Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBCフェローシップ（ja）およびNSERC助成（RZ）。我々は、赤外線カメラに関する彼の助けのためロッシュM.コモ（Brainsight）、MRコンパチブルトラッカーや他のハードウェアのサポートに感謝しています。我々はまた、コイルホルダ用の多関節アームを設計し、ビデオで表示される数値のいくつかを提供するブライアン·ハインズ（Hybexイノベーション株式会社）に感謝しています。そして、私たちは、実験の設計を最適化する助けモントリオール神経学研究所のマクコーネル脳イメージングセンターからすべてのMR技術とM.フェレイラ氏に感謝します。

プロトコルは2日間のセッション（必ずしも連続しない）に分かれています。初日は領域は、TMSと対象とするために、各参加者のために定義するために解剖学的および機能的MRスキャンで構成fMRIのローカライザーで構成されています。二日目は、fMRIのセッションで構成されています事前とTMSは特別なMRコンパチブルTMSコイル（Magstim株式会社、ウェールズ、英国）とフレームレス定位システム?...

我々は、聴覚野の機能的な組織を調査するためにオフラインTMSおよびfMRIを組み合わせるプロトコルを記述します。次のセクションでは、我々はそのようなアプローチを実施する際に考慮すべき方法論的な要因を説明します。 ポストTMS fMRIのセッションの取得とタイミング 事前·事後のTMS fMRIのセッションのスキャンの取得と相殺の順序 <p class=...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 材料名 </td><td> タイプ </td><td> 会社 </td></tr><tr><td>経頭蓋磁気刺激</td><td> MagstimスーパーRapid2刺激すると、Rapid-2プラスワンモジュール</td><td> Magstim株式会社、ウェールズ、イギリス</td></tr><tr><td>磁気刺激用コイル</td><td> MRI対応70ミリメートル8の字コイル</td><td> Magstim株式会社、ウェールズ、イギリス</td></tr><tr><td>磁気共鳴画像</td><td> 3-Tシーメンストリオスキャナ、32チャネル·ヘッドコイル</td><td>シーメンス社、ドイツ</td></tr><tr><td>フレームレス定位脳手術</td><td> Brainsight </td><td>ローグリサーチ社、モントリオール、カナダ</td></tr><tr><td>光学測定システム</td><td>ポラリススペクトル</td><td>ノーザン·デジタル社は、オンタリオ州、カナダ</td></tr><tr><td>コイルホルダ用の多関節アーム</td><td>標準</td><td> Hybex Innovatイオン（株）、アンジュ、カナダ</td></tr><tr><td> MRI対応インサートイヤホン</td><td> Sensimetrics、モデルS14 </td><td> Sensimetricsコーポレーション、米国マサチューセッツ州</td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

聴覚処理は、音声や音楽関連の処理の基礎となっています。経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）を認知、感覚と運動のシステムを研究するために正常に使用されているが、まれにオーディションを受けるために適用されていません。ここでは、聴覚皮質の機能的な組織を理解することは機能的磁気共鳴画像法と組み合わせるTMSを検討した。

機能イメージングによるヒト聴覚皮質上のシータバースト刺激の後遺症のマッピング

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

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