Name: in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans
Uploaded: 2013-04-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com

何人かの人は、このホワイト·ペーパーで説明された仕事に貢献した。 CVGは、実験装置を構築し、LS、SHC、とCVGは、実験を行った。 CVGおよびSHCは原稿を書いている。すべての著者は、その後改訂プロセスに参加し、原稿の最後のコピーを承認した。我々はGCaMP株についてポールスタンバーグに感謝します。この作業で使用されるいくつかの線虫株は研究資源のためのNIHナショナルセンター（NCRR）によって運営されている線虫遺伝学センター（CGC）から提供された。 MATLABの画像解析プログラムを18で使われているから脚色したものです。著者はボストン大学、マサチューセッツ工科大学ライフサイエンスセンターではサポートされていた。

1。光学装置<ol><li>落射蛍光イメージング機能を備えた標準的な複式顕微鏡を使用しています。我々はIntensilight HGイルミとニコンの​​EclipseのTi-U倒立顕微鏡を使用しています。 </li><li>最高の画像と信号の品質確保のため、高倍率、高開口数の対物レンズを使用しています。我々は通常、ニコンX60 1.4のNA油浸対物レンズを使用しています。いくつかのケースでは、蛍光体の発現レベルと信号?...

<ol>
	<li>Miyawaki, A., Llopis, J., Heim, R., McCaffery, J. M., Adams, J. A., Ikura, M., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+indicators+for+Ca2++based+on+green+fluorescent+proteins+and+calmodulin.">Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin.</a> Nature. 388, 882-887 (1997).</li><li>Nakai, J., Ohkura, M., Imoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+signal-to-noise+Ca(2+)+probe+composed+of+a+single+green+fluorescent+protein.">A high signal-to-noise Ca(2+) probe composed of a single green fluorescent protein.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 137-141 (2001).</li><li>Kerr, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+activity+of+neurons+and+muscles.">Imaging the activity of neurons and muscles.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li><li>Tian, L., Hires, S. A., Mao, T., Huber, D., Chiappe, M. E., Chalasani, S. H., Petreanu, L., Akerboom, J., McKinney, S. A., Schreiter, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neural+activity+in+worms,+flies+and+mice+with+improved+GCaMP+calcium+indicators.">Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 875 (2009).</li><li>Reiff, D. F., Ihring, A., Guerrero, G., Isacoff, E. Y., Joesch, M., Nakai, J., Borst, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+performance+of+genetically+encoded+indicators+of+neural+activity+in+flies.">In vivo performance of genetically encoded indicators of neural activity in flies.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 4766-4778 (2005).</li><li>Rand, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylcholine.">Acetylcholine.</a> WormBook. , (2005).</li><li>Kim, E., Sun, L., Gabel, C. V., Fang-Yen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+imaging+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+using+nanoparticle-mediated+immobilization.">Long-term imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans using nanoparticle-mediated immobilization.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (1), e53419 (2013).</li><li>Byrne, A. B., Edwards, T. J., Hammarlund, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Laser+Axotomy+in+C.+elegans.">In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (51), e2707 (2011).</li><li>Kerr, R., Lev-Ram, V., Baird, G., Vincent, P., Tsien, R. Y., Schafer, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+calcium+transients+in+neurons+and+pharyngeal+muscle+of+C.+elegans.">Optical imaging of calcium transients in neurons and pharyngeal muscle of C. elegans.</a> Neuron. 26, 583-594 (2000).</li><li>Chronis, N., Zimmer, M., Bargmann, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+for+in+vivo+imaging+of+neuronal+and+behavioral+activity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Microfluidics for in vivo imaging of neuronal and behavioral activity in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nat. Methods. 4, 727-731 (2007).</li><li>Hulme, S. E., Shevkoplyas, S. S., Apfeld, J., Fontana, W., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfabricated+array+of+clamps+for+immobilizing+and+imaging+C.+elegans.">A microfabricated array of clamps for immobilizing and imaging C. elegans.</a> Lab. Chip. 7, 1515-1523 (2007).