Name: purification of pathogen vacuoles from legionella-infected phagocytes
Uploaded: 2012-06-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes at JoVE.com

Research in our lab was supported by the Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, the German Research Foundation (DFG, HI 1511/3-1) and the Bundesministerium f&uuml;r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) "Medical Infection Genomics" initiative (0315834C).

1. Preparations for LCV Isolation
<ol>
	<li>Streak out Legionella pneumophila producing DsRed-Express13,14 from glycerol stocks on CYE agar plates with 5 &mu;g/mL chloramphenicol (Cam) four days before LCV isolation. Incubate the bacteria at 37 &deg;C.</li>
	<li>Seed out 1 x 107 D. discoideum producing GFP-calnexin or RAW264.7 murine macrophages in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks one day prior infection. Use 10 ml HL5 medium with 20 &mu;g/mL G418 for D. discoideum</em...

<ol>
	<li>Hilbi, H., Hoffmann, C., Harrison, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Legionella+spp.+outdoors:+colonization,+communication+and+persistence.">Legionella spp. outdoors: colonization, communication and persistence.</a> Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 3, 286-296 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+identification+of+protein+substrates+of+the+Dot/Icm+type+IV+transporter+of+Legionella+pneumophila.">Comprehensive identification of protein substrates of the Dot/Icm type IV transporter of Legionella pneumophila.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, e17638 (2011).</li><li>Hilbi, H., Weber, S., Finsel, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anchors+for+effectors:+subversion+of+phospho-inositide+lipids+by+Legionella.">Anchors for effectors: subversion of phospho-inositide lipids by Legionella.</a> Front Microbiol. 2, 91 (2011).</li><li>Hubber, A., Roy, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+host+cell+function+by+Legionella+pneumophila+type+IV+effectors.">Modulation of host cell function by Legionella pneumophila type IV effectors.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 26, 261-283 (2010).</li><li>Kima, P. E., Dunn, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploiting+calnexin+expression+on+phagosomes+to+isolate+Leishmania+parasitophorous+vacuoles.">Exploiting calnexin expression on phagosomes to isolate Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles.</a> Microb. Pathog. 38, 139-145 (2005).</li><li>L&#252;hrmann, A., Haas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+purify+bacteria-containing+phagosomes+from+infected+macrophages.">A method to purify bacteria-containing phagosomes from infected macrophages.</a> Methods Cell Sci. 22, 329-341 (2000).</li><li>Sturgill-Koszycki, S., Haddix, P. L., Russell, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+interaction+between+Mycobacterium+and+the+macrophage+analyzed+by+two-dimensional+polyacrylamide+gel+electrophoresis.">The interaction between Mycobacterium and the macrophage analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.</a> Electrophoresis. 18, 2558-2565 (1997).</li><li>Fernandez-Mora, E., Polidori, M., L&#252;hrmann, A., Schaible, U. E., Haas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maturation+of+Rhodococcus+equi-containing+vacuoles+is+arrested+after+completion+of+the+early+endosome+stage.">Maturation of Rhodococcus equi-containing vacuoles is arrested after completion of the early endosome stage.</a> Traffic. 6, 635-653 (2005).</li><li>Mills, S. D., Finlay, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+Salmonella+typhimurium+and+Yersinia+pseudotuberculosis-containing+phagosomes+from+infected+mouse+macrophages:+Y.+pseudotuberculosis+traffics+to+terminal+lysosomes+where+they+are+degraded.">Isolation and characterization of Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-containing phagosomes from infected mouse macrophages: Y. pseudotuberculosis traffics to terminal lysosomes where they are degraded.</a> Eur. J. Cell Biol. 77, 35-47 (1998).</li><li>Shevchuk, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+Legionella-containing+phagosomes+isolated+from+Dictyostelium.">Proteomic analysis of Legionella-containing phagosomes isolated from Dictyostelium.</a> Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 299, 489-508 (2009).</li><li>Brombacher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rab1+guanine+nucleotide+exchange+factor+SidM+is+a+major+phosphatidylinositol+4-phosphate-binding+effector+protein+of+Legionella+pneumophila.">Rab1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor SidM is a major phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-binding effector protein of Legionella pneumophila.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 284, 4846-4856 (2009).</li><li>Urwyler, S., Finsel, I., Ragaz, C., Hilbi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Legionella-containing+vacuoles+by+immuno-magnetic+separation.">Isolation of Legionella-containing vacuoles by immuno-magnetic separation.</a> Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. Chapter 3, Unit 3 (2010).</li><li>Urwyler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteome+analysis+of+Legionella+vacuoles+purified+by+magnetic+immunoseparation+reveals+secretory+and+endosomal+GTPases.">Proteome analysis of Legionella vacuoles purified by magnetic immunoseparation reveals secretory and endosomal GTPases.</a> Traffic. 10, 76-87 (2009).</li><li>Mampel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Planktonic+replication+is+essential+for+biofilm+formation+by+Legionella+pneumophila+in+a+complex+medium+under+static+and+dynamic+flow+conditions.">Planktonic replication is essential for biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila in a complex medium under static and dynamic flow conditions.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 2885-2895 (2006).</li></ol>

In contrast to previously published methods, this protocol is based on two steps, first the separation of LCVs by an immuno-magnetic approach, and second, the purification of LCVs by density gradient centrifugation. The LCV isolation can be easily followed by fluorescence microscopy, when either fluorescently labeled bacteria and GFP-producing cells or antibody staining is used. The protocol described here is a simple, straight-forward method, which results in the enrichment of LCVs with high purity. Importantly, the pro...

purification of pathogen vacuoles from legionella-infected phagocytes

The opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila is an amoeba-resistant bacterium, which also replicates in alveolar macrophages thus causing the severe pneumonia "Legionnaires' disease"1. In protozoan and mammalian phagocytes, L. pneumophila employs a conserved mechanism to form a specific, replication-permissive compartment, the "Legionella-containing vacuole" (LCV). LCV formation requires the bacterial Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS), which translocates as many as 275 "effector" proteins into host cells. The effectors manipulate host proteins as well as lipids and communicate with secretory, endosomal and mitochondrial organelles2-4.
The formation of LCVs represents a complex, robust and redundant process, which is difficult to grasp in a reductionist manner. An integrative approach is required to comprehensively understand LCV formation, including a global analysis of pathogen-host factor interactions and their temporal and spatial dynamics. As a first step towards this goal, intact LCVs are purified and analyzed by proteomics and lipidomics.
The composition and formation of pathogen-containing vacuoles has been investigated by proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography or 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled to mass-spectrometry. Vacuoles isolated from either the social soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum or mammalian phagocytes harboured Leishmania5, Listeria6, Mycobacterium7, Rhodococcus8, Salmonella9 or Legionella spp.10. However, the purification protocols employed in these studies are time-consuming and tedious, as they require e.g. electron microscopy to analyse LCV morphology, integrity and purity. Additionally, these protocols do not exploit specific features of the pathogen vacuole for enrichment.
The method presented here overcomes these limitations by employing D. discoideum producing a fluorescent LCV marker and by targeting the bacterial effector protein SidC, which selectively anchors to the LCV membrane by binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P)3,11 . LCVs are enriched in a first step by immuno-magnetic separation using an affinity-purified primary antibody against SidC and a secondary antibody coupled to magnetic beads, followed in a second step by a classical Histodenz density gradient centrifugation12,13 (Fig. 1).
A proteome study of isolated LCVs from D. discoideum revealed more than 560 host cell proteins, including proteins associated with phagocytic vesicles, mitochondria, ER and Golgi, as well as several GTPases, which have not been implicated in LCV formation before13. LCVs enriched and purified with the protocol outlined here can be further analyzed by microscopy (immunofluorescence, electron microscopy), biochemical methods (Western blot) and proteomic or lipidomic approaches.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes at JoVE.com

Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes

This article describes a method for the isolation and purification of intact Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs) from amoeba and macrophages. The two-step protocol comprises LCV enrichment by immuno-magnetic separation using an antibody against a bacterial LCV marker and further purification by density gradient centrifugation.

Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes

The opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila is an amoeba-resistant bacterium, which also replicates in alveolar macrophages thus causing the severe ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

Here we will describe how we study the invasion of human endothelial cells by bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . The general protocol can be ...

One-day Workflow Scheme for Bacterial Pathogen Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Testing from Blood Cultures

Bloodstream infections are associated with high mortality rates because of the probable manifestation of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock1. ...

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)  is a major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. It is a tripartite molecule consisting of  lipid A, which is ...

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Like all negative-strand RNA viruses, the genome of influenza viruses is packaged in the form of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNP), in which the ...

Live-cell Video Microscopy of Fungal Pathogen Phagocytosis

Phagocytic clearance of fungal pathogens, and microorganisms more generally, may be considered to consist of four distinct stages: (i) migration of ...

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens

Eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. In the ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...

Development and Identification of a Novel Subpopulation of Human Neutrophil-derived Giant Phagocytes In Vitro

Development and Identification of a Novel Subpopulation of Human Neutrophil-derived Giant Phagocytes In Vitro

Neutrophils (PMN) are best known for their phagocytic functions against invading pathogens and microorganisms. They have the shortest half-life amongst ...

Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen

Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of disease manifestations is important to understand pathologies and symptom development in plant science. Bacteria ...