>Lourido, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-dependent+protein+kinase+1+is+an+essential+regulator+of+exocytosis+in+Toxoplasma.">Calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is an essential regulator of exocytosis in Toxoplasma.</a> Nature. 465 (7296), 359-362 (2010).</li><li>Arrizabalaga, G., Ruiz, F., Moreno, S., Boothroyd, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionophore-resistant+mutant+of+Toxoplasma+gondii+reveals+involvement+of+a+sodium/hydrogen+exchanger+in+calcium+regulation.">Ionophore-resistant mutant of Toxoplasma gondii reveals involvement of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger in calcium regulation.</a> J. Cell. Biol. 165 (5), 653-662 (2004).</li><li>Black, M. W., Arrizabalaga, G., Boothroyd, J. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxoplasma+gondii:+use+of+mutants+to+study+the+host-parasite+relationship.">Toxoplasma gondii: use of mutants to study the host-parasite relationship.</a> Ciba. Found. Symp. 99, 74-91 (1983).</li><li>Striepen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+complementation+in+apicomplexan+parasites.">Genetic complementation in apicomplexan parasites.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (9), 6304-6309 (2002).</li><li>White, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+rescue+of+a+Toxoplasma+gondii+conditional+cell+cycle+mutant.">Genetic rescue of a Toxoplasma gondii conditional cell cycle mutant.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 55 (4), 1060-1071 (2005).</li><li>Gubbels, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forward+Genetic+Analysis+of+the+Apicomplexan+Cell+Division+Cycle+in+Toxoplasma+gondii.">Forward Genetic Analysis of the Apicomplexan Cell Division Cycle in Toxoplasma gondii.</a> PLoS Pathog. 4 (2), e36-e36 (2008).</li><li>Carruthers, V. B., Hakansson, S., Giddings, O. K., Sibley, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxoplasma+gondii+uses+sulfated+proteoglycans+for+substrate+and+host+cell+attachment.">Toxoplasma gondii uses sulfated proteoglycans for substrate and host cell attachment.</a> Infect. Immun. 68 (7), 4005-4011 (2000).</li><li>Camps, M., Boothroyd, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxoplasma+gondii:+selective+killing+of+extracellular+parasites+by+oxidation+using+pyrrolidine+dithiocarbamate.">Toxoplasma gondii: selective killing of extracellular parasites by oxidation using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.</a> Exp. Parasitol. 98 (4), 206-214 (2001).</li><li>Roos, D. S., Donald, R. G., Morrissette, N. S., Moulton, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+tools+for+genetic+dissection+of+the+protozoan+parasite+Toxoplasma+gondii.">Molecular tools for genetic dissection of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 45, 27-63 (1994).</li><li>Gubbels, M. J., Li, C., Striepen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+growth+assay+for+Toxoplasma+gondii+using+yellow+fluorescent+protein.">High-throughput growth assay for Toxoplasma gondii using yellow fluorescent protein.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47 (1), 309-316 (2003).</li><li>Carey, K. L., Westwood, N. J., Mitchison, T. J., Ward, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-molecule+approach+to+studying+invasive+mechanisms+of+Toxoplasma+gondii.">A small-molecule approach to studying invasive mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (19), 7433-7438 (2004).</li><li>Kafsack, B. F., Carruthers, V. B., Pineda, F. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+membrane+disruption+by+a+perforin-like+protein+facilitates+parasite+exit+from+host+cells.">Rapid membrane disruption by a perforin-like protein facilitates parasite exit from host cells.</a> Science. 323 (5913), 530-533 (2009).</li><li>Lovett, J. L., Marchesini, N., Moreno, S. N., Sibley, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxoplasma+gondii+microneme+secretion+involves+intracellular+Ca(2+)+release+from+inositol+1,4,5-triphosphate+(IP(3))/ryanodine-sensitive+stores.">Toxoplasma gondii microneme secretion involves intracellular Ca(2+) release from inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3))/ryanodine-sensitive stores.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29), 25870-25876 (2002).</li><li>Nagamune, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abscisic+acid+controls+calcium-dependent+egress+and+development+in+Toxoplasma+gondii.">Abscisic acid controls calcium-dependent egress and development in Toxoplasma gondii.</a> Nature. 451 (7175), 207-210 (2008).</li><li>Tomita, T., Yamada, T., Weiss, L. M., Orlofsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Externally+triggered+egress+is+the+major+fate+of+Toxoplasma+gondii+during+acute+infection.">Externally triggered egress is the major fate of Toxoplasma gondii during acute infection.</a> J. Immunol. 183 (10), 6667-6680 (2009).</li><li>Persson, E. 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<html> Описанный протокол обеспечивает эффективный способ изолировать Toxoplasma мутантов с выходным дефекта. Мы успешно изолировать мутантов по различным этапам пути выхода, некоторые из которых имеют двойное фенотип вторжения 13. Потенциальное воздействие на вторжение можно опр?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Название реагента </td><td> Компания </td><td> Номер по каталогу </td><td> Комментарии </td></tr><tr><td> ЕНУ </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> N3385 </td><td> 1 M фондовой ДМСО, хранить при -20 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> EMS </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M0880 </td><td> 1 M фондовой ДМСО, хранить при -20 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> Декстран сульфат </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D4911 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PDTC </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P8765 </td><td> 100 мМ фондовой PBS </td></tr><tr><td> Разница быстрого </td><td> EMD химическими веществами </td><td> 65044-93 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Держатель фильтра </td><td> Коул-Parmer </td><td> 540100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 мкм поликарбонатный фильтр </td><td> ВатманШлейхер и Schuell </td><td> 110612 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Гемоцитометра </td><td> Хауссер Научные </td><td> 1475 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> СО 2-инкубаторы </td><td> Различные производители </td><td></td><td> Увлажненный, 5% CO 2, 35, 37 и 40 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> Флуоресцентный микроскоп </td><td> Различные производители </td><td></td><td> В идеале инвертируется, широкие поля с 63x или 100x масло цель </td></tr></tbody></table> HBSSc (в зависимости от Черного и др. 11.) <ul><li> 98,0 мл Хэнкс сбалансированный солевой раствор (Hyclone каталожный номер SH30588) </li><li> 100 мкл 1М MgCl 2 (100 мМ конца) </li><li> 100 мкл 1М CaCl 2 (100 мМ конца) </li><li> 2,0 мл 1М Hepes рН 7,3 (20 мМ конца) </li><li> 84 мг NaHCO 3 (10 мМ конца) </li></ul>

