Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBC Gemeinschaft (JA) und NSERC Zuschuss (RZ). Wir sind dankbar, dass Roch M. Comeau (Brainsight) für seine Hilfe über die Infrarot-Kamera, die MR-kompatiblen Trackern und anderen Hardware-Unterstützung. Wir sind auch dankbar, dass Brian Hynes (Hybex Innovations Inc.), die Mehrgelenkarm für Spulenhalter konzipiert und wird einige der Figuren in dem Video angezeigt. Und einen besonderen Dank an alle MR Techniker und M. Ferreira aus dem McConnell Brain Imaging Center des Montreal Neurological Institute, die uns die Optimierung der Konstruktion des Experimentes geholfen.

Das Protokoll ist in einem Zwei-Tage-Sitzung (nicht unbedingt aufeinanderfolgenden) unterteilt. Der erste Tag besteht aus einem fMRI Localizer mit einer anatomischen und einer funktionellen MR-Scans, um für jeden Teilnehmer die Bereiche mit TMS gezielt auf definieren zusammen. Der zweite Tag besteht in den fMRI-Sitzungen Pre-und Post-TMS, wo TMS Inneren des Scanners mit einem speziellen MR-kompatible TMS Spule (Magstim Ltd, Wales, UK) und eine rahmenlose Stereotaxie System (Brainsight) angewendet wird. Letzteres wird a...

Wir beschreiben ein Protokoll kombiniert offline TMS und fMRT, um die funktionelle Organisation des auditorischen Kortex zu untersuchen. In den nächsten Abschnitten werden wir diskutieren, die methodischen Faktoren zu berücksichtigen, wenn die Durchführung solcher Ansatz. Erwerb und Timing für post-TMS fMRI-Sitzung Order of Scans Erwerb und Gegengewicht der Pre-und Post-TMS fMRI-Sitzungen Es ist entscheidend, um ein MR-anato...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Material Name </td><td> Typ </td><td> Firma </td></tr><tr><td> Transkranielle Magnetstimulation </td><td> Magstim Super Rapid2 Stimulator, Rapid-2 Plus One Module </td><td> Magstim Ltd, Wales, UK </td></tr><tr><td> Spule für Magnetstimulation </td><td> MRI-kompatiblen 70 mm figure-of-eight-coil </td><td> Magstim Ltd, Wales, UK </td></tr><tr><td> Kernspintomographie </td><td> 3-T Siemens Trio Scanner, 32-Kanal-Kopfspule </td><td> Siemens, Inc., Deutschland </td></tr><tr><td> Rahmenlose Stereotaxie </td><td> Brainsight </td><td> Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, Kanada </td></tr><tr><td> Optisches Messsystem </td><td> Polaris Spectra </td><td> Northern Digital Inc., Ontario, Kanada </td></tr><tr><td> Mehrgelenkarm für Spulenhalter </td><td> Standard </td><td> Hybex InnovatIonen Inc., Anjou, Kanada </td></tr><tr><td> MRI-kompatiblen Einsteckhörern </td><td> Sensimetrics, Modell S14 </td><td> Sensimetrics Corporation, MA, USA </td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Auditive Verarbeitungs ist die Grundlage von Sprache und Musik-bezogene Verarbeitung. Transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) wurde erfolgreich auf kognitive, sensorische und motorische Systeme zu studieren verwendet, aber selten angewendet worden, um vorzuspielen. Hier untersuchten wir TMS mit funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie kombiniert, um die funktionelle Organisation des auditorischen Kortex zu verstehen.

Kartierung der Nachwirkungen der Theta Burst Stimulation auf das menschliche Gehör Cortex mit Functional Imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

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