Name: in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans
Uploaded: 2013-04-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com

몇몇 사람들은이 문서에 설명 된 작업에 기여 하였다. CVG는 실험 설정을 구축하고, LS, SHC, 그리고 CVG는 실험을 수행했습니다. CVG와 SHC는 원고를 썼다. 모든 저자는 이후 개정 과정에 참여했고 원고의 최종 사본을 승인했습니다. 우리는 GCaMP 변형에 대한 폴 Sternberg 감사드립니다. 이 작품에 사용 된 일부 선충류의 긴장은 연구 자원에 대한 NIH 국립 센터 (NCRR)의 지원을 받고 있습니다 Caenorhabditis 유전학 센터 (CGC)에 의해 제공되었다. MATLAB 이미지 분석 프로그램은 18에서 사용되는에서 적응되었습니다. 저자는 보스턴 대학과 매사추세츠 생명 과학 센터에서 지원했다.

1. 광 설치 <ol><li> epifluorescence 이미징 기능으로 표준 복합 현미경을 사용합니다. 우리는 Intensilight HG의 조명기와 니콘 이클립스 티-U 역 현미경을 사용합니다. </li><li> 최고의 이미지 및 신호 품질에 대해 높은 배율, 높은 수치 조리개 목표를 사용합니다. 우리는 일반적으로 니콘 X60 1.4 NA 오일 침적 목표를 사용합니다. 어떤 경우에는 그것은 형광 및 신호 강도의 표현 수준에 따라 (X40, X20) 낮은 배율...

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유전자 인코딩 칼슘 표시기가 널리 C.에 활용 된 elegans 신경 생물학. 많은 그룹은 전기 필드에 ASJ 응답과 함께 시연와 같은 외부 자극에 차 감각 뉴런의 반응을 공부하고 이러한 기술을 고용하고 있습니다. 눈에 잘 띄는 예는 기계 터치의 감각, 특정 화학 물질, 온도 및 전기 분야 12, 16-19 등이 있습니다. interneuron 및 근육 세포의 활동은 자극에 대한 응답으로, 동물 행동의 통제?...