</li><li>Gabel, C. V., Gabel, H., Pavlichin, D., Kao, A., Clark, D. A., Samuel, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+circuits+mediate+electrosensory+behavior+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Neural circuits mediate electrosensory behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> J. Neurosci. 27, 7586-7596 (2007).</li><li>Pinan-Lucarre, B., Gabel, C. V., Reina, C. P., Hulme, S. E., Shevkoplyas, S. S., Slone, R. D., Xue, J., Qiao, Y., Weisberg, S., Roodhouse, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Core+Apoptotic+Executioner+Proteins+CED-3+and+CED-4+Promote+Initiation+of+Neuronal+Regeneration+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Core Apoptotic Executioner Proteins CED-3 and CED-4 Promote Initiation of Neuronal Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> PLoS Biol. 10, e1001331 (2012).</li><li>Chung, S. H., Clark, D. A., Gabel, C. V., Mazur, E., Samuel, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+AFD+neuron+in+C.+elegans+thermotaxis+analyzed+using+femtosecond+laser+ablation.">The role of the AFD neuron in C. elegans thermotaxis analyzed using femtosecond laser ablation.</a> BMC Neurosci. 7, 30 (2006).</li><li>Nagai, T., Yamada, S., Tominaga, T., Ichikawa, M., Miyawaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expanded+dynamic+range+of+fluorescent+indicators+for+Ca(2+)+by+circularly+permuted+yellow+fluorescent+proteins.">Expanded dynamic range of fluorescent indicators for Ca(2+) by circularly permuted yellow fluorescent proteins.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 10554-10559 (2004).</li><li>Kindt, K. S., Quast, K. B., Giles, A. C., De, S., Hendrey, D., Nicastro, I., Rankin, C. H., Schafer, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+mediates+context-dependent+modulation+of+sensory+plasticity+in+C.+elegans.">Dopamine mediates context-dependent modulation of sensory plasticity in C. elegans.</a> Neuron. 55, 662-676 (2007).</li><li>Chalasani, S. H., Chronis, N., Tsunozaki, M., Gray, J. M., Ramot, D., Goodman, M. B., Bargmann, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+a+circuit+for+olfactory+behaviour+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 450, 63-70 (2007).</li><li>Clark, D. A., Gabel, C. V., Gabel, H., Samuel, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+activity+patterns+in+thermosensory+neurons+of+freely+moving+Caenorhabditis+elegans+encode+spatial+thermal+gradients.">Temporal activity patterns in thermosensory neurons of freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans encode spatial thermal gradients.</a> J. Neurosci. 27, 6083-6090 (2007).</li><li>Biron, D., Shibuya, M., Gabel, C., Wasserman, S. M., Clark, D. A., Brown, A., Sengupta, P., Samuel, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+diacylglycerol+kinase+modulates+long-term+thermotactic+behavioral+plasticity+in+C.+elegans.">A diacylglycerol kinase modulates long-term thermotactic behavioral plasticity in C. elegans.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1499-1505 (2006).</li><li>Ghosh-Roy, A., Wu, Z. L., Goncharov, A., Jin, Y. S., Chisholm, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+and+Cyclic+AMP+Promote+Axonal+Regeneration+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+and+Require+DLK-1+Kinase.">Calcium and Cyclic AMP Promote Axonal Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans and Require DLK-1 Kinase.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 30, 3175-3183 (2010).</li><li>Bianchi, L., Gerstbrein, B., Frokjaer-Jensen, C., Royal, D. C., Mukherjee, G., Royal, M. A., Xue, J., Schafer, W. R., Driscoll, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurotoxic+MEC-4(d)+DEG/ENaC+sodium+channel+conducts+calcium:+implications+for+necrosis+initiation.">The neurotoxic MEC-4(d) DEG/ENaC sodium channel conducts calcium: implications for necrosis initiation.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1337-1344 (2004).</li></ol>

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウム指示薬は広く、Cで利用されてきたelegansの神経生物学。多数のグループが電界にASJ応答でここで示すよう外部刺激に対する一次感覚ニューロンの応答を研究するために、これらの技術を採用してきた。顕著な例は、機械的なタッチの感覚、特定の化学物質、温度、電界12、16から19が含まれています。介在ニューロンと筋細胞の活?...