a genetic screen to isolate toxoplasma gondii host-cell egress mutants

The widespread, obligate intracellular, protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes opportunistic disease in immuno-compromised patients and causes birth defects upon congenital infection. The lytic replication cycle is characterized by three stages: 1. active invasion of a nucleated host cell; 2. replication inside the host cell; 3. active egress from the host cell. The mechanism of egress is increasingly being appreciated as a unique, highly regulated process, which is still poorly understood at the molecular level. The signaling pathways underlying egress have been characterized through the use of pharmacological agents acting on different aspects of the pathways1-5. As such, several independent triggers of egress have been identified which all converge on the release of intracellular Ca2+, a signal that is also critical for host cell invasion6-8. This insight informed a candidate gene approach which led to the identification of plant like calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) involved in egress9. In addition, several recent breakthroughs in understanding egress have been made using (chemical) genetic approaches10-12. To combine the wealth of pharmacological information with the increasing genetic accessibility of Toxoplasma we recently established a screen permitting the enrichment for parasite mutants with a defect in host cell egress13. Although chemical mutagenesis using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) has been used for decades in the study of Toxoplasma biology11,14,15, only recently has genetic mapping of mutations underlying the phenotypes become routine16-18. Furthermore, by generating temperature-sensitive mutants, essential processes can be dissected and the underlying genes directly identified. These mutants behave as wild-type under the permissive temperature (35 &deg;C), but fail to proliferate at the restrictive temperature (40 &deg;C) as a result of the mutation in question. Here we illustrate a new phenotypic screening method to isolate mutants with a temperature-sensitive egress phenotype13. The challenge for egress screens is to separate egressed from non-egressed parasites, which is complicated by fast re-invasion and general stickiness of the parasites to host cells. A previously established egress screen was based on a cumbersome series of biotinylation steps to separate intracellular from extracellular parasites11. This method also did not generate conditional mutants resulting in weak phenotypes. The method described here overcomes the strong attachment of egressing parasites by including a glycan competitor, dextran sulfate (DS), that prevents parasites from sticking to the host cell19. Moreover, extracellular parasites are specifically killed off by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which leaves intracellular parasites unharmed20. Therefore, with a new phenotypic screen to specifically isolate parasite mutants with defects in induced egress, the power of genetics can now be fully deployed to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell egress.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants at JoVE.com

A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants

Вперед генетики мощный метод, чтобы разгадать молекулярном уровне, как<em&gt; Toxoplasma</em&gt; Выходов из клетки-хозяина. Протоколы предоставляются химически mutagenize паразитов, обогащают для мутантов с дефектами в индуцированной выхода и проверки фенотип клонировали мутантов.

Генетические экрана изолировать Toxoplasma гондий Клетки-хозяина Мутанты Egress

The widespread, obligate intracellular, protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes opportunistic disease in immuno-compromised patients and causes birth ...

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Immunology and Infection

A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Получение высокоочищенного Toxoplasma гондий Ооцист по разрывным градиентом цезия хлорид

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen that commonly infects humans. It is a well characterized apicomplexan associated with ...

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Transnuclear Мыши с Предустановленные Т Особенности клеточного рецептора Против Toxoplasma гондий, Полученные через SCNT

Lymphocytes, such as T cells, undergo genetic V(D)J recombination, to generate a receptor with a certain specificity1. Mice transgenic for a rearranged ...

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Использование Пан-Вирусные Microarray анализ (Virochip), чтобы экран клинических образцов для вирусных патогенов

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Создание жидкого покрытые культуры поляризованный человека эпителия дыхательных путей Calu-3 ячейки по изучению клетки-хозяина в ответ на возбудителей инфекций дыхательных путей<em&gt; В пробирке</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Генетические манипуляции<em&gt; Δku80</em&gt; Штаммов для функционального геномного анализа<em&gt; Токсоплазма</em

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene ...

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Использование химии Нажмите для оценки влияния вирусной инфекции на клетки-хозяина синтеза РНК

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Вперед Генетика экранов с помощью макрофагов Определение<em&gt; Токсоплазма</em&gt; Гены важен для достижения стойкости к ИФН-γ-зависимая клеточно автономного Иммунитет

Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. The parasite invades and replicates within ...

Use of the Soft-agar Overlay Technique to Screen for Bacterially Produced Inhibitory Compounds

Использование Soft-агара Техника для скрининга бактериально Производимые ингибирующие

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, ...

A Non-invasive Way to Isolate and Phenotype Cells from the Conjunctiva

Неинвазивный способ выделения и фенотипических клеток из конъюнктивы

Traditionally, ocular surface cytology is studied with techniques such as spatula technology and brush technology. The problem with these techniques is ...