Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBC الزمالة (JA) وNSERC منحة (RZ). ونحن ممتنون لروش M. كومو (Brainsight) لمساعدته فيما يتعلق كاميرا الأشعة تحت الحمراء، وبتتبع MR متوافقة وغيرها من دعم الأجهزة. ونحن ممتنون أيضا للهاينز بريان (Hybex الابتكارات شركة) الذي صمم الذراع متعددة صوتها لصاحب الملف، وقدم بعض الأرقام المعروضة في الفيديو. وشكر خاص لجميع الفنيين وMR فيريرا M. من مركز تصوير الدماغ ماكونيل من معهد مونتريال العصبية الذين ساعدونا تحسين تصميم التجربة.

وينقسم البروتوكول في دورة لمدة يومين (وليس بالضرورة على التوالي). في اليوم الأول يتكون من الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي وكالايزر تتألف مع التشريحية والوظيفية لمسح MR لتعريف لكل مشارك أن تستهدف المناطق التي TMS. في اليوم الثاني يتكون في دورات الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي قبل ?...

وصفنا بروتوكول الجمع بين TMS حاليا والرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي للتحقيق في التنظيم الوظيفي للقشرة السمعية. في المقاطع التالية، وسوف نناقش العوامل المنهجية في الاعتبار عند إجراء مثل هذا النهج. اقتناء وتوقيت ما بعد الدورة TMS الرنين ال?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المادة </td><td> نوع </td><td> شركة </td></tr><tr><td> المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة التحفيز </td><td> Magstim سوبر Rapid2 مشجعا، السريع-2 زائد واحد وحدة </td><td> Magstim المحدودة، ويلز، المملكة المتحدة </td></tr><tr><td> لفائف التحفيز المغناطيسي لل </td><td> MRI متوافق مع 70 ملم من الرقم ثمانية ولفائف </td><td> Magstim المحدودة، ويلز، المملكة المتحدة </td></tr><tr><td> التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي </td><td> 3-T الماسح الضوئي الثلاثي سيمنز، لفائف رئيس قناة 32- </td><td> سيمنز، وشركة، ألمانيا </td></tr><tr><td> فرملس جراحة التوضيع التجسيمي </td><td> Brainsight </td><td> مؤسسة بحوث المارقة، مونتريال، كندا </td></tr><tr><td> نظام القياس البصرية </td><td> بولاريس الأطياف </td><td> شركة شمال الرقمية، أونتاريو، كندا </td></tr><tr><td> متعددة صوتها الذراع لفائف حامل </td><td> معيار </td><td> Hybex Innovatالأيونات شركة، أنجو، كندا </td></tr><tr><td> سماعات إدراج MRI-متوافق </td><td> Sensimetrics، الموديل S14 </td><td> Sensimetrics شركة، MA، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية </td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

تجهيز السمعية هو أساس الكلام وتجهيز الموسيقى ذات الصلة. وقد استخدم التنشيط المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة (TMS) بنجاح لدراسة المعرفي، ونظم الحسية والحركية ولكن نادرا ما تم تطبيق الاختبار ل. نحن هنا TMS التحقيق جنبا إلى جنب مع التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي لفهم التنظيم الوظيفي من القشرة السمعية.

تعيين آثار ما بعد من ثيتا انفجار تحفيز على القشرة السمعية الإنسان مع التصوير الوظيفي

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

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