ここでは、Cの生体内カルシウムイメージングのための実用的な方法を提示する線虫の神経細胞。高い信号対雑音比を持つ遺伝的にコードされたカルシウム感受性蛍光色素の開発は、Cを作る神経生理学および活性の測定のために比較的簡単で費用対効果の高いシステムをエレガンス 。当社のイメージングは​​、一般的に利用可能な蛍光団の広視野蛍光イメージングを用いた標準的な複式顕微鏡を使って行われます。我々は、それぞれの長所と短所を議論し、様々なフルオロフォアおよび異なる試料調製を採用するいくつかのテクニックを紹介します。その後、データは2つの例の実験から示されている。ここに記載されている技術上の優れた追加のリソースがWormBook &quot;イメージング神経細胞や筋肉の活性&quot; R. Kerrによる、（記載されています<a href="http://www.wormbook.org" target="_blank">http://www.wormbook.org</a> ）3。 genetiの2つの主要なクラス的にエンコードされた蛍光カルシウム記者は、一般的にC言語で使用されているエレガンス ：単一チャネルのGCaMPとFRETベースのカメレオン。我々は方法を説明し、それぞれによって生成されるデータの例を示します。 GCaMPは、周囲のカルシウム濃度に敏感で修正された緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）に基づいています。これは、カルモジュリンによるカルシウムの結合が効率蛍光確認2にGFP分子をもたらすように、GFPの融合と高カルシウム親和性タンパク質カルモジュリンによって達成される。これらのフルオロフォアの最近の進歩は、カルシウム濃度の生理的範囲と合理的に高速〜95ミリ秒の立ち上がり時間の動態および〜650ミリ秒の減衰時間が4以上の蛍光強度の最大500％増加と優れた信号の大きさを生成します。比較的短い期間（分）をかけて、これらの大規模な信号は低解像度のイメージングを可能にする（低倍率）と、行儀のinitが与えられたことができますIALベースライン測定、連続ラインまたは比較測定の必要性を否定する。 カメレオンは、2つの独立したチャンネルまたは波長1を比較するレシオメトリック測定を生成FRETベースの蛍光団であるという利点があります。それはカルモジュリンタンパクによって連結された2つの別々の蛍光色素分子（水色と黄色発光蛍光タンパク質、CFPとYFP）で構成されています。錯体は、CFPを励起する青色光（440 nm）を照射する。カルシウムの結合はYFP（アクセプター）へCFP（ドナー）からの蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動（FRET）を増加させるとCFPの発光（480 nm）は減少とYFP発光（535 nm）を増加させることを引き起こして、より緊密フルオロフォアをもたらし。相対的なカルシウムレベルがYFP / CFP強度の比として測定されます。カメレオン動態は〜1秒、3秒〜5の減衰時間の立ち上がり時間を持つようにインビボで測定GCaMPのそれよりも遅いです。しかし、逆に信号を移動の比率は、信号の大きさを増大させ、蛍光物質濃度、動きやフォーカスドリフトと漂白の変化による可能アーティファクトの数を補正します。 遺伝的にコードされた蛍光レポーターは、外因的に投与されたプローブとCで必要な試料調製の大半を否定elegansの小さな透明の本体はシンプルな広視野蛍光を用いて無傷動物内の撮像を可能にします。試料調製における主要な技術的課題は、安全に動物を固定することである。それぞれの長所と短所とは異なる一般的に使用される技術が数多くあります。動物を麻痺させる薬剤を使用することで、実装が容易であり、1つの準備（レバミゾール、つかむために筋肉組織を引き起こしコリン作動薬は一般的に6を使用されている）上に複数の動物の取付けができます。Cで虫も、物理的にマウントすることによって、固定化することができる堅い10パーセントアガロース7,8で。動物生理学上の影響を最小限に抑えることは、長期的なイメージング（時間）と、複数の動物の回復が可能になりますが、より技術的に困難である。これらの手法の両方は、動物への物理的アクセスを制限（カバースリップの下にある）、したがって、唯一の特定の実験刺激（光、温度、電界やレーザー損傷など）で使用することができます。そのような化学物質のタッチや管理などの物理的なアクセスが必要な刺激は、多くの研究では、正常にCをくぎ付けにしている代わりに虫 （獣医グレード接着剤を使用して）9。これは技術的に困難である、単一の動物の準備であり、動物の回復を許可していません。最後に、多数の微小流体デバイスは、物理的に温度を抑えることが採用されてきた虫 、動物の生理機能を維持する刺激のほとんどのタイプ（装置設計に依存します）への暴露を可能と動物の迅速な交換とリカバリを有効にすることができます<sup&gt; 10、11。しかしマイクロフルイディクスは、設計、製造、実装に追加の技術的なスキルや能力を必要とします。固定化された動物では、アクティビティと刺激応答は一般的感覚と介在ニューロンで測定することができます。運動ニューロンの活動は、移動動物におけるイメージングのための、より高度な技術を必要とします。ここでは、薬理学的な麻痺と硬いアガロースと固定化の二つの最も簡単な手法を採用する詳細な方法を紹介します。 ここで紹介する方法はCの神経活性および細胞生理機能を測定するために用いることができるエレガンス 。我々は、それぞれの例を参考にしてください外部電場にASJニューロンの感覚応答を測定するGCaMP使用しており、ニューロンのレーザー損傷に対する生理カルシウム応答を測定するためにカメレオンを使用しています。これらの例は、蛍光色素分子の2つのタイプの利点と欠点を示しており、システムで可能なことを示しています。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Eclipse Ti-U inverted 
 microscope</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intensilight HG Illuminator</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>C-HGFI</td>
 <td>Fluorescent light source</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CFI Plan Apo VC 60X Oil</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Optical table or 3'X3' optical 
 grade breadboard</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>If an optical table is not used an 
 optical grade breadboard on a 
 solid laboratory bench should 
 suffice.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clara Interline Camera</td>
 <td>Andor 
 Technology</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>High-sensitivity CCD camera</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>wtGFP Longpass Emission</td>
 <td>Chroma Technology 
 Corp.</td>
 <td>41015</td>
 <td>GFP filter set for imaging GCaMP</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 440 +/- 10 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D440/20x EX</td>
 <td>excitation filter for cameleon</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 455 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>455DCLP BS</td>
 <td>microscope dichroic for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 515 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>515DCLP BS</td>
 <td>dichroic mirror for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 535 +/- 15 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D535/30m EM</td>
 <td>YFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 480 +/- 20 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D485/40m EM</td>
 <td>CFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lens, 200 mm, Achromat</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>AC508-200-A1</td>
 <td>Relay lens for FRET optics (3)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silver broadband mirror</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>ME2S-P01</td>
 <td>FRET optics (2)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NGM buffer</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Levamisole</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polybead Microspheres</td>
 <td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
 <td>08691-10, 2.5% by 
 volume, 50 nm 
 diameter</td>
 <td>polystyrene nanoparticles for C. 
 elegans immobilization</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, Strain 
 gpa-9::GCaMP3(in pha-1; 
 him-5 bkg) </td>
 <td>Sternberg Lab</td>
 <td>Strain PS6388</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, mec- 
 4::YC3.60</td>
 <td>Gabel Lab</td>
 <td>Strain CG1B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans

線虫C. elegansは、in vivoで比較的簡単、低コスト神経イメージングのための理想的なモデル生物である。その小さな透明なボディとシンプルな、よく特徴付けられた神経系が無傷動物内の任意のニューロンの同定および蛍光イメージングを可能にします。動物の生理機能への影響を最小限に抑えてシンプルな固定化技術は、拡張タイムラプスイメージングを可能にする。そのようなカメレオン1とGCaMP 2として遺伝的にコード化されたカルシウム感受性蛍光色素の開発は、細胞生理学と神経活動の両方に関係する神経細胞のカルシウムのin vivoイメージングが可能です。特定のニューロンにこれら蛍光体を発現している多数のトランスジェニック系統は、容易に入手可能であるか、十分に確立された技術を用いて構築することができる。ここでは、GCaMPとカメレオンの両方を使用して、in vivoでの単一ニューロン内のカルシウム動態を測定するための詳細な手順について説明します。我々は、利点とdisadvantを議論両方の年齢だけでなく、試料調製（動物固定化）と画像解析の様々な方法。外傷性のレーザー損傷にニューロンの生理的カルシウム応答を測定するためにカメレオンを使用した外部電場と2に特有のニューロンの感覚反応）を測定するGCaMPを使用した：1）最後に、我々は2つ​​の実験の結果を提示する。これらのようなカルシウムイメージング技術は、C で広く使用されていますエレガンスとは、遺伝的背景を越えて自由に移動する動物は、同時に複数のニューロンと比較して、測定値に拡張されました。Cでelegansは技術的シンプルさとコストで他のモデルシステムを超える利点を用いた in vivo神経イメージングのための堅牢で柔軟なシステムを提示する。

