Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBC comunione (JA) e NSERC sovvenzione (RZ). Siamo grati a Roch M. Comeau (Brainsight) per il suo aiuto per quanto riguarda la macchina fotografica a raggi infrarossi, gli inseguitori MR compatibili e di supporto hardware. Siamo anche grati a Brian Hynes (Hybex Innovations Inc.) che ha progettato il multi-articolato braccio porta bobine e fornito alcune delle figure mostrate nel video. E un grazie speciale a tutti i tecnici e MR M. Ferreira del cervello Centro McConnell Imaging del Montreal Neurological Institute, che ci ha aiutato a ottimizzare la progettazione dell&#39;esperimento.

Il protocollo è suddiviso in una sessione di due giorni (non necessariamente consecutivi). Il primo giorno consiste in un localizzatore fMRI composto con un anatomica e funzionale scansioni MR definire per ogni partecipante le zone da mirata con TMS. Il secondo giorno consiste in sessioni fMRI pre-e post-TMS in cui si applica TMS all&#39;interno dello scanner con una speciale bobina MR compatibile TMS (Magstim Ltd., Galles, Regno Unito) e un sistema stereotassico frameless (Brainsight). Quest&#39;ultimo è utilizzato i...

Descriviamo un protocollo che unisce TMS offline e fMRI per studiare l&#39;organizzazione funzionale della corteccia uditiva. Nelle prossime sezioni, discuteremo i fattori metodologici da considerare per lo svolgimento di tale approccio. Acquisizione e tempi per il post-TMS sessione fMRI Ordine di acquisizione scansioni e di controbilanciamento delle sessioni fMRI pre-e post-TMS È fondamentale acquisire una scansione anatomica ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del materiale </td><td> Tipo </td><td> Azienda </td></tr><tr><td> La stimolazione magnetica transcranica </td><td> Magstim Super Rapid2 stimolatore, Rapid-2 Plus One Module </td><td> Magstim Ltd., Galles, Regno Unito </td></tr><tr><td> Bobina per la stimolazione magnetica </td><td> MRI-compatibile 70 millimetri figura di otto-coil </td><td> Magstim Ltd., Galles, Regno Unito </td></tr><tr><td> La risonanza magnetica </td><td> 3-T Trio Siemens scanner a 32 canali Testa Coil </td><td> Siemens, Inc., Germania </td></tr><tr><td> Stereotassi Frameless </td><td> Brainsight </td><td> Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> Sistema di misurazione ottica </td><td> Polaris Spectra </td><td> Northern Digital Inc., Ontario, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> Multi-braccio snodato porta bobine </td><td> Standard </td><td> Hybex Innovationi Inc., Anjou, Canada </td></tr><tr><td> RM-compatibili Inserite gli auricolari </td><td> Sensimetrics, modello S14 </td><td> Sensimetrics Corporation, MA, Stati Uniti d&#39;America </td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Elaborazione uditiva è la base di parlato e musica legati elaborazione. Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica (TMS) è stato usato con successo per lo studio dei sistemi cognitivi, sensoriali e motori, ma raramente è stata applicata per un provino. Qui abbiamo studiato TMS combinati con risonanza magnetica funzionale per comprendere l&#39;organizzazione funzionale della corteccia uditiva.

Mappatura delle postumi di Theta Burst stimolazione sulla corteccia uditiva umana con imaging funzionale

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

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