Name: mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging
Uploaded: 2012-09-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

CIBC comunión (JA) y NSERC beca (RZ). Damos las gracias a M. Roch Comeau (Brainsight) por su ayuda con respecto a la cámara de infrarrojos, los seguidores de RM compatibles y soporte hardware. También damos las gracias a Brian Hynes (Hybex Innovations Inc.) que diseñó el brazo multi-articulado para que el titular de la bobina y proporcionó algunas de las cifras que aparecen en el video. Y un agradecimiento especial a todos los técnicos de RM y M. Ferreira del Cerebro Centro McConnell Imágenes del Instituto Neurológico de Montreal que nos ayudó a optimizar el diseño del experimento.

El protocolo se divide en un período de dos días (no necesariamente consecutivos). El día primero consiste en un localizador fMRI compuesto con un anatómicas y funcionales a exploraciones por RM para definir para cada participante las áreas objetivo con TMS. El segundo día consiste en las sesiones de resonancia magnética funcional pre-y post-TMS TMS donde se aplica en el interior del escáner con una bobina especial MR TMS compatible (Magstim Ltd., País de Gales, Reino Unido) y un sistema de estereotaxia sin mar...

Se describe un protocolo que combina TMS sin conexión y resonancia magnética funcional para estudiar la organización funcional de la corteza auditiva. En las secciones siguientes, vamos a discutir los aspectos metodológicos a tener en cuenta al llevar a cabo este enfoque. Adquisición y calendario de post-TMS sesión de fMRI Orden de adquisición exploraciones y contrapeso de las sesiones de resonancia magnética funcional antes y después de TMS- <...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del Material </td><td> Tipo </td><td> Empresa </td></tr><tr><td> La estimulación magnética transcraneal </td><td> Magstim súper Rapid2 estimulador, Rapid-2 Plus Módulo Uno </td><td> Magstim Ltd., País de Gales, Reino Unido </td></tr><tr><td> Bobina para la estimulación magnética </td><td> MRI-compatible 70 mm figura-de-ocho-coil </td><td> Magstim Ltd., País de Gales, Reino Unido </td></tr><tr><td> La resonancia magnética </td><td> 3-T escáner Siemens Trio, 32-canal Head Coil </td><td> Siemens, Inc., Alemania </td></tr><tr><td> Estereotaxia sin marco </td><td> Brainsight </td><td> Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, Canadá </td></tr><tr><td> Sistema de medición óptico </td><td> Polaris Spectra </td><td> Northern Digital Inc, Ontario, Canadá </td></tr><tr><td> Multi-articulado brazo de sujeción de bobina </td><td> Estándar </td><td> Hybex innovaiones Inc., Anjou, Canadá </td></tr><tr><td> MRI-Compatible con auriculares de inserción </td><td> Sensimetrics, Modelo S14 </td><td> Sensimetrics Corporation, MA, EE.UU. </td></tr></tbody></table>

mapping the after-effects of theta burst stimulation on the human auditory cortex with functional imaging

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent progress, the functional properties and lateralization of the human auditory cortex are far from being fully understood. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses, and represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and connectivity. It has only recently begun to be applied to understand auditory cortical function 2. 
An important issue in using TMS is that the physiological consequences of the stimulation are difficult to establish. Although many TMS studies make the implicit assumption that the area targeted by the coil is the area affected, this need not be the case, particularly for complex cognitive functions which depend on interactions across many brain regions 3. One solution to this problem is to combine TMS with functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The idea here is that fMRI will provide an index of changes in brain activity associated with TMS. Thus, fMRI would give an independent means of assessing which areas are affected by TMS and how they are modulated 4. In addition, fMRI allows the assessment of functional connectivity, which represents a measure of the temporal coupling between distant regions. It can thus be useful not only to measure the net activity modulation induced by TMS in given locations, but also the degree to which the network properties are affected by TMS, via any observed changes in functional connectivity.
Different approaches exist to combine TMS and functional imaging according to the temporal order of the methods. Functional MRI can be applied before, during, after, or both before and after TMS. Recently, some studies interleaved TMS and fMRI in order to provide online mapping of the functional changes induced by TMS 5-7. However, this online combination has many technical problems, including the static artifacts resulting from the presence of the TMS coil in the scanner room, or the effects of TMS pulses on the process of MR image formation. But more importantly, the loud acoustic noise induced by TMS (increased compared with standard use because of the resonance of the scanner bore) and the increased TMS coil vibrations (caused by the strong mechanical forces due to the static magnetic field of the MR scanner) constitute a crucial problem when studying auditory processing. 
This is one reason why fMRI was carried out before and after TMS in the present study. Similar approaches have been used to target the motor cortex 8,9, premotor cortex 10, primary somatosensory cortex 11,12 and language-related areas 13, but so far no combined TMS-fMRI study has investigated the auditory cortex. The purpose of this article is to provide details concerning the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools to investigate auditory processing. 
Previously we showed that repetitive TMS (rTMS) at high and low frequencies (resp. 10 Hz and 1 Hz) applied over the auditory cortex modulated response time (RT) in a melody discrimination task 2. We also showed that RT modulation was correlated with functional connectivity in the auditory network assessed using fMRI: the higher the functional connectivity between left and right auditory cortices during task performance, the higher the facilitatory effect (i.e. decreased RT) observed with rTMS. However those findings were mainly correlational, as fMRI was performed before rTMS. Here, fMRI was carried out before and immediately after TMS to provide direct measures of the functional organization of the auditory cortex, and more specifically of the plastic reorganization of the auditory neural network occurring after the neural intervention provided by TMS. 
Combined fMRI and TMS applied over the auditory cortex should enable a better understanding of brain mechanisms of auditory processing, providing physiological information about functional effects of TMS. This knowledge could be useful for many cognitive neuroscience applications, as well as for optimizing therapeutic applications of TMS, particularly in auditory-related disorders.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging at JoVE.com

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

El procesamiento auditivo es la base de la expresión y el procesamiento relacionado con la música. Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal (TMS) se ha utilizado con éxito para estudiar los sistemas cognitivos, sensoriales y motoras, pero rara vez se ha aplicado a la audición. Aquí investigamos TMS combinado con resonancia magnética funcional para comprender la organización funcional de la corteza auditiva.

Mapeo de las secuelas de la theta ráfaga de estimulación sobre la corteza auditiva humana con imágenes funcionales

Auditory cortex pertains to the processing of sound, which is at the basis of speech or music-related processing1. However, despite considerable recent ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

Etiquetado y hESCs hMSCs con nanopartículas de óxido de hierro para no invasivo en el seguimiento in vivo mediante RM

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

Investigación

Biología

Labeling Stem Cells with Fluorescent Dyes for non-invasive Detection with Optical Imaging

Etiquetado de las células madre con tintes fluorescentes para la detección no invasiva con imágenes ópticas

Optical imaging (OI) is an easy, fast and inexpensive tool for in vivo monitoring of new stem cell based therapies. The technique is based on ex vivo ...

Functional Imaging with Reinforcement, Eyetracking, and Physiological Monitoring

Imágenes funcionales con Refuerzo, Eyetracking y Monitoreo Fisiológico

We use functional brain imaging (fMRI) to study neural circuits that underlie decision-making.  To understand how outcomes affect decision processes, ...

Electron Spin Resonance Micro-imaging of Live Species for Oxygen Mapping

Resonancia de spin electrónico micro imágenes en vivo de las especies para la asignación de oxígeno

This protocol describes an electron spin resonance (ESR) micro-imaging method for three-dimensional mapping of oxygen levels in the immediate environment ...

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Un alelo-específicas Gene ensayo de expresión para probar la base funcional de las asociaciones genéticas

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been ...

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Imagen funcional de grasa marrón en ratones con FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Método para la Evaluación de los efectos de un rango de longitudes de onda e intensidades de / Terapia de luz del infrarrojo cercano Red sobre el estrés oxidativo<em&gt; In Vitro</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

Brecha ocasiones intercelular de comunicación: un biomarcador funcional para evaluar los efectos adversos de las sustancias tóxicas y toxinas, y de Salud Beneficios de Productos Naturales

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...

SA-&#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Ensayo de cribado basado en sA-Galactosidasa para la identificación de medicamentos senoterapéuticos

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell ...

Application of Passive Head Motion to Generate Defined Accelerations at the Heads of Rodents

Aplicación del movimiento pasivo de la cabeza para generar aceleraciones definidas en las cabezas de roedores

Exercise is widely recognized as effective for various diseases and physical disorders, including those related to brain dysfunction. However, molecular ...