ここでは、2つの独立した実験の結果を提示する。最初は蛍光カルシウム記者が光学的に無傷での神経活動を監視するために使用できる方法の良い例を与えて、定義された外部の刺激に対して特定の感覚ニューロンの応答を測定することがGCaMP採用エレガンス 。第二は、カメレオンが一時的細胞内カルシウムは、このようにカルシウムの生理機能が生体内での単一セル内で...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

その小さな透明体、定評の神経解剖学と従順な遺伝学的手法および試薬のホストと、<em&gt; Cエレガンス</em&gt;のための理想的なモデル生物を作る<em生体内で&gt;</em比較的シンプルで低コストな技術を使用して&gt;神経イメージング。ここでは、遺伝的にコードされた蛍光カルシウムインジケーターを使用してそのまま成体内の単一ニューロン画像法を説明します。

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

in-vivo-neuronal-calcium-imaging-in-c-elegans

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron is damaged by injury or disease, it may regenerate. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the ability of a neuron to regenerate and restore function. Recently, the nematode C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model organism to identify genes and signaling pathways that influence the regeneration of neurons1-6. The main way to initiate neuronal regeneration in C. elegans is laser-mediated cutting, or axotomy. During axotomy, a fluorescently-labeled neuronal process is severed using high-energy pulses. Initially, neuronal regeneration in C. elegans was examined using an amplified femtosecond laser5. However, subsequent regeneration studies have shown that a conventional pulsed laser can be used to accurately sever neurons in vivo and elicit a similar regenerative response1,3,7.
We present a protocol for performing in vivo laser axotomy in the worm using a MicroPoint pulsed laser, a turnkey system that is readily available and that has been widely used for targeted cell ablation. We describe aligning the laser, mounting the worms, cutting specific neurons, and assessing subsequent regeneration. The system provides the ability to cut large numbers of neurons in multiple worms during one experiment. Thus, laser axotomy as described herein is an efficient system for initiating and analyzing the process of regeneration.

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

A protocol to cut neurons in C. elegans with a MicroPoint pulsed laser is presented. We describe setting up the system, immobilizing worms, and severing labeled neurons. Advantages include a relatively low-cost system and the ability to sever neuronal processes or ablate cells in vivo.

Cの生体レーザー軸索切断にエレガンス

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

神経科学

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within the same species 1,2. These intraspecies signals, the pheromones, as well as signals from some predators 3, activate the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with high levels of specificity and sensitivity 4. At least three distinct families of G-protein coupled receptors, V1R, V2R and FPR 5-14, are expressed in VNO neurons to mediate the detection of the chemosensory cues. To understand how pheromone information is encoded by the VNO, it is critical to analyze the response profiles of individual VSNs to various stimuli and identify the specific receptors that mediate these responses.
The neuroepithelia of VNO are enclosed in a pair of vomer bones. The semi-blind tubular structure of VNO has one open end (the vomeronasal duct) connecting to the nasal cavity. VSNs extend their dendrites to the lumen part of the VNO, where the pheromone cues are in contact with the receptors expressed at the dendritic knobs. The cell bodies of the VSNs form pseudo-stratified layers with V1R and V2R expressed in the apical and basal layers respectively 6-8. Several techniques have been utilized to monitor responses of VSNs to sensory stimuli 4,12,15-19. Among these techniques, acute slice preparation offers several advantages. First, compared to dissociated VSNs 3,17, slice preparations maintain the neurons in their native morphology and the dendrites of the cells stay relatively intact. Second, the cell bodies of the VSNs are easily accessible in coronal slice of the VNO to allow electrophysiology studies and imaging experiments as compared to whole epithelium and whole-mount preparations 12,20. Third, this method can be combined with molecular cloning techniques to allow receptor identification.
Sensory stimulation elicits strong Ca2+ influx in VSNs that is indicative of receptor activation 4,21. We thus develop transgenic mice that express G-CaMP2 in the olfactory sensory neurons, including the VSNs 15,22. The sensitivity and the genetic nature of the probe greatly facilitate Ca2+ imaging experiments. This method has eliminated the dye loading process used in previous studies 4,21. We also employ a ligand delivery system that enables application of various stimuli to the VNO slices. The combination of the two techniques allows us to monitor multiple neurons simultaneously in response to large numbers of stimuli. Finally, we have established a semi-automated analysis pipeline to assist image processing.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

遺伝的にコードされたカルシウムセンサーを発現する鋤鼻器のスライス標本のイメージング神経細胞応答

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall neural circuit function. Synapse strength critically depends on the abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synaptic sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor levels are established developmentally, and can be altered by receptor trafficking between surface-localized, subsynaptic, and intracellular pools, representing important mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. Rigorous methods to quantify synaptically-localized neurotransmitter receptor abundance are essential to study synaptic development and plasticity. Fluorescence microscopy is an optimal approach because it preserves spatial information, distinguishing synaptic from non-synaptic pools, and discriminating among receptor populations localized to different types of synapses. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly well suited for these studies due to the small size and relative simplicity of its nervous system, its transparency, and the availability of powerful genetic techniques, allowing examination of native synapses in intact animals.
Here we present a method for quantifying fluorescently-labeled synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in C. elegans. Its key feature is the automated identification and analysis of individual synapses in three dimensions in multi-plane confocal microscope output files, tabulating position, volume, fluorescence intensity, and total fluorescence for each synapse. This approach has two principal advantages over manual analysis of z-plane projections of confocal data. First, because every plane of the confocal data set is included, no data are lost through z-plane projection, typically based on pixel intensity averages or maxima. Second, identification of synapses is automated, but can be inspected by the experimenter as the data analysis proceeds, allowing fast and accurate extraction of data from large numbers of synapses. Hundreds to thousands of synapses per sample can easily be obtained, producing large data sets to maximize statistical power. Considerations for preparing C. elegans for analysis, and performing confocal imaging to minimize variability between animals within treatment groups are also discussed. Although developed to analyze C. elegans postsynaptic receptors, this method is generally useful for any type of synaptically-localized protein, or indeed, any fluorescence signal that is localized to discrete clusters, puncta, or organelles.
The procedure is performed in three steps: 1) preparation of samples, 2) confocal imaging, and 3) image analysis. Steps 1 and 2 are specific to C. elegans, while step 3 is generally applicable to any punctate fluorescence signal in confocal micrographs.

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

The abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synapses strongly influences synaptic strength. This method quantifies fluorescently-labeled neurotransmitter receptors in three dimensions with single-synapse resolution in C. elegans, allowing hundreds of synapses to be rapidly characterized within a single sample without distortions introduced by z-plane projection.

シナプス蛍光の自動定量<em&gt; C.エレガンス</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of stress-induced plasticity is the dauer stage of C. elegans. Dauers are an alternative developmental larval stage formed under conditions of low concentrations of bacterial food and high concentrations of a dauer pheromone. Dauers display extensive developmental and behavioral plasticity. For example, a set of four inner-labial quadrant (IL2Q) neurons undergo extensive reversible remodeling during dauer formation. Utilizing the well-known environmental pathways regulating dauer entry, a previously established method for the production of crude dauer pheromone from large-scale liquid nematode cultures is demonstrated. With this method, a concentration of 50,000 - 75,000 nematodes/ml of liquid culture is sufficient to produce a highly potent crude dauer pheromone. The crude pheromone potency is determined by a dose-response bioassay. Finally, the methods used for in vivo time-lapse imaging of the IL2Qs during dauer formation are described.

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

Following exposure to specific environmental stressors, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans undergoes extensive phenotypic plasticity to enter into a stress-resistant &#8216;dauer&#8217; juvenile stage. We present methods for the controlled induction and imaging of neuroplasticity during dauer.

CのDauer固有の神経リモデリングのin vivoイメージングエレガンス

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

生物発光カルシウムインジケーター、GFPエクオリンに基づいて生体内脳機能イメージングのアプローチで

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its completely mapped nervous system and transparent anatomy, presents an ideal model for understanding real-time neural dynamics using calcium indicators. In combination with microfluidic technologies and experimental designs, calcium-imaging studies using these indicators are performed in both free-moving and trapped animals. However, most previous studies utilizing trapping devices, such as the olfactory chip described in Chronis et al., have devices designed for use in the more common hermaphrodite, as the less common male is both morphologically and structurally dissimilar. An adapted olfactory chip was designed and fabricated for increased efficiency in male neuronal imaging with using young adult animals. A turn was incorporated into the worm loading port to rotate the animals and to allow for the separation of the individual neurons within a bilateral pair in 2D imaging. Worms are exposed to a controlled flow of odorant within the microfluidic device, as described in previous hermaphrodite studies. Calcium transients are then analyzed using the open-source software ImageJ. The procedure described herein should allow for an increased amount of male-based C. elegans calcium imaging studies, deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of sex-specific neuronal signaling.

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

The use of an adapted &#34;olfactory chip&#34; for the efficient calcium imaging of C. elegans males is described here. Studies of male exposure to glycerol and a pheromone are also shown.

適応マイクロ嗅覚を用いた男性c. の Elegans頭ニューロンのフェロモン応答における神経活動のイメージング

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its ...

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

We present a method combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging to record Ca2+ transients in neuronal dendrites in acute brain slices.

脳スライスにおける神経樹状突起における 2 光子カルシウム イメージング

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

線虫の行動で個々 のニューロンのレシオ メトリック カルシウム イメージング

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

ゼブラフィッシュ稚魚における側線有毛細胞の生体内カルシウム イメージング

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Quantitative Approaches for Scoring in vivo Neuronal Aggregate and Organelle Extrusion in Large Exopher Vesicles in C. elegans

Toxicity of misfolded proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are pivotal factors that promote age-associated functional neuronal decline and neurodegenerative disease across species. Although these neurotoxic challenges have long been considered to be cell-intrinsic, considerable evidence now supports that misfolded human disease proteins originating in one neuron can appear in neighboring cells, a phenomenon proposed to promote pathology spread in human neurodegenerative disease.
C. elegans adult neurons that express aggregating proteins can extrude large (~4 &#181;m) membrane-surrounded vesicles that can include the aggregated protein, mitochondria, and lysosomes. These large vesicles are called &#8220;exophers&#8221; and are distinct from exosomes (which are about 100x smaller and have different biogenesis). Throwing out cellular debris in exophers may occur by a conserved mechanism that constitutes a fundamental, but formerly unrecognized, branch of neuronal proteostasis and mitochondrial quality control, relevant to processes by which aggregates spread in human neurodegenerative diseases.
While exophers have been mostly studied in animals that express high copy transgenic mCherry within touch neurons, these protocols are equally useful in the study of exophergenesis using fluorescently tagged organelles or other proteins of interest in various classes of neurons.
Described here are the physical features of C. elegans exophers, strategies for their detection, identification criteria, optimal timing for quantitation, and animal growth protocols that control for stresses that can modulate exopher production levels. Together, details of protocols outlined here should serve to establish a standard for quantitative analysis of exophers across laboratories. This document seeks to serve as a resource in the field for laboratories seeking to elaborate molecular mechanisms by which exophers are produced and by which exophers are reacted to by neighboring and distant cells.

Quantitative Approaches for Scoring in vivo Neuronal Aggregate and Organelle Extrusion in Large Exopher Vesicles in C. elegans

This protocol describes approaches for detection and quantitation of large aggregate and/or organelle extrusions (~4 &#181;m) produced by C. elegans cells in the form of membrane-bound exophers. We describe strains, growth conditions, scoring criteria, timing, and microscopy considerations needed to facilitate dissection of this debris expulsion mechanism.