Name: the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology
Uploaded: 2013-10-14T20:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

이 작품은 자금이 뉴욕 대학을 형성하기 시작에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 처음에 chemostats로 Sixfors 생물 반응기의 사용을 개발 미륵 던햄와 매트 브라우어 감사합니다.

chemostat를 이용한 연속 배양의 원리는 다양한 구현으로 구현 될 수있다. 모든 chemostats에서는 모든 구성 요소의 무균 상태를 유지하기위한 1) 방법을 가지고하는 것이 필수적입니다, 2) 잘 혼합 된 문화, 배양 용기의 3) 적절한 통풍 및 미디어뿐만 아니라 문화의 제거 4) 신뢰할 수있는 수단. 여기, 우리는 쉽게 다른 설정에 적용 할 수있는 방법을 사용하여 chemostat로 Sixfors 생물 반응기 (Infors 병원)의 사...

<ol>
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Chemostats 성장 제어 정상 상태 조건에서 미생물의 배양을 가능하게한다. 세포는 고정 외부 환경의 결과로 일정한 속도로 연속적으로 성장한다. 이것은 외부 환경이 지속적으로 변화하고 세포 성장의 레이트가 환경이나 유전자형의 복잡한 상호 작용에 의해 결정되는 회분식 배양 방법과 대조적이다. 따라서, 배치 배양 위에 chemostats에서 미생물을 배양의 주요 장점은 실험적으로 세포의 성장 속도?...

세포의 성장은 유전과 환경 요인의 1,2 상호 작용의 복잡한 네트워크에 의해 조절된다. 세포 성장의 인성 규정은 그 연구에 대한 시스템 레벨 접근을 필요로한다. 그러나, 조절 된 세포 성장의 엄격한 실험적 연구는 세포가 성장하는 속도를 제어하는​​ 어려움에 의해 도전된다. 또한, 가장 간단한 실험에서 세포 외 조건은 그들이 증식과 세포가 지속적으로 환경을 변경 자주 역동적이고 복잡하다. 정의 불변 및 제어 환경에서 세포 성장률 실험 제어를 가능하게 세포를 배양하는 방법에있어서, 이러한 문제에 대한 해결책은 chemostat에 의해 제공된다. chemostat를 사용하여 연속 배양하는 방법은 독립적으로 1950 년에 모 노드 3 노빅 &amp; Szilard 4에 의해 설명되었다. 원래 생각으로, 세포는 사기꾼 미디어의 고정 된 볼륨에서 재배되는tinually 새로운 미디어 및 기존 미디어와 세포의 동시 제거 (그림 1)을 첨가하여 희석. 결합 상미 분 방정식 (도 2) 세포 밀도 (x)와 chemostat 용기에서 성장 제한 영양소 (들)의 농도의 변화율을 설명한다. 중요한 사실은, 방정식이 시스템은 정상 상태에서, 세포 (즉, 지수 적 성장 속도 상수)의 비 성장 속도가 속도와 동일하다는 현저한 함축적으로 단일 (아닌) 안정 안정 상태 (도 3) 예측 하는 문화는 (D) 희석된다. 희석 비율을 변화시킴으로써 그것은 다른 성장 속도와 영양소 제한의 상이한 조건 하에서 세포의 정상 상태의 개체군을 확립 할 수있다. chemostats을 사용하여 성장 속도의 제어 실험에서는 세포의 생리 변화에 대한 이해의 발전에 중요했다성장 5,6의 속도로. 그러나, 미생물 학적 방법이 이전의 의지는 20 세기 후반 동안 분자 생물학 연구에 폭발하는 동안 점점 더 모호하게되었다. 오늘, 미생물과 다세포 생물 및 시스템 수준의 분석을위한 게놈 스케일 방법의 출현으로 모두 성장 제어에 대한 새로운 관심은 chemostats의 사용에 대한 의욕을 갱신했다. 여기, 우리는 세포의 성장 속도의 정확한 제어 및 chemostats를 사용하여 유일하게 할 수있는 외부 환경에 투자 세 가지 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 성적 증명서 및 대사 산물로 - - 배위 성장률 규제 첫째, 우리는 생체 분자의 수천의 풍요 로움이 방법을 조사하기 위해 chemostats의 사용을 설명합니다. 둘째, 우리는 chemostats 경쟁 실험을 사용하여 영양이 제한 환경에서 서로 다른 유전자형 사이의 성장 속도의 차이의 정확한 추정치를 얻기 위해 사용하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 셋째, 우리가 설명하는 방법 chemostats 수일정한 영양이 부족한 환경에서 성장하는 세포의 적응 진화를 연구하는 데 사용할 수. 이러한 예는 chemostats 환경의 상호 작용 및 적응 진화하여 세포 성장 조절 유전자의 시스템 수준의 조사를 가능하게되는 방법을 예시.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infors-HT Sixfors Chemostat</td>
			<td>Appropriate Technical Resources, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Bottle 9.5 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-887-1</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pinchcock</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-867</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopper, Size 12, Green Neoprene</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-62991-42</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Connector</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30703-02</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>General purpose ties 4 in</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9557052</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone Rubber</td>
			<td>Small Parts</td>
			<td>B000FMWTDE</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Silicone, 7/32 in OD</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-587-1E</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/16 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K164</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing, Stainless Steel, 3/8 in OD</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>6100K161</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook Connectors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-66-18Q</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ratchet Clamp</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06403-11</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Female</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45512-34</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer, Male</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-45513-04</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore Aervent MTGR05010 62 mm Filter, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MTGR05010</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE Acrodisc CR 13 mm filters, 0.2 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9131037</td>
			<td>For Media Vessel and Hosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Air</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32047-77</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-Reading Flowtube for Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-32048-63</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Proportioner Multitube Frames</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-50</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regulator, Two-Stage Analytical</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y12-N145D580</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Adaptor, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Y99-26450</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose Male Adaptor</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>WES544</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norprene Tubing</td>
			<td>US Plastics</td>
			<td>57280</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod Base</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03218-58</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valve Cartridges</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-03217-92</td>
			<td>For Nitrogen Gas Setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboy 10 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-963-2A</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop Sterile Vacuum Bottle-Top Filters, 1,000 ml, PES membrane; for 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SCGP-T10-RE</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media Bottle 100 ml, 45 mm neck size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-800-100</td>
			<td>For Media Preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC424205000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC423400010</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>copper sulfate&middot;5H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60400</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ferric chloride&middot;6H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I88-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>manganese sulfate&middot;H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium molybdate&middot;2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7634</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zinc sulfate&middot;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Z68-500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP232-1</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium pantothenate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC24330-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7876</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inositol (aka myo-inositol)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC12226-1000</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>niacin (aka nicotinic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>N4126</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC14621-2500</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pyridoxine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9755</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4500-25G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP892-100</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U0750</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>DF0155-08-5</td>
			<td>Media Reagents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the use of chemostats in microbial systems biology