여기 C.의 생체 칼슘 이미징에 대한 실질적인 방법을 제시 elegans의 뉴런. 높은 신호 대 잡음 비율 유전자 인코딩 칼슘에 민감한 fluorophores의 개발은 C.하게 neurophysiology과 활동의 측정을위한 비교적 간단하고 비용 효율적인 시스템을 elegans. 우리 이미징는 일반적으로 사용 가능한 fluorophores의 폭 넓은 분야 형광 이미징을 사용하여 표준 복합 현미경으로 이루어집니다. 우리는 각각의 강점과 약점을 토론, 다양한 fluorophores 서로 다른 샘플 준비를 채용 몇 가지 기술을 제시한다. 데이터는 후 두 예를 들어 실험에서 제공됩니다. 여기에서 설명한 기술에 훌륭한 추가 리소스가 WormBook, &quot;영상 뉴런과 근육의 활동&quot;R. 커로 (에서 찾을 수 있습니다 <a href="http://www.wormbook.org" target="_blank">http://www.wormbook.org</a> ) 3. geneti의 두 가지 주요 클래스켈리 인코딩 형광 칼슘 기자는 일반적으로 C.에 사용됩니다 elegans : 단일 채널 GCaMP과 걱정 기반 cameleon. 우리는 방법을 설명하고 각에서 생성 된 데이터에 대한 예를 표시합니다. GCaMP는 주변 칼슘 농도에 민감 수정 그린 형광 단백질 (GFP)을 기반으로합니다. 이것은 calmodulin에 의해 칼슘의 바인딩이 효율적으로 형광등 확인이로 GFP 분자을 제공되도록 GFP의 융합과 높은 칼슘 친 화성 단백질 calmodulin에 의해 달성된다. 이 fluorophores의 최근 발전은 칼슘 수준의 생리적 범위와 ~ 95 밀리 초 상승 시간 및 ~ 650 밀리 초 감소 시간 4 합리적으로 빠른 반응 속도론 이상의 형광 강도의 최대 500 % 증가로 뛰어난 신호 크기를 생성합니다. 비교적 짧은 기간 (분) 동안이 대형 신호는 낮은 해상도 영상을 허용 (낮은 배율)와, 잘 행동 INIT 부여 할 수 있습니다ial 기준 측정, 연속 기준선 또는 비교 측정의 필요성을 깨뜨릴. Cameleon은 두 개의 독립적 인 채널이나 파장 1 비교 ratiometric 측정을 생성하는 걱정 기반의 형광가되는 장점이 있습니다. 이 calmodulin 단백질로 연결 두 개의 별도 fluorophores (시안과 노란색 발광 형광 단백질, CFP 및 YFP)으로 구성되어 있습니다. 단지는 CFP을 자극 푸른 빛 (440 nm 정도)으로 조명하고 있습니다. 칼슘의 바인딩은 YFP (수용체)에 CFP (기증자)에서 형광 공명 에너지 전송 (걱정) 증가와 CFP 방사 (480 nm 정도)가 감소하고 YFP 방사 (535 nm 정도) 증가하는 원인이 서로 가깝게 fluorophores을 제공합니다 . 상대 칼슘 수준은 YFP / CFP 강도의 비율로 측정됩니다. Cameleon의 동력학은 ~ 1 초의 상승 시간과 ~ 3 초 5 붕괴 시간을 가지고 생체로 측정 GCaMP,보다 느린 있습니다. 그러나,oppositely 이동 신호의 비율은 신호의 크기를 증가시키고 인해 형광 농도, 모션 또는 초점 드리프트 및 표백의 변화에​​ 가능한 유물의 번호를 보상. 유전자 인코딩 형광 기자 exogenously 관리 프로브와 C.와 함께 필요한 샘플 준비의 대부분을 백지화 elegans 작은 투명한 몸은 간단한 넓은 필드 형광을 사용하여 손상 동물에서 이미지 할 수 있습니다. 샘플 준비의 주요 기술 과제는 안전하게 동물을 고정하는 것이 있습니다. 다른 일반적으로 사용되는 기술 장점과 단점 각각의 숫자가 있습니다. 동물을 마비하는 약리 에이전트를 사용하면 쉽게 구현할 수 있으며, 수 (Levamisole, 점유 근육 조직을 일으키는 일반적으로 6 데 사용되는 cholinergic 작용제) 한 준비에서 여러 동물의 장착. C. elegans는 물리적으로 장착하여 고정 할 수 있습니다뻣뻣한 10% 아가로 오스 7, 8 있습니다. 동물의 생리 기능에이 최소화 미치는 영향은 장기 이미징 (시간) 여러 동물의 복구를 할 수 있지만 더 기술적으로 어렵습니다. 이러한 기술 모두 동물 (이는 커버 슬립 이하)에 물리적으로 액세스를 제한하기 때문에 특정 실험 자극 (예 : 빛, 온도, 전기장 또는 레이저 손상 등)와 함께 사용할 수 있습니다. 이러한 화학 물질의 접촉이나 관리와 같은 물리적 인 액세스가 필요합니다 자극에 대한 많은 연구가 성공적으로 C.이 붙은 것 장소에 elegans (수의학 등급 접착제를 사용하여) 9. 이 기술적으로 더 도전이며, 하나의 동물 준비하고 동물 복구를 허용하지 않습니다. 마지막으로, 다수의 마이크로 유체 장치는 물리적 C.을 억제하는 고용 한 elegans은, 동물 생리를 보존 자극 (장치 설계에 따라 다름) 대부분의 유형에 대한 노출을 허용하고하면 동물의 신속한 교류 및 복구를 사용할 수 있습니다 <sup&gt; 10, 11. 그러나 microfluidics는 디자인, 제조 및 구현에 추가 기술 기술과 기능을 필요로합니다. 고정 동물 활동 및 자극에 반응은 일반적으로 감각과 interneurons로 측정 할 수 있습니다. 모터 뉴런의 활동 움직이는 동물의 이미지에 대한 더 많은 정교한 기술을 필요로합니다. 여기 약리 paralyzation와 치열한 아가로 오스와 고정의 두 가장 간단한 기술을 채용 자세한 방법을 제시합니다. 여기에 제시된 방법은 C.의 neuronal 활동 및 세포 생리학을 측정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다 elegans. 우리는 각각의 예를 들어 주 : 외부 전기장에 ASJ 신경의 감각 응답을 측정 할 수 GCaMP 사용하고, 신경 세포의 레이저 손상 생리 칼슘 응답을 측정 cameleon을 사용합니다. 이러한 예는 fluorophores의 두 유형의 장점과 단점을 보여 시스템이 가능합니다 무엇을 보여줍니다.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Eclipse Ti-U inverted 
 microscope</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intensilight HG Illuminator</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>C-HGFI</td>
 <td>Fluorescent light source</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CFI Plan Apo VC 60X Oil</td>
 <td>Nikon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Optical table or 3'X3' optical 
 grade breadboard</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>If an optical table is not used an 
 optical grade breadboard on a 
 solid laboratory bench should 
 suffice.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Clara Interline Camera</td>
 <td>Andor 
 Technology</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>High-sensitivity CCD camera</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>wtGFP Longpass Emission</td>
 <td>Chroma Technology 
 Corp.</td>
 <td>41015</td>
 <td>GFP filter set for imaging GCaMP</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 440 +/- 10 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D440/20x EX</td>
 <td>excitation filter for cameleon</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 455 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>455DCLP BS</td>
 <td>microscope dichroic for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dichroic mirror &gt; 515 nm 
 longpass</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>515DCLP BS</td>
 <td>dichroic mirror for cameleon 
 imaging</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 535 +/- 15 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D535/30m EM</td>
 <td>YFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filter 480 +/- 20 nm</td>
 <td>Chroma</td>
 <td>D485/40m EM</td>
 <td>CFP emission filter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lens, 200 mm, Achromat</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>AC508-200-A1</td>
 <td>Relay lens for FRET optics (3)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silver broadband mirror</td>
 <td>Thor Labs</td>
 <td>ME2S-P01</td>
 <td>FRET optics (2)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NGM buffer</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Levamisole</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polybead Microspheres</td>
 <td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
 <td>08691-10, 2.5% by 
 volume, 50 nm 
 diameter</td>
 <td>polystyrene nanoparticles for C. 
 elegans immobilization</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, Strain 
 gpa-9::GCaMP3(in pha-1; 
 him-5 bkg) </td>
 <td>Sternberg Lab</td>
 <td>Strain PS6388</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transgenic strain, mec- 
 4::YC3.60</td>
 <td>Gabel Lab</td>
 <td>Strain CG1B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

