Name: determination of the gas-phase acidities of oligopeptides
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<p class="jove_content"&gt; O trabalho foi financiado pela National Science Foundation (CHE-0749737). O uso do instrumento foi fornecido pelo Facility Mass Spectrometry da Universidade do Pacífico.</p

1. Preparação das Soluções Amostra <ol><li> Primeiro preparar as soluções de estoque de péptido e os seis ácidos de referência, utilizando um solvente misto de metanol e água numa proporção de 1:1 em volume. As soluções de reserva deve ter uma concentração de cerca de 10 -3 M. </li><li> Pesam-se 1 mg de péptido a amostra sólida, A 3 CH, num tubo Eppendorf de 1,5 mL e adicionar 1,0 ml de solvente misto de metanol e água, e misturar utilizando um vortex. </li><li> Pesam-se 1 mg d...

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A medição bem sucedida da acidez em fase gasosa de um péptido depende em grande medida a selecção de ácidos de referência adequados. Os ácidos de referência ideais são compostos orgânicos estruturalmente semelhantes com valores de acidez em fase gasosa bem estabelecidas. Os ácidos de referência deve ter estruturas semelhantes uns aos outros. Isto irá assegurar uma entropia de desprotonação semelhante para cada um dos ácidos de referência no conjunto. Os ácidos de referência deve ter valores de acidez...

A acidez de resíduos de aminoácidos estão entre as mais importantes propriedades termoquímicos que influenciam as estruturas, a reactividade, e os processos de dobragem de proteínas que se desdobram-9,19. Resíduos de aminoácidos individuais mostram muitas vezes diferentes acidez eficazes dependendo de suas localizações em proteínas. Em particular, os resíduos localizados nos locais activos exibem frequentemente perturbado significativamente a acidez. Um exemplo é o resíduo de cisteína residentes nos sítios ativos do thioredoxin super-família de enzimas 20,21. A cisteína sítio ativo é extraordinariamente ácidos em relação aos de proteínas desdobradas 3-5. Tem sido sugerido que a conformação helicoidal pode ter uma contribuição significativa para a acidez incomum. Existem amplos estudos experimentais sobre as propriedades do ácido-base de péptidos realizadas em soluções, especialmente em soluções aquosas 2,6-8. Os resultados foram muitas vezes complicada por efeitos do solvente7. Na verdade, a maioria dos sítios ativos das proteínas estão localizadas perto da região do interior, onde os efeitos de solventes são minimizados 9,10. A fim de compreender as propriedades dos péptidos e proteínas intrínsecas ácido-base, é importante para a realização dos estudos em um ambiente livre de solvente. Apresentamos aqui um método baseado em espectrometria de massa para a determinação da acidez em fase gasosa. A abordagem é referido como o método cinético prolongado cozinheiros. Este método tem sido aplicado com sucesso a uma grande gama de sistemas químicos para a determinação de diversas propriedades termodinâmicas, tais como a acidez da fase gasosa, a afinidade do protão, a afinidade de ião de metal, a afinidade de electrões, e a energia de ionização 11-15, 22-26. Aplicou-se este método para determinar a acidez em fase gasosa de uma série de oligossacáridos de cisteína-cisteína e polialanina poliglicina péptidos 17,18,27. Esses estudos mostram que a cisteína N-terminal peptídeoes são significativamente mais ácida do que os correspondentes de C-terminal. As altas acidez da primeira são provavelmente devido aos efeitos conformacionais helicoidais em que o anião tiolato é fortemente estabilizados pela interacção com a hélice a macro-dipolo. Devido à natureza não-voláteis e termicamente lábil de péptidos, o método de cinética é a abordagem mais prática actualmente disponíveis para produzir o ácido-base termoquímica quantidades razoavelmente precisos de péptidos 28. O esquema geral e a equação associado com o método cinético são mostrados na Figura 1. A determinação da acidez em fase gasosa de um péptido (AH) começa com a formação de uma série de aniões de fragmentação de protões ligados, [A • • H A i] ¯ (ou [A ¯ • • H + A i ¯] ¯), na região da fonte de iões do espectrómetro de massa, em que A e A ¯ i ¯ desprotonados são as formas do péptido eos ácidos de referência, respectivamente. Os ácidos orgânicos são os compostos de referência conhecidos, com a acidez da fase de gás. Os ácidos de referência deve ter estruturas semelhantes uns aos outros (mas não necessariamente idêntico ao do péptido). A semelhança de estruturas entre os ácidos de referência assegura a semelhança das entropias de desprotonação entre eles. O aglomerado próton-bound aniões são seleccionados de massa e collisionally activado e subsequentemente dissociado utilizando dissociação induzida por colisão (CID) experiências para produzir os correspondentes aniões monoméricos, A e A ¯ i ¯, com constantes de taxa de K e K i, respectivamente, mostrados na Figura 1A. Se fragmentações secundárias são negligenciáveis, a taxa de abundância dos iões de fragmentos CID, [A ¯] / [A i ¯], representa uma medida aproximada do rácio das constantes de velocidade, k / k i. Sob a hipótese de que não há activat reversabarreiras de iões para a dissociação de ambos os canais, o ião do produto de CID ramificação rácios, ln [A °] / [A i ¯], será linearmente correlacionada com a acidez da fase gasosa do péptido (Δ ácido H) e os dos ácidos de referência (Δ ácido i H), como mostrado na Figura 1b. Nesta equação, Δ ácido H médio é a acidez média de fase gasosa dos ácidos de referência, Δ (Δ S) é o termo de entropia (que pode ser assumida constante se os ácidos de referência são estruturalmente semelhantes uns aos outros), R é o constante universal dos gases e T é a temperatura ef eficaz do sistema. A temperatura efectiva é um parâmetro empírico que depende de diversas variáveis ​​experimentais, incluindo a energia de colisão. O valor da acidez da fase gasosa é determinado pela construção de dois conjuntos de gráficos de termo-cinéticos. O primeiro conjunto é obretidos pela traçando ln ([A ¯] / [A i ¯]) contra Δ ácido H i - Δ ácido H médio, como mostrado na Figura 4a. Regressão linear trará um conjunto de linhas retas com as encostas de X = 1 / RT FEP e interceptações de Y = - [Δ ácido H - Δ ácido H médio] / RT FEP - Δ (Δ S) / R. O segundo conjunto de parcelas é obtido através da representação gráfica dos intercepta resultantes (Y) a partir do primeiro conjunto de encontro às inclinações correspondentes (X), conforme mostrado na Figura 4b. A regressão linear produz uma nova linha com um declive de Δ ácido H - Δ ácido H médio e uma intercepção de Δ (Δ S) / R. O valor de ácido Δ H é então obtido a partir do declive e o termo entropia, Δ (Δ S) é obtido a partir dea interceptação. Os experimentos são realizados usando um espectrómetro de massa de triplo quadrupolo, interligados a uma ionização por electrospray (ESI), fonte de iões. Um diagrama esquemático do espectrómetro de massa é mostrado na Figura 2. As experiências são realizadas por CID massa escolhendo os aniões de fragmentação de protões ligados com a primeira unidade de quadrupolo e permitindo que eles sofrem colisões com átomos de árgon vazados para a câmara de colisão, que é realizada a uma pressão de cerca de 0,5 mTorr. Os iões dos produtos de dissociação são analisados ​​em massa com a terceira unidade de quadrupolo. Os espectros de CID são registrados em várias energias de colisão com a faixa de m / z grande o suficiente para cobrir todas as possíveis fragmentos secundários. As intensidades de iões produtos CID são medidos, definindo o instrumento no modo de monitorização de reacção seleccionada (SRM) no qual a verificação é focada em iões dos produtos seleccionados. Os experimentos são realizados CID em quatro diferentes energias de colisão, o que corresponde aenergias de centro de massa (E cm) de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 eV, respectivamente. A energia de centro de massa é calculado utilizando a fórmula: E = E cm laboratório [M / (M + m)], onde E é a energia de laboratório colisão no quadro de laboratório, m é a massa de árgon, e M é a massa do ião de cluster protão ligado. Neste artigo, usamos o oligopéptido Ala 3 CysNH 2 (CH 3) como composto modelo. O C-terminal está amidado e o grupo tiol (SH), do resíduo de cisteína será o local ácido. A selecção dos ácidos de referência adequado é crucial para o sucesso da medida da acidez em fase gasosa. Os ácidos de referência ideais são estruturalmente semelhantes (entre si) compostos orgânicos com valores de acidez em fase gasosa bem estabelecidas. Os ácidos de referência deve ter valores de acidez mais próximos daquele dos péptidos. Para o péptido A 3 CH, seis halogenados carboxylic ácidos são escolhidos como os ácidos de referência. Os seis ácidos de referência são o ácido cloroacético (MCAH), ácido bromoacético (MBAH), ácido difluoroacético (DFAH), ácido dicloroacético (DCAH), ácido dibromoacetic (DBAH) e trifluoroacico (TFAH). Dois deles, DFAH e MBAH, irá ser usado para ilustrar o protocolo.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mass Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Varian</td>
			<td>1200 L and 320 L</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402923</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bromoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B56307</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Difluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>142859</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D54702</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dibromoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>242357</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6508</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of the gas-phase acidities of oligopeptides

Os resíduos de aminoácidos localizados em posições diferentes proteínas dobradas apresentam frequentemente diferentes graus de acidez. Por exemplo, um resíduo de cisteína localizado no ou perto do terminal N de uma hélice é muitas vezes mais ácido do que o que está em ou próximo do terminal C 1-6. Apesar de extensos estudos experimentais sobre as propriedades do ácido-base de péptidos foram efectuados na fase de condensado, em particular em soluções aquosas de 6-8, os resultados são muitas vezes complicada por efeitos do solvente 7. Na verdade, a maioria dos sítios ativos das proteínas estão localizadas perto da região do interior, onde os efeitos de solvente foram minimizados 9,10. A fim de compreender as propriedades dos péptidos e proteínas intrínsecas ácido-base, é importante para efectuar os estudos em um ambiente livre de solvente. Nós apresentamos um método para medir a acidez de oligopeptides na fase gasosa. Nós usamos uma cisteína contendo um oligopéptido, Ala 3 CysNH <sub&gt; 2 (CH 3), como composto modelo. As medições baseiam-se no método bem estabelecido cozinheiros cinético prolongado (Figura 1), 11-16. Os experimentos são realizados utilizando um espectrómetro de massa de triplo quadrupolo com uma interface de ionização por electropulverização (ESI), fonte de iões (Figura 2). Para cada amostra de péptido, vários ácidos de referência são seleccionados. Os ácidos orgânicos são os compostos de referência estruturalmente semelhantes conhecidos, com a acidez da fase de gás. Uma solução da mistura do péptido e de um ácido de referência é introduzida no espectrómetro de massa, e em fase gasosa de um protão ligado agrupamento aniónico do ácido péptido de referência é formado. O aglomerado próton-bound é massa isolada e posteriormente fragmentado via dissociação induzida por colisão (CID) experimentos. A abundância de iões dos fragmentos resultantes são analisados ​​usando uma relação entre as acidezes e cinéticas de dissociação do agrupamento de iões. A acidez da fase gasosa do péptido é então obtined por regressão linear das parcelas thermo-cinéticos 17,18. O método pode ser aplicado a uma variedade de sistemas moleculares, incluindo compostos orgânicos, aminoácidos e seus derivados, oligonucleótidos, e oligopéptidos. Ao comparar as acidezes de fase de gás medidos experimentalmente com os valores calculados para as diferentes conformações, os efeitos conformacionais nos acidez pode ser avaliada.

<ol><li> As experiências de escalonamento CID fornecer informação sobre as acidezes relativas do péptido em comparação com os ácidos de referência seleccionados. Dois espectros CID representante do peptídeo (CH 3) com dois ácidos de referência, e DFAH MBAH, são mostrados na Figura 3. Na Figura 3a a abundância de iões (altura do pico) do ião de péptido é mais fraca do que a de DFA ¯, e na Figura 3b, a abundância de iões dos iões péptido é mais forte do que a de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides at JoVE.com

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

A determinação da acidez em fase gasosa de oligopéptidos contendo cisteína é descrito. As experiências são realizadas utilizando um espectrômetro de massas triplo quadrupolo. Os acidezes relativas dos péptidos são medidos através de ensaios de dissociação induzida por colisão, e as acidezes quantitativos são determinados utilizando os Cook extensas método cinético.

Determinação da acidez em fase gasosa de Oligopeptídeos

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue ...

determination-of-the-gas-phase-acidities-of-oligopeptides

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Chemistry

Rapid High Throughput Amylose Determination in Freeze Dried Potato Tuber Samples

This protocol describes a high through put colorimetric method that relies on the formation of a complex between iodine and chains of glucose molecules in starch. Iodine forms complexes with both amylose and long chains within amylopectin. After the addition of iodine to a starch sample, the maximum absorption of amylose and amylopectin occurs at 620 and 550 nm, respectively. The amylose/amylopectin ratio can be estimated from the ratio of the 620 and 550 nm absorbance values and comparing them to a standard curve in which specific known concentrations are plotted against absorption values. This high throughput, inexpensive method is reliable and reproducible, allowing the evaluation of large populations of potato clones.&#160;

Rápidas alto rendimento amilose Determinação em amostras liofilizadas tubérculo

This protocol describes a high through put colorimetric method that relies on the formation of a complex between iodine and chains of glucose molecules in ...

Química

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox reactions. The Cu (I) complex of the peptide model of a Cu (I) binding metallochaperone protein, which includes the sequence MTCSGCSRPG (underlined is conserved), was determined in solution under inert conditions by NMR spectroscopy.
NMR is a widely accepted technique for the determination of solution structures of proteins and peptides. Due to difficulty in crystallization to provide single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography, the NMR technique is extremely valuable, especially as it provides information on the solution state rather than the solid state. Herein we describe all steps that are required for full three-dimensional structure determinations by NMR. The protocol includes sample preparation in an NMR tube, 1D and 2D data collection and processing, peak assignment and integration, molecular mechanics calculations, and structure analysis. Importantly, the analysis was first conducted without any preset metal-ligand bonds, to assure a reliable structure determination in an unbiased manner.

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

The NMR-solution structure of a metallochaperone model peptide with Cu (I) was determined, and a detailed protocol from sample preparation and 1D and 2D data collection to a three-dimensional structure is described.

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox ...

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% percent of known structures. There are two types of membrane proteins, &#945;-helical and &#946;-barrel. While &#945;-helical membrane proteins can be found in nearly all cellular membranes, &#946;-barrel membrane proteins can only be found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. One common bottleneck in structural studies of membrane proteins in general is getting enough pure sample for analysis. In hopes of assisting those interested in solving the structure of their favorite &#946;-barrel outer membrane protein (OMP), general protocols are presented for the production of target &#946;-barrel OMPs at levels useful for structure determination by either X-ray crystallography and/or NMR spectroscopy. Here, we outline construct design for both native expression and for expression into inclusion bodies, purification using an affinity tag, and crystallization using detergent screening, bicelle, and lipidic cubic phase techniques. These protocols have been tested and found to work for most OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria; however, there are some targets, particularly for mitochondria and chloroplasts that may require other methods for expression and purification. As such, the methods here should be applicable for most projects that involve OMPs from Gram-negative bacteria, yet the expression levels and amount of purified sample will vary depending on the target OMP.

From Constructs to Crystals &amp;#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &amp;#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

&#946;-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) serve many functions within the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Here, we hope to alleviate a known bottleneck in structural studies by presenting protocols for the production of &#946;-barrel OMPs in sufficient quantities for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

A partir de construções de Cristais - Rumo a determinação da estrutura de β-barril exterior Proteínas de Membrana

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls cause an increase in viscosity (often referred to as &#39;aging&#39;) during storage of bio-oils. As such, carbonyl content has previously been used as a method of tracking bio-oil aging and condensation reactions with less variability than viscosity measurements. Additionally, carbonyls are also responsible for coke formation in bio-oil upgrading processes. Given the importance of carbonyls in bio-oils, accurate analytical methods for their quantification are very important for the bio-oil community. Potentiometric titration methods based on carbonyl oximation have long been used for the determination of carbonyl content in pyrolysis bio-oils. Here, we present a modification of the traditional carbonyl oximation procedures that results in less reaction time, smaller sample size, higher precision, and more accurate carbonyl determinations. While traditional carbonyl oximation methods occur at room temperature, the Faix method presented here occurs at an elevated temperature of 80 &#176;C.

Here we present a potentiometric titration technique for accurately quantifying carbonyl compounds in pyrolysis bio-oils.

Determinação da carbonila grupos funcionais bio-óleos por Potentiometric Titulação: O Método Faix

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls ...

Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique

A novel electrochemical cell based on a CaF2 solid-state electrolyte has been developed to measure the electromotive force (emf) of binary alkaline earth-liquid metal alloys as functions of both composition and temperature in order to acquire thermodynamic data. The cell consists of a chemically stable solid-state CaF2-AF2 electrolyte (where A is the alkaline-earth element such as Ca, Sr, or Ba), with binary A-B alloy (where B is the liquid metal such as Bi or Sb) working electrodes, and a pure A metal reference electrode. Emf data are collected over a temperature range of 723 K to 1,123 K in 25 K increments for multiple alloy compositions per experiment and the results are analyzed to yield activity values, phase transition temperatures, and partial molar entropies/enthalpies for each composition.

This protocol describes the measurement of the electromotive force of alkaline-earth elements in liquid metal alloys at high temperatures (723-1,123 K) to determine their thermodynamic properties, including activity, partial molar entropy, partial molar enthalpy, and phase transition temperatures, over a wide composition range.

Determinação de propriedades termodinâmicas de líquidos alcalinos terrosos de ligas metálicas utilizando a técnica de força eletromotriz

A novel electrochemical cell based on a CaF2 solid-state electrolyte has been developed to measure the electromotive force (emf) of binary alkaline ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

Desembaraçar as fibras de aramida de copolímero de alta resistência para permitir a determinação de suas propriedades mecânicas

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus highly important to avoid undesired disulfide bond formation during peptide synthesis, because it may result in a completely different peptide structure, and consequently altered bioactivity. However, the correct formation of multiple disulfide bonds in a peptide is difficult to obtain by using standard self-folding methods such as conventional buffer oxidation protocols, because several disulfide connectivities can be formed. This protocol represents an advanced strategy required for the targeted synthesis of multiple disulfide-bridged peptides which cannot be synthesized via buffer oxidation in high quality and quantity. The study demonstrates the application of a distinct protecting group strategy for the synthesis of all possible 3-disulfide-bonded peptide isomers of &#181;-conotoxin PIIIA in a targeted way. The peptides are prepared by Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis using a protecting group strategy for defined disulfide bond formation. The respective pairs of cysteines are protected with trityl (Trt), acetamidomethyl (Acm), and tert-butyl (tBu) protecting groups to make sure that during every oxidation step only the required cysteines are deprotected and linked. In addition to the targeted synthesis, a combination of several analytical methods is used to clarify the correct folding and generation of the desired peptide structures. The comparison of the different 3-disulfide-bonded isomers indicates the importance of accurate determination and knowledge of the disulfide connectivity for the calculation of the three-dimensional structure and for interpretation of the biological activity of the peptide isomers. The analytical characterization includes the exact disulfide bond elucidation via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis which is performed with partially reduced and alkylated derivatives of the intact peptide isomer produced by an adapted protocol. Furthermore, the peptide structures are determined using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and the knowledge obtained from MS/MS analysis.

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &amp;#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Cysteine-rich peptides fold into distinct three-dimensional structures depending on their disulfide connectivity. Targeted synthesis of individual disulfide isomers is required when buffer oxidation does not lead to the desired disulfide connectivity. The protocol deals with the selective synthesis of 3-disulfide-bonded peptides and their structural analysis using NMR and MS/MS studies.

Síntese e determinação da estrutura de µ-conotoxina PIIIA isômeros com bissulfeto diferentes conetividades

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Electrospray ionization (ESI) can transfer an aqueous-phase peptide or peptide complex to the gas-phase while conserving its mass, overall charge, metal-binding interactions, and conformational shape. Coupling ESI with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) provides an instrumental technique that allows for simultaneous measurement of a peptide&#8217;s mass-to-charge (m/z) and collision cross section (CCS) that relate to its stoichiometry, protonation state, and conformational shape. The overall charge of a peptide complex is controlled by the protonation of 1) the peptide&#8217;s acidic and basic sites and 2) the oxidation state of the metal ion(s). Therefore, the overall charge state of a complex is a function of the pH of the solution that affects the peptides metal ion binding affinity. For ESI-IM-MS analyses, peptide and metal ions solutions are prepared from aqueous-only solutions, with the pH adjusted with dilute aqueous acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide. This allows for pH dependence and metal ion selectivity to be determined for a specific peptide. Furthermore, the m/z and CCS of a peptide complex can be used with B3LYP/LanL2DZ molecular modeling to discern binding sites of the metal ion coordination and tertiary structure of the complex. The results show how ESI-IM-MS can characterize the selective chelating performance of a set of alternative methanobactin peptides and compare them to the copper-binding peptide methanobactin.

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry and molecular modeling techniques can characterize the selective metal chelating performance of designed metal-binding peptides and the copper-binding peptide methanobactin. Developing new classes of metal chelating peptides will help lead to therapeutics for diseases associated with metal ion misbalance.

Técnicas de espectrometria de massa de mobilidade de íons para determinação da estrutura e mecanismos de reconhecimento de íons metálicos e atividade redox de oligopeptídeos de ligação metálica

Electrospray ionization (ESI) can transfer an aqueous-phase peptide or peptide complex to the gas-phase while conserving its mass, overall charge, ...

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

Photoswitching organic molecules that undergo light-driven structural transformations are key components to construct adaptive molecular systems, and they are utilized in a wide variety of applications. In most studies employing photoswitches, several important photophysical properties such as maximum wavelengths of absorption and emission, molar attenuation coefficient, fluorescence lifetime, and photoisomerization quantum yield are carefully determined to investigate their electronic states and transition processes. However, measurement of the photoisomerization quantum yield, the efficiency of photoisomerization with respect to the absorbed photons, in a typical laboratory setting is often complicated and prone to error because it requires the implementation of rigorous spectroscopic measurements and calculations based on an appropriate integration method. This article introduces a set of procedures to measure the photoisomerization quantum yield of a bistable photoswitch using a photochromic hydrazone. We anticipate that this article will be a useful guide for the investigation of bistable photoswitches that are being increasingly developed.

Photoisomerization quantum yield is a fundamental photophysical property that should be accurately determined in the investigation of newly developed photoswitches. Here, we describe a set of procedures to measure the photoisomerization quantum yield of a photochromic hydrazone as a model bistable photoswitch.

Determinação da Fotoisomerização Quantum Yield de um Fotowitch Hydrazone

Photoswitching organic molecules that undergo light-driven structural transformations are key components to construct adaptive molecular systems, and they ...

Análise de pesticidas em abacate usando o método QuEChERS e CG-MS/MS

Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Gas chromatography (GC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) stands as a preeminent analytical instrument extensively employed for the surveillance of pesticide residues in food. Nevertheless, these methods are vulnerable to matrix effects (MEs), which can potentially affect accurate quantification depending on the specific combination of analyte and matrix. Among the various strategies to mitigate MEs, matrix-matched calibration represents the prevailing approach in pesticide residue applications due to its cost-effectiveness and straightforward implementation. In this study, a total of 45 representative pesticides were analyzed in three different varieties of avocado (i.e., Criollo, Hass, and Lorena) using the Quick-Easy-Cheap-Effective-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS) method with ammonium formate and GC-MS/MS. 
For this purpose, 5 g of the avocado sample was extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile, and then 2.5 g of ammonium formate was added to induce phase separation. Subsequently, the supernatant underwent a cleanup process via dispersive solid-phase extraction employing 150 mg of anhydrous MgSO4, 50 mg of primary-secondary amine, 50 mg of octadecylsilane, 10 mg of graphitized carbon black, and 60 mg of a zirconium oxide-based sorbent (Z-Sep+). The GC-MS/MS analysis was successfully performed in less than 25 min. Rigorous validation experiments were carried out to assess the performance of the method. The examination of a matrix-matched calibration curve for each variety of avocado revealed that the ME remained relatively consistent and less than 20% (considered as a soft ME) for most pesticide/variety combinations. Furthermore, the method&#180;s limits of quantification were lower than 5 &#181;g/kg for all three varieties. Finally, the recovery values for most pesticides fell within the acceptable range of 70-120%, with relative standard deviation values below 20%.

Preparação de amostras de abacate usando o método QuEChERS com formato de amônio para análise de pesticidas

The present protocol describes the analysis of multiclass pesticide residues in avocado varieties using the Quick-Easy-Cheap-Effective-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS) method with ammonium formate, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.