세포는 외부 세계로부터의 신호에 응답하여 자신의 성장의 속도를 조절한다. 세포가 성장함에 따라, 다양한 세포 과정은 고분자 합성, 신진 대사와 세포 분열주기에 궁극적으로 책임 등 조정해야합니다. chemostat 실험적으로 세포의 성장 속도를 제어하는​​ 방법은, 체계적 연구의 강력한 수단을 제공하는 방법 성장률​​ 영향 세포 과정 - 세포의 성장 속도를 제어 규제 네트워크 - 유전자 발현 및 대사 등. 세대 chemostats 수백 유지하면 세포 성장을 제한하는 환경 조건에서 미생물의 적응 적 진화를 연구하기 위해 사용될 수있다. 우리는 chemostat 문화의 원리를 설명하는 자신의 작업을 설명하고 그들의 다양한 응용 프로그램의 예를 제공합니다. 20 세기 중반에 소개 된 후 폐기의 기간을 다음과 게놈 규모의 방법론의 융합은 리뉴얼의 terest 세포의 성장과 적응 진화의 분자 기준의 규정에 생물학 연구에 chemostats의 사용에 르네상스를 자극한다.

chemostats의 주요 장점은 희석 비율을 변화시킴으로써 실험적 세포의 성장 속도를 제어 할 수있는 능력이다. 출아 효모, 사카로 마이 세스 세레 비시 애, 세포의 형태는 세포 분열주기에서의 위상이 유익하다. 높은 성장률과 인구 unbudded 세포의 비율 (그림 5A)을 측정하여 결정 적극적으로 세포를 분할하는 높은 비율을 포함한다. chemostat 문화의 글로벌 mRNA 발현의 분석은 많은 유전자의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology at JoVE.com

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

세포의 성장 속도는 규제 과정 및 세포 생리학의 주요 결정 요인이다. chemostats를 이용한 연속 배양은 세포 성장과 이러한 네트워크는 세포 성장을 최적화하기 위해 발전을 제어하는​​ 분자 네트워크의 학습을 용이 영양소 한정하여 세포 성장 속도의 외인성 제어를 가능하게한다.

미생물 시스템 생물학의 Chemostats의 사용

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

the-use-of-chemostats-in-microbial-systems-biology

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Investigating the Microbial Community in the Termite Hindgut - Interview

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes. The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

인터뷰 - 마이트의 H​​indgut에서 미생물 커뮤니티를 조사

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The ...

연구

생물학

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

자연과 실험실에서 미생물 커뮤니티 - 인터뷰

Biology of Microbial Communities  - Interview

미생물 커뮤니티의 생물학 - 인터뷰

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

진단 도구를 개발하기 위해 마이크로 전자 기계 시스템 (MEMS)를 사용

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life activities. Its high prevalence in general population and the severe limitations it causes, point out the necessity to find new efficient strategies to treat it. Together with the cognitive-behavioral treatments, relaxation represents a useful approach for the treatment of GAD, but it has the limitation that it is hard to be learned. The INTREPID project is aimed to implement a new instrument to treat anxiety-related disorders and to test its clinical efficacy in reducing anxiety-related symptoms. The innovation of this approach is the combination of virtual reality and biofeedback, so that the first one is directly modified by the output of the second one. In this way, the patient is made aware of his or her reactions through the modification of some features of the VR environment in real time. Using mental exercises the patient learns to control these physiological parameters and using the feedback provided by the virtual environment is able to gauge his or her success. The supplemental use of portable devices, such as PDA or smart-phones, allows the patient to perform at home, individually and autonomously, the same exercises experienced in therapist's office. The goal is to anchor the learned protocol in a real life context, so enhancing the patients' ability to deal with their symptoms. The expected result is a better and faster learning of relaxation techniques, and thus an increased effectiveness of the treatment if compared with traditional clinical protocols.

The Project on Virtual Reality Intelligent Multi-sensor System for the Treatment of Anxiety-related Disorders (INTREPID) is aimed at developing a multi-sensor context-aware virtual reality system for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.

임상 가상 현실의 생체 자기 제어의 사용 인트 리피드 프로젝트

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in the environment, as well as directly for the transmission of pathogens to drinking water supplies. Natural porous media is composed of an intricate physical topology, varied surface chemistries, dynamic gradients of nutrients and electron acceptors, and a patchy distribution of microbes. These features vary substantially over a length scale of microns, making the results of macro-scale investigations of microbial transport difficult to interpret, and the validation of mechanistic models challenging. Here we demonstrate how simple microfluidic devices can be used to visualize microbial interactions with micro-structured habitats, to identify key processes influencing the observed phenomena, and to systematically validate predictive models. Simple, easy-to-use flow cells were constructed out of the transparent, biocompatible and oxygen-permeable material poly(dimethyl siloxane). Standard methods of photolithography were used to make micro-structured masters, and replica molding was used to cast micro-structured flow cells from the masters. The physical design of the flow cell chamber is adaptable to the experimental requirements: microchannels can vary from simple linear connections to complex topologies with feature sizes as small as 2 &mu;m. Our modular EcoChip flow cell array features dozens of identical chambers and flow control by a gravity-driven flow module. We demonstrate that through use of EcoChip devices, physical structures and pressure heads can be held constant or varied systematically while the influence of surface chemistry, fluid properties, or the characteristics of the microbial population is investigated. Through transport experiments using a non-pathogenic, green fluorescent protein-expressing Vibrio bacterial strain, we illustrate the importance of habitat structure, flow conditions, and inoculums size on fundamental transport phenomena, and with real-time particle-scale observations, demonstrate that microfluidics offer a compelling view of a hidden world.

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales. We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

다공성 매체에서 미생물 교통 유학에 대한 간단한 Microfluidic 시스템 : 미생물의 창

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...

Determining the Contribution of the Energy Systems During Exercise

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given physical activity. Although some sports are relatively easy to be reproduced in a laboratory (e.g., running and cycling), a number of sports are much more difficult to be reproduced and studied in controlled situations. This method presents how to assess the differential contribution of the energy systems in sports that are difficult to mimic in controlled laboratory conditions. The concepts shown here can be adapted to virtually any sport.
The following physiologic variables will be needed: rest oxygen consumption, exercise oxygen consumption, post-exercise oxygen consumption, rest plasma lactate concentration and post-exercise plasma peak lactate. To calculate the contribution of the aerobic metabolism, you will need the oxygen consumption at rest and during the exercise. By using the trapezoidal method, calculate the area under the curve of oxygen consumption during exercise, subtracting the area corresponding to the rest oxygen consumption. To calculate the contribution of the alactic anaerobic metabolism, the post-exercise oxygen consumption curve has to be adjusted to a mono or a bi-exponential model (chosen by the one that best fits). Then, use the terms of the fitted equation to calculate anaerobic alactic metabolism, as follows: ATP-CP metabolism = A1 (mL . s-1) x t1 (s). Finally, to calculate the contribution of the lactic anaerobic system, multiply peak plasma lactate by 3 and by the athlete&#x2019;s body mass (the result in mL is then converted to L and into kJ).
The method can be used for both continuous and intermittent exercise. This is a very interesting approach as it can be adapted to exercises and sports that are difficult to be mimicked in controlled environments. Also, this is the only available method capable of distinguishing the contribution of three different energy systems. Thus, the method allows the study of sports with great similarity to real situations, providing desirable ecological validity to the study.

This protocol allows researchers focused on exercise and sports sciences to determine the relative contribution of three different energy systems to the total energy expenditure during a large variety of exercises.

운동하는 동안 에너지 시스템의 공헌을 결정

One of the most important aspects of the metabolic demand is the relative contribution of the energy systems to the total energy required for a given ...

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sequestration1,2. Plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3, and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced by biomass inputs from animals such as herbivores and carnivores4,5. However, carnivores may influence microbial decomposition of plant litter via a chain of interactions in which predation risk alters the physiology of their herbivore prey that in turn alters soil microbial functioning when the herbivore carcasses are decomposed6. A physiological stress response by herbivores to the risk of predation can change the C:N elemental composition of herbivore biomass7,8,9 because stress from predation risk increases herbivore basal energy demands that in nutrient-limited systems forces herbivores to shift their consumption from N-rich resources to support growth and reproduction to C-rich carbohydrate resources to support heightened metabolism6. Herbivores have limited ability to store excess nutrients, so stressed herbivores excrete N as they increase carbohydrate-C consumption7. Ultimately, prey stressed by predation risk increase their body C:N ratio7,10, making them poorer quality resources for the soil microbial pool likely due to lower availability of labile N for microbial enzyme production6. Thus, decomposition of carcasses of stressed herbivores has a priming effect on the functioning of microbial communities that decreases subsequent ability to of microbes to decompose plant litter6,10,11.
We present the methodology to evaluate linkages between predation risk and litter decomposition by soil microbes. We describe how to: induce stress in herbivores from predation risk; measure those stress responses, and measure the consequences on microbial decomposition. We use insights from a model grassland ecosystem comprising the hunting spider predator (Pisuarina mira), a dominant grasshopper herbivore (Melanoplus femurrubrum),and a variety of grass and forb plants9.

We present methods to evaluate how predation risk can alter the chemical quality of herbivore prey by inducing dietary changes to meet demands of heightened stress, and how the decomposition of carcasses from these stressed herbivores slows subsequent plant litter decomposition by soil microbes.

Predation 위험, Herbivore 생리적 스트레스와 식물 돼지 미생물 분해를 연결

The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil  determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as  recycle rates of ...

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night 3. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons3. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well&#160;known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms4. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR3. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night. TPR is regulated independently from another circadian output, locomotor activity. Here&#160;we describe the design and analysis of TPR in Drosophila.

드로소필라의 온도 선호도 행동과 Circadian 리듬의 설계 및 분석

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms1,2. We recently identified a ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

의 강성 측정<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여&gt; 마우스 대동맥

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...