Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBC bourse (JA) et subvention du CRSNG (RZ). Nous sommes reconnaissants à M. Roch Comeau (Brainsight) pour son aide en ce qui concerne la caméra infrarouge, les trackers compatibles IRM et le soutien d&#39;autres matériels. Nous sommes également reconnaissants à Brian Hynes (Hybex Innovations Inc) qui a conçu le bras multi-articulé pour porte-bobine et a fourni quelques-uns des chiffres qui s&#39;affichent dans la vidéo. Et un grand merci à tous les techniciens MR et M. Ferreira du Centre d&#39;imagerie cérébrale McConnell de l&#39;Institut neurologique de Montréal qui nous ont aidés optimisation de la conception de l&#39;expérience.

Le protocole est divisé en une session de deux jours (pas nécessairement consécutifs). La première journée se compose d&#39;une piste composée d&#39;une IRMf anatomique et quelques balayages IRM fonctionnelle pour définir pour chaque participant les zones à cibler avec TMS. Le deuxième jour consiste en des sessions IRMf pré-et post-TMS TMS où est appliquée à l&#39;intérieur du scanner à l&#39;aide d&#39;une bobine spéciale MR compatible TMS (Magstim Ltd, Pays de Galles, Royaume-Uni) et un système stér?...

Nous décrivons un protocole combinant TMS hors ligne et l&#39;IRMf pour étudier l&#39;organisation fonctionnelle du cortex auditif. Dans les sections suivantes, nous allons étudier les facteurs méthodologiques à considérer lors de la réalisation de ces approches. Acquisition et le calendrier de l&#39;après-TMS session de l&#39;IRMf Afin d&#39;acquisition et de contrebalancer les analyses de sessions IRMf pré-et post-TMS ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nom du produit </td><td> Type </td><td> Entreprise </td></tr><tr><td> La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne </td><td> Magstim super-Rapid2 stimulateur, Rapid-2 Plus One Module </td><td> Magstim Ltd, Pays de Galles, Royaume-Uni </td></tr><tr><td> Bobine de stimulation magnétique </td><td> Compatible avec l&#39;IRM 70 mm figure en huit-bobine </td><td> Magstim Ltd, Pays de Galles, Royaume-Uni </td></tr><tr><td> Imagerie par résonance magnétique </td><td> 3-T scanner Trio Siemens, Bobine Head à 32 canaux </td><td> Siemens, Inc, Allemagne </td></tr><tr><td> La stéréotaxie sans cadre </td><td> Brainsight </td><td> Rogue Research Inc, Montréal, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> Système de mesure optique </td><td> Polaris Spectra </td><td> Northern Digital Inc, Ontario, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> Multi-bras articulé pour porte-bobine </td><td> Standard </td><td> Hybex Innovations Inc, Anjou, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> Écouteurs Insérer compatible avec l&#39;IRM </td><td> Sensimetrics, modèle S14 </td><td> Sensimetrics Corporation, MA, USA </td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Traitement auditif est à la base de la parole et de la musique liés transformation. Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) a été utilisée avec succès pour étudier cognitifs, systèmes sensoriels et moteurs, mais a rarement été appliquée à l&#39;audition. Ici, nous avons étudié TMS associés à l&#39;imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle pour comprendre l&#39;organisation fonctionnelle du cortex auditif.

Cartographie des séquelles de Theta Burst Stimulation sur le cortex auditif humain à l&#39;imagerie fonctionnelle

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

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