Name: the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology
Uploaded: 2013-10-14T20:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了启动资金形成纽约大学的支持。我们感谢弥勒邓纳姆和马特·布劳尔谁最初开发出了利用生物反应器SIXFORS作为恒化器。

可实现多种实现方式采用恒化连续培养的原则。在所有的恒化器就必须有1）方法用于保持所有组件的不育性，2）充分混合的培养，在培养容器的3）适当的通气和4）一个可靠的媒体除了和培养去除装置。在这里，我们描述了使用生物反应器SIXFORS（Infors公司）作为使用可以很容易适应替代设置方法恒化。 1。组装恒化船舶<ol><li>打开使用主开关的SIXFORS。 </li><li>彻底冲洗恒化?...

<ol>
	<li>Ingraham, J. L., Maaloe, O., Neidhardt, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Growth of the Bacterial Cell. , (1983).</li><li>Hall, M. N., Raff, M. C., Thomas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell Growth: Control of Cell Size. , (2004).</li><li>Monod, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=La+technique+de+culture+continue,+theorie+et+applications.">La technique de culture continue, theorie et applications.</a> Ann. Inst. Pasteur. 79, 390-410 (1950).</li><li>Novick, A., Szilard, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+of+the+chemostat.">Description of the chemostat.</a> Science. 112, 715-716 (1950).</li><li>Kjeldgaard, N. O., Maaloe, O., Schaechter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transition+between+different+physiological+states+during+balanced+growth+of+Salmonella+typhimurium.">The transition between different physiological states during balanced growth of Salmonella typhimurium.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 19, 607-616 (1958).</li><li>Maaloe, O., Kjeldgaard, N. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+macromolecular+synthesis.">Control of macromolecular synthesis.</a> , (1966).</li><li>Saldanha, A. J., Brauer, M. J., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Homeostasis+in+Batch+and+Steady-State.">Nutritional Homeostasis in Batch and Steady-State.</a> Culture of Yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15, 4089-4104 (2004).</li><li>Boer, V. M., Crutchfield, C. A., Bradley, P. H., Botstein, D., Rabinowitz, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth-limiting+intracellular+metabolites+in+yeast+growing+under+diverse+nutrient+limitations.">Growth-limiting intracellular metabolites in yeast growing under diverse nutrient limitations.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 21, 198-211 (2010).</li><li>Boer, V. M., de Winde, J. H., Pronk, J. T., Piper, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome-wide+transcriptional+responses+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+grown+on+glucose+in+aerobic+chemostat+cultures+limited+for+carbon,+nitrogen,+phosphorus,+or+sulfur.">The genome-wide transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose in aerobic chemostat cultures limited for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3265-3274 (2003).</li><li>Brauer, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+growth+rate,+cell+cycle,+stress+response,+and+metabolic+activity+in+yeast.">Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response, and metabolic activity in yeast.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 19, 352-367 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+to+diverse+nitrogen-limited+environments+by+deletion+or+extrachromosomal+element+formation+of+the+GAP1+locus.">Adaptation to diverse nitrogen-limited environments by deletion or extrachromosomal element formation of the GAP1 locus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 18551-18556 (2010).</li><li>Regenberg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth-rate+regulated+genes+have+profound+impact+on+interpretation+of+transcriptome+profiling+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Growth-rate regulated genes have profound impact on interpretation of transcriptome profiling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genome Biol. 7, R107 (2006).</li><li>Castrillo, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+control+of+the+eukaryote+cell:+a+systems+biology+study+in+yeast.">Growth control of the eukaryote cell: a systems biology study in yeast.</a> J. Biol. 6, 4 (2007).</li><li>Cipollina, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+role+of+yeast+Sfp1+in+ribosome+biogenesis+and+cell+size+control:+a+chemostat+study.">Revisiting the role of yeast Sfp1 in ribosome biogenesis and cell size control: a chemostat study.