in vivo neuronal calcium imaging in c. elegans

선충류 웜 C. elegans는 생체에서 상대적으로 단순하고 저렴한 비용으로 neuronal 이미징을위한 이상적인 모델 생물이다. 작은 투명 몸과 간단한 잘 특징 신경계의 손상 동물에서 확인하고 신경 세포의 형광 이미징 할 수 있습니다. 동물의 생리 기능에 미치는 영향을 최소화와 간단한 고정 기법은 오랜 시간 경과 영상 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 cameleon 1 GCaMP이 같은 유전자 인코딩 칼슘 민감한 fluorophores의 개발은 세포 생리학과 neuronal 활동을 모두 관련된 neuronal 칼슘의 생체 이미징에 수 있습니다. 특정 뉴런에서 이러한 fluorophores을 표현 수많은 유전자 변형 종자는 쉽게 사용할 수 있습니다 또는 잘 구축 된 기술을 사용하여 구축 할 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 GCaMP와 cameleon를 사용하여 생체 내에서 단일 신경 세포 내 칼슘 역학을 측정하기위한 세부 절차를 설명합니다. 우리는 장점과 disadvant을 논의모두 세뿐만 아니라 샘플 준비 (동물 고정) 및 이미지 분석의 다양한 방법. 외상성 레이저 손상 신경의 생리적 칼슘 응답을 측정 cameleon를 사용하여 외부 전기 분야 2 특정 뉴런의 감각 반응)를 측정하는 GCaMP를 사용하여 : 1) 마지막으로, 우리는 두 실험의 결과를 제시한다. 다음과 같은 칼슘 이미징 기술은 C.에 광범위하게 사용됩니다 elegans와는 유전 적 배경에서 자유롭게 이동하는 동물, 동시에 여러 뉴런과 비교 측정으로 확장되었습니다. C.는 elegans 기술 단순성과 비용의 다른 모델 시스템을 통해 장점과 생체 neuronal 이미지에 대한 강력하고 유연한 시스템을 제공합니다.

여기 두 개의 서로 다른 실험의 결과를 제시한다. 첫 번째는 형광 칼슘 기자 광학 그대로 C.에 neuronal 활동을 모니터링하는 데 사용할 수있는 방법에 대한 좋은 예를 제공 정의 된 외부 자극에 특정 감각 신경 세포의 반응을 측정 할 GCaMP 고용 elegans. 두 번째는 cameleon이 과도 세포 내 칼슘이 때문에 칼슘 생리학은 생체 내에서 단일 세포 내에서 측정 할 수있는 방법을 설명하는 특...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans at JoVE.com

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

작은 투명 몸, 잘 문서화 neuroanatomy 및 의무 유전자 기술과 시약의 호스트로,<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt;를위한 이상적인 모델 유기체를 만들어<em&gt; 생체 내</em상대적으로 단순하고 저렴한 비용으로 기술을 사용하여&gt; neuronal 영상. 여기 유전자 인코딩 형광 칼슘 지표를 사용하여 그대로 어른이 동물에서 단일 신경 세포 이미징을 설명합니다.

C.의 생체 Neuronal 칼슘 이미징에서 elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

in-vivo-neuronal-calcium-imaging-in-c-elegans

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron is damaged by injury or disease, it may regenerate. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the ability of a neuron to regenerate and restore function. Recently, the nematode C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model organism to identify genes and signaling pathways that influence the regeneration of neurons1-6. The main way to initiate neuronal regeneration in C. elegans is laser-mediated cutting, or axotomy. During axotomy, a fluorescently-labeled neuronal process is severed using high-energy pulses. Initially, neuronal regeneration in C. elegans was examined using an amplified femtosecond laser5. However, subsequent regeneration studies have shown that a conventional pulsed laser can be used to accurately sever neurons in vivo and elicit a similar regenerative response1,3,7.
We present a protocol for performing in vivo laser axotomy in the worm using a MicroPoint pulsed laser, a turnkey system that is readily available and that has been widely used for targeted cell ablation. We describe aligning the laser, mounting the worms, cutting specific neurons, and assessing subsequent regeneration. The system provides the ability to cut large numbers of neurons in multiple worms during one experiment. Thus, laser axotomy as described herein is an efficient system for initiating and analyzing the process of regeneration.

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

A protocol to cut neurons in C. elegans with a MicroPoint pulsed laser is presented. We describe setting up the system, immobilizing worms, and severing labeled neurons. Advantages include a relatively low-cost system and the ability to sever neuronal processes or ablate cells in vivo.

C로 생체내 레이저 Axotomy에서 엘레간스

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

연구

신경과학

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within the same species 1,2. These intraspecies signals, the pheromones, as well as signals from some predators 3, activate the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) with high levels of specificity and sensitivity 4. At least three distinct families of G-protein coupled receptors, V1R, V2R and FPR 5-14, are expressed in VNO neurons to mediate the detection of the chemosensory cues. To understand how pheromone information is encoded by the VNO, it is critical to analyze the response profiles of individual VSNs to various stimuli and identify the specific receptors that mediate these responses.
The neuroepithelia of VNO are enclosed in a pair of vomer bones. The semi-blind tubular structure of VNO has one open end (the vomeronasal duct) connecting to the nasal cavity. VSNs extend their dendrites to the lumen part of the VNO, where the pheromone cues are in contact with the receptors expressed at the dendritic knobs. The cell bodies of the VSNs form pseudo-stratified layers with V1R and V2R expressed in the apical and basal layers respectively 6-8. Several techniques have been utilized to monitor responses of VSNs to sensory stimuli 4,12,15-19. Among these techniques, acute slice preparation offers several advantages. First, compared to dissociated VSNs 3,17, slice preparations maintain the neurons in their native morphology and the dendrites of the cells stay relatively intact. Second, the cell bodies of the VSNs are easily accessible in coronal slice of the VNO to allow electrophysiology studies and imaging experiments as compared to whole epithelium and whole-mount preparations 12,20. Third, this method can be combined with molecular cloning techniques to allow receptor identification.
Sensory stimulation elicits strong Ca2+ influx in VSNs that is indicative of receptor activation 4,21. We thus develop transgenic mice that express G-CaMP2 in the olfactory sensory neurons, including the VSNs 15,22. The sensitivity and the genetic nature of the probe greatly facilitate Ca2+ imaging experiments. This method has eliminated the dye loading process used in previous studies 4,21. We also employ a ligand delivery system that enables application of various stimuli to the VNO slices. The combination of the two techniques allows us to monitor multiple neurons simultaneously in response to large numbers of stimuli. Finally, we have established a semi-automated analysis pipeline to assist image processing.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects intraspecies chemical signals that convey social and reproductive information. We have performed Ca2+ imaging experiments using transgenic mice expressing G-CaMP2 in VNO tissue. This approach allows us to analyze the complicated response patterns of the vomeronasal neurons to large numbers of pheromone stimuli.

영상의 연결 응답 Vomeronasal 조직의 슬라이스 준비에 유전적으로 인코딩된 칼슘 센서를 표현

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects chemosensory signals that carry information about the social, sexual and reproductive status of the individuals within ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall neural circuit function. Synapse strength critically depends on the abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synaptic sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor levels are established developmentally, and can be altered by receptor trafficking between surface-localized, subsynaptic, and intracellular pools, representing important mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. Rigorous methods to quantify synaptically-localized neurotransmitter receptor abundance are essential to study synaptic development and plasticity. Fluorescence microscopy is an optimal approach because it preserves spatial information, distinguishing synaptic from non-synaptic pools, and discriminating among receptor populations localized to different types of synapses. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly well suited for these studies due to the small size and relative simplicity of its nervous system, its transparency, and the availability of powerful genetic techniques, allowing examination of native synapses in intact animals.
Here we present a method for quantifying fluorescently-labeled synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in C. elegans. Its key feature is the automated identification and analysis of individual synapses in three dimensions in multi-plane confocal microscope output files, tabulating position, volume, fluorescence intensity, and total fluorescence for each synapse. This approach has two principal advantages over manual analysis of z-plane projections of confocal data. First, because every plane of the confocal data set is included, no data are lost through z-plane projection, typically based on pixel intensity averages or maxima. Second, identification of synapses is automated, but can be inspected by the experimenter as the data analysis proceeds, allowing fast and accurate extraction of data from large numbers of synapses. Hundreds to thousands of synapses per sample can easily be obtained, producing large data sets to maximize statistical power. Considerations for preparing C. elegans for analysis, and performing confocal imaging to minimize variability between animals within treatment groups are also discussed. Although developed to analyze C. elegans postsynaptic receptors, this method is generally useful for any type of synaptically-localized protein, or indeed, any fluorescence signal that is localized to discrete clusters, puncta, or organelles.
The procedure is performed in three steps: 1) preparation of samples, 2) confocal imaging, and 3) image analysis. Steps 1 and 2 are specific to C. elegans, while step 3 is generally applicable to any punctate fluorescence signal in confocal micrographs.

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

The abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synapses strongly influences synaptic strength. This method quantifies fluorescently-labeled neurotransmitter receptors in three dimensions with single-synapse resolution in C. elegans, allowing hundreds of synapses to be rapidly characterized within a single sample without distortions introduced by z-plane projection.

에서 시냅틱 형광의 자동 부량<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of stress-induced plasticity is the dauer stage of C. elegans. Dauers are an alternative developmental larval stage formed under conditions of low concentrations of bacterial food and high concentrations of a dauer pheromone. Dauers display extensive developmental and behavioral plasticity. For example, a set of four inner-labial quadrant (IL2Q) neurons undergo extensive reversible remodeling during dauer formation. Utilizing the well-known environmental pathways regulating dauer entry, a previously established method for the production of crude dauer pheromone from large-scale liquid nematode cultures is demonstrated. With this method, a concentration of 50,000 - 75,000 nematodes/ml of liquid culture is sufficient to produce a highly potent crude dauer pheromone. The crude pheromone potency is determined by a dose-response bioassay. Finally, the methods used for in vivo time-lapse imaging of the IL2Qs during dauer formation are described.

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

Following exposure to specific environmental stressors, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans undergoes extensive phenotypic plasticity to enter into a stress-resistant &#8216;dauer&#8217; juvenile stage. We present methods for the controlled induction and imaging of neuroplasticity during dauer.

C.에서 영속 특정 신경 세포 리모델링의 생체 내 이미징에서 엘레

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

발광 생물 칼슘 표시 GFP - 쿼린을 기반으로 생체 기능성 뇌 영상의 접근 방식

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its completely mapped nervous system and transparent anatomy, presents an ideal model for understanding real-time neural dynamics using calcium indicators. In combination with microfluidic technologies and experimental designs, calcium-imaging studies using these indicators are performed in both free-moving and trapped animals. However, most previous studies utilizing trapping devices, such as the olfactory chip described in Chronis et al., have devices designed for use in the more common hermaphrodite, as the less common male is both morphologically and structurally dissimilar. An adapted olfactory chip was designed and fabricated for increased efficiency in male neuronal imaging with using young adult animals. A turn was incorporated into the worm loading port to rotate the animals and to allow for the separation of the individual neurons within a bilateral pair in 2D imaging. Worms are exposed to a controlled flow of odorant within the microfluidic device, as described in previous hermaphrodite studies. Calcium transients are then analyzed using the open-source software ImageJ. The procedure described herein should allow for an increased amount of male-based C. elegans calcium imaging studies, deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of sex-specific neuronal signaling.

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

The use of an adapted &#34;olfactory chip&#34; for the efficient calcium imaging of C. elegans males is described here. Studies of male exposure to glycerol and a pheromone are also shown.

남성 선 충 C. 머리 신경에 있는 페로몬에 대 한 응답에서 신경 활동의 이미징에 대 한 적응된 미세 후 각 칩을 사용 하 여

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its ...

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

We present a method combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging to record Ca2+ transients in neuronal dendrites in acute brain slices.

두뇌 조각에서 신경 모 수석에서 2 광자 칼슘 이미지

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

꼬마 선 충 을 행동에 개별 뉴런의 비율 칼슘 이미징

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

애벌레 Zebrafish의 측면 라인 세포의 생체 내 칼슘 이미징

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Quantitative Approaches for Scoring in vivo Neuronal Aggregate and Organelle Extrusion in Large Exopher Vesicles in C. elegans

Toxicity of misfolded proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction are pivotal factors that promote age-associated functional neuronal decline and neurodegenerative disease across species. Although these neurotoxic challenges have long been considered to be cell-intrinsic, considerable evidence now supports that misfolded human disease proteins originating in one neuron can appear in neighboring cells, a phenomenon proposed to promote pathology spread in human neurodegenerative disease.
C. elegans adult neurons that express aggregating proteins can extrude large (~4 &#181;m) membrane-surrounded vesicles that can include the aggregated protein, mitochondria, and lysosomes. These large vesicles are called &#8220;exophers&#8221; and are distinct from exosomes (which are about 100x smaