Name: the &alpha;-test: rapid cell-free cd4 enumeration using whole saliva
Uploaded: 2012-05-16T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The ÃŽÂ±-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva at JoVE.com

Исследование было поддержано Harry Winston исследовательский фонд.

1. Подготовить новую рабочую решения <ol><li> TBS: 0,05 М Трис-буферном растворе, рН 7,8 (TBS). Подготовить 60 мл TBS / планшет. </li><li> СИЗ: свиной поджелудочной железы эластазы, тип 1 (СИЗ) предусмотрена в виде суспензии. Хорошо взболтать и развести СИЗ в TBS примерно 0,01 Ед / мл. Подготовит...

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	<li>Friedlander, Y., Kark, J. D., Eisenberg, S., Stein, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calculation+of+LDL-cholesterol+from+total+cholesterol,+triglyceride+and+HDL-cholesterol:+a+comparison+of+methods+in+the+Jerusalem+Lipid+Research+Clinic+Prevalence+Study.">Calculation of LDL-cholesterol from total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol: a comparison of methods in the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study.</a> Isr. J. Med. 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L., Patel, H., Arnold, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self+antigen+prognostic+for+human+immunodeficiency+virus+disease+progression.">Self antigen prognostic for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.</a> Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 937-942 (2001).</li><li>Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A., LaBrunda, M., Mullen, M. P., Winston, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;1Proteinase+Inhibitor+regulates+CD4++lymphocyte+levels+and+is+rate+limiting+in+HIV-1+disease.">&#945;1Proteinase Inhibitor regulates CD4+ lymphocyte levels and is rate limiting in HIV-1 disease.</a> PLoS One. , (2011).</li><li>de Almeida, P. D. V., Gregio, A. M. T., Machado, M. A. N., de Lima, A. A. S., Azevedo, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saliva+Composition+and+Functions:+A+Comprehensive+Review.">Saliva Composition and Functions: A Comprehensive Review.</a> J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 9, 72-80 (2008).</li><li>Edgar, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saliva:+its+secretion,+composition+and+funcitons.">Saliva: its secretion, composition and funcitons.</a> Br. Dent. J. , 172-305 (1992).</li><li>Bristow, C. L., Meo, F. d. i., Arnold, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+activity+of+&#945;1proteinase+inhibitor+and+++2macroglobulin+in+human+serum:+Application+to+insulin-dependent+diabetes+mellitus.">Specific activity of &#945;1proteinase inhibitor and 2macroglobulin in human serum: Application to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.</a> Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89, 247-259 (1998).</li><li>Pederson, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salivary+levels+of+&#945;2-macroglobulin,+&#945;1-antitrypsin,+C-reactive+protein,+cathepsin+G+and+elastase+in+humans+with+or+without+destructive+periodontal+disease.">Salivary levels of &#945;2-macroglobulin, &#945;1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, cathepsin G and elastase in humans with or without destructive periodontal disease.</a> Arch. Oral Biol. 40, 1151-1155 (1995).</li><li>Shak, S., Capon, D. J., Hellmiss, R., Marsters, S. A., Baker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+human+DNase+I+reduces+the+viscosity+of+cystic+fibrosis+sputum.">Recombinant human DNase I reduces the viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum.</a> PNAS. 87, 9188-9192 (1990).</li><li>LeVeque, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multicenter,+randomized,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled,+dose-+titration+study+of+oral+pilocarpine+for+treatment+of+radiation-induced+xerostomia+in+head+and+neck+cancer+patients.">A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients.</a> J. Clin. 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Неразведенный сыворотка содержит среднем 36 мкм α 1 ИП и 3,6 мкМ α 2 макроглобулина (α 2 М) 10-кратную разницу 8. Оба белка конкурируют за связывание с индивидуальной защиты. Эти две характеристики, концентрации и СИЗ близости, были использованы для разработки метода, с?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Название реагента </td><td> Компания </td><td> Номер по каталогу </td></tr><tr><td> Средство, стимулирующее слюноотделение, 0,05 М лимонной кислоты </td><td> Еда на конфеты без сахара, 4900 Задняя N.20th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19144 </td><td> Без сахара капель лимонного </td></tr><tr><td> Свиной поджелудочной железы эластазы, тип 1 (EC 3.4.21.36) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich, Сент-Луис, Миссури 63103 </td><td> E1250 </td></tr><tr><td> Сукцинил-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-р-нитроанилид </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> S4760 </td></tr><tr><td> Кумасси Brilliant Blue R-250 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> B7920 </td></tr><tr><td> Культура тканей обработанных, 96 планшетов </td><td> Becton Dickinson, Франклин озер, NJ 07417-1886 </td><td> 35-3072 </td></tr><tr><td> Считыватель микропланшетов с фильтрами 405 нм и 595 нм </td><td> MTX лаборатории Systems, 8456 Tyco Road, Буйlding D, Вена, Вирджиния 22182 </td><td> Dynex P97277 </td></tr></tbody></table>

the &alpha;-test: rapid cell-free cd4 enumeration using whole saliva

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time and temperature restrictions, technical sophistication, and cost of reagents, in particular monoclonal antibodies to measure CD4 on blood cells, the only currently acceptable method. A commonly used cost-saving and time-saving laboratory strategy is to calculate, rather than measure certain blood values. For example, LDL levels are calculated using the measured levels of total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides1. Thus, identification of cell-free correlates that directly regulate the number of CD4+ T cells could provide an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts due to the physiological relevance of the correlates.
The number of stem cells that enter blood and are destined to become circulating CD4+ T cells is determined by the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 due to their influence on locomotion2. The process of stem cell locomotion into blood is additionally regulated by cell surface human leukocyte elastase (HLECS) and the HLECS-reactive active &alpha;1proteinase inhibitor (&alpha;1PI, &alpha;1antitrypsin, SerpinA1)3. In HIV-1 disease, &alpha;1PI is inactivated due to disease processes 4. In the early asymptomatic categories of HIV-1 disease, active &alpha;1PI was found to be below normal in 100% of untreated HIV-1 patients (median=12 &mu;M, and to achieve normal levels during the symptomatic categories4, 5. This pattern has been attributed to immune inactivation, not to insufficient synthesis, proteolytic inactivation, or oxygenation. We observed that in HIV-1 subjects with &gt;220 CD4 cells/&mu;l, CD4 counts were correlated with serum levels of active &alpha;1PI (r2=0.93, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) and inactive &alpha;1PI (r2=0.91, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) 5. Administration of &alpha;1PI to HIV-1 infected and uninfected subjects resulted in dramatic increases in CD4 counts suggesting &alpha;1PI participates in regulating the number of CD4+ T cells in blood 3.
With stimulation, whole saliva contains sufficient serous exudate (plasma containing proteinaceous material that passes through blood vessel walls into saliva) to allow measurement of active &alpha;1PI and the correlation of this measurement is evidence that it is an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts. Briefly, sialogogues such as chewing gum or citric acid stimulate the exudation of serum into whole mouth saliva. After stimulating serum exudation, the activity of serum &alpha;1PI in saliva is measured by its capacity to inhibit elastase activity. Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) is a readily available inexpensive source of elastase. PPE binds to &alpha;1PI forming a one-to-one complex that prevents PPE from cleaving its specific substrates, one of which is the colorimetric peptide, succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SA3NA). Incubating saliva with a saturating concentration of PPE for 10 min at room temperature allows the binding of PPE to all the active &alpha;1PI in saliva. The resulting inhibition of PPE by active &alpha;1PI can be measured by adding the PPE substrate SA3NA. (Figure 1). Although CD4 counts are measured in terms of blood volume (CD4 cells/&mu;l), the concentration of &alpha;1PI in saliva is related to the concentration of serum in saliva, not to volume of saliva since volume can vary considerably during the day and person to person6. However, virtually all the protein in saliva is due to serum content, and the protein content of saliva is measurable7. Thus, active &alpha;1PI in saliva is calculated as a ratio to saliva protein content and is termed the &alpha;1PI Index. Results presented herein demonstrate that the &alpha;1PI Index provides an accurate and precise physiologic method for calculating CD4 counts.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The ÃŽÂ±-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva at JoVE.com

The ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

Метод CD4 перечисления, α-тест, описывается, который использует весь слюны обеспечивает быстрое и точное число лимфоцитов CD4. Α-тест расходы копейки и устраняет необходимость в технической подготовке, дорогостоящих реагентов, таких как моноклональные антитела, оборудование, холодильная техника, транспорт образцов, а также сбора и обработки крови.

Α-тест: Быстрая бесклеточной CD4 Перечисление Использование Всего слюны

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time ...

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The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

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