</a> Microbiology. 154, 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=System-level+analysis+of+genes+and+functions+affecting+survival+during+nutrient+starvation+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">System-level analysis of genes and functions affecting survival during nutrient starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 187, 299-317 (2011).</li><li>Levy, S. F., Ziv, N., Siegal, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bet+hedging+in+yeast+by+heterogeneous,+age-correlated+expression+of+a+stress+protectant.">Bet hedging in yeast by heterogeneous, age-correlated expression of a stress protectant.</a> PLoS Biol. 10, e1001325 (2012).</li><li>Kao, K. C., Sherlock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+clonal+interference+during+adaptive+evolution+in+asexual+populations+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Molecular characterization of clonal interference during adaptive evolution in asexual populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nat. Genet. 40, 1499-1504 (2008).</li><li>Gresham, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repertoire+and+dynamics+of+evolutionary+adaptations+to+controlled+nutrient-limited+environments+in+yeast.">The repertoire and dynamics of evolutionary adaptations to controlled nutrient-limited environments in yeast.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000303 (2008).</li><li>Wenger, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hunger+Artists:+Yeast+Adapted+to+Carbon+Limitation+Show+Trade-Offs+under+Carbon+Sufficiency.">Hunger Artists: Yeast Adapted to Carbon Limitation Show Trade-Offs under Carbon Sufficiency.</a> PLoS Genet. 7, e1002202 (2011).</li><li>Dunham, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristic+genome+rearrangements+in+experimental+evolution+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Characteristic genome rearrangements in experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16144-16149 (2002).</li><li>Ronen, M., Botstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+response+of+steady-state+yeast+cultures+to+transient+perturbations+in+carbon+source.">Transcriptional response of steady-state yeast cultures to transient perturbations in carbon source.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 389-394 (2006).</li><li>Kresnowati, M. T. A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+transcriptome+meets+metabolome:+fast+cellular+responses+of+yeast+to+sudden+relief+of+glucose+limitation.">When transcriptome meets metabolome: fast cellular responses of yeast to sudden relief of glucose limitation.</a> Mol. Sys. Biol. 2, 49 (2006).</li><li>Tu, B. P., Kudlicki, A., Rowicka, M., McKnight, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Logic+of+the+yeast+metabolic+cycle:+temporal+compartmentalization+of+cellular+processes.">Logic of the yeast metabolic cycle: temporal compartmentalization of cellular processes.</a> Science. 310, 1152-1158 (2005).</li><li>Tzur, A., Kafri, R., LeBleu, V. S., Lahav, G., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Growth+and+Size+Homeostasis+in+Proliferating+Animal+Cells.">Cell Growth and Size Homeostasis in Proliferating Animal Cells.</a> Science. 325, 167-171 (2009).</li><li>Conlon, I., Raff, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+control+in+animal+development.">Size control in animal development.</a> Cell. 96, 235-244 (1999).</li><li>Conlon, I. J., Dunn, G. A., Mudge, A. W., Raff, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+control+of+cell+size.">Extracellular control of cell size.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 918-921 (2001).</li><li>Fussmann, G. F., Ellner, S. P., Shertzer, K. W., Hairston, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crossing+the+hopf+bifurcation+in+a+live+predator-prey+system.">Crossing the hopf bifurcation in a live predator-prey system.</a> Science. 290, 1358-1360 (2000).</li><li>Cohen, E. P., Eagle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+chemostat+for+the+growth+of+mammalian+cells:+characteristics+of+cell+growth+in+continuous+culture.">A simplified chemostat for the growth of mammalian cells: characteristics of cell growth in continuous culture.</a> J. Exp. Med. 113, 467-474 (1961).</li></ol>

恒化使微生物的生长控制的稳态条件下的培养。细胞在产生一个不变的外部环境的恒定速率连续地生长。这是相对于分批培养方法，其中外部环境是不断变化和细胞生长的速率由环境和基因型的复杂的相互作用决定。因此，在恒化器超过分批培养物中培养的微生物的一个主要优点是可以通过实验控制细胞的生长速率的能力。 在其中一个细胞生长的速率是包括养分传感，信号?...

细胞的生长是通过复杂的相互作用的遗传和环境因素1,2的网络监管。细胞生长的多因素调控需要一个系统级的方法来研究它。然而，调节细胞生长的严格的研究是通过实验控制在哪些细胞生长率的困难挑战。此外，即使是最简单的实验条件外经常是动态的，复杂的细胞不断地改变自己的环境，因为它们繁殖。培养细胞的方法，使实验对照的细胞生长率的定义，不变的和受控制的环境：如能解决这些问题，通过恒化器提供。 连续培养中使用恒化的方法是通过独立莫诺3和诺维克和西拉德4于1950年描述。按照最初的设想，细胞生长在媒体的一个固定体积是con通过添加新的媒体和同时去除旧的媒体和细胞（ 图1）tinually稀释。耦合的常微分方程（ 图2）描述了细胞密度（x）和限制生长的营养物质在恒化器（S）的浓度变化率。重要的是，方程系统预测单（非零）稳定稳态（ 图3）具有显着的含义，在稳定状态中，细胞（ 即指数增长速率常数）的特定生长率等于速率在该培养物稀释（D）。通过改变稀释率，可以在不同的生长速度和营养限制不同条件下建立的细胞稳态的人群。 实验对照采用恒化增长率为的细胞生理变化如何理解发展的关键随着增长5,6率。然而，微生物学方法这个前主体在二十世纪后期在分子生物学研究的爆炸过程中变得越来越模糊。今天，在生长控制在这两个微生物和多细胞生物和基因组规模的方法，系统级分析的出现新的兴趣一直延续的动力为使用恒化器中。在这里，我们描述了利用精确控制细胞生长速率和外部环境，是唯一可以使用恒化器三个应用程序。首先，我们描述了使用恒化器的研究如何以十万计的生物分子的丰度 - 如成绩单和代谢物 - 是协同调控与增长速度。第二，我们将描述如何恒化器可用于取得在使用竞争实验养分有限的环境不同基因型之间生长速率的差异的精确估计。第三，我们描述了如何能恒化器可用于研究细胞在不断的营养贫乏的环境中成长的适应性进化。这些例子体现在恒化正在使细胞生长调控，基因与环境的相互作用和适应性进化系统级的调查方式。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infors-HT Sixfors Chemostat</td>
			<td>Appropriate Technical Resources, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Bottle 9.5 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-887-1</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinchcock</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-867</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopper, Size 12, Green Neoprene</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-62991-42</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Connector</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30703-02</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>General purpose ties 4 in</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9557052</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone Rubber</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>B000FMWTDE</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 7/32 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1E</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/16 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K164</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K161</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook Connectors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-66-18Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ratchet Clamp</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06403-11</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Female</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45512-34</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Male</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45513-04</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Aervent MTGR05010 62 mm Filter, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MTGR05010</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Acrodisc CR 13 mm filters, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9131037</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Air</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32047-77</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32048-63</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Proportioner Multitube Frames</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-50</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator, Two-Stage Analytical</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y12-N145D580</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Adaptor, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y99-26450</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Male Adaptor</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>WES544</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norprene Tubing</td>
			<td>US Plastics</td>
			<td>57280</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod Base</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-58</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valve Cartridges</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03217-92</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboy 10 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-963-2A</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop Sterile Vacuum Bottle-Top Filters, 1,000 ml, PES membrane; for 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SCGP-T10-RE</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Bottle 100 ml, 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-800-100</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC424205000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC423400010</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>copper sulfate&middot;5H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60400</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric chloride&middot;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I88-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>manganese sulfate&middot;H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium molybdate&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7634</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zinc sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Z68-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium pantothenate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC24330-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7876</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inositol (aka myo-inositol)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC12226-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>niacin (aka nicotinic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N4126</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC14621-2500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pyridoxine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9755</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4500-25G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP892-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U0750</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0155-08-5</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology

调节细胞响应信号来自外部世界的增长速度。随着细胞生长，不同的细胞过程必须协调包括高分子合成，代谢，最终，承担细胞分裂周期。恒化器，实验控制细胞生长速率的方法，提供了强大的系统研究手段增长率影响细胞过程如何 - 包括基因表达和新陈代谢 - 和监管网络，控制细胞生长的速度。当维持数百代恒化器可​​用于研究环境条件的微生物，限制细胞生长的适应性进化。我们描述了恒化培养的原则，展示他们的操作，并提供他们的各种应用的例子。经过一段时间的废用他们在二十世纪中叶引进后，基因组规模方法的收敛重新票面​​细胞生长和适应性进化的分子基础的监管是刺激的复兴在生物学研究中使用恒化器中。

恒化器的主要优点是通过改变稀释率实验控制细胞的生长速度的能力。在芽殖酵母，酿酒酵母，细胞的形态是其信息在细胞分裂周期阶段。人群具有更高的生长速率包含的活跃分裂的细胞通过测量unbudded细胞的级分（ 图5A）所确定的比例较高。在恒化器培养物的全球mRNA表达的分析已经表明，许多基因的表达差异表达的生长速率（ 图5B和图5C）的函数。 <p cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

细胞生长速度是一个稳定的过程和细胞生理学的主要决定因素。利用恒化连续培养使细胞生长速度外在控制由营养限制有利于分子网络，控制细胞生长，以及这些网络的发展，优化细胞生长的研究。

恒化器中微生物系统生物学中的应用

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Investigating the Microbial Community in the Termite Hindgut - Interview

调查白蚁后肠中的微生物的社区 - 面试

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The ...

科研

生物学

Layers of Symbiosis - Visualizing the Termite Hindgut Microbial Community

共生层 - 可视化的白蚁后肠微生物群落

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different ...

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

微生物群落，在自然和实验室 - 面试

Biology of Microbial Communities  - Interview

微生物群落的生物 - 面试

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

使用微机电系统（MEMS）开发诊断工具

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

在临床的虚拟现实使用生物反馈：勇敢的项目

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

窗口上的一个微观世界：简单的微流体系统为研究多孔介质中的微生物运输

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

确定的能源系统，在运动的贡献

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

链接捕食风险，草食动物生理应激和植物凋落物的微生物分解

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil  determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as  recycle rates of ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

温度偏好行为及其在德罗索菲拉的昼夜节律的设计与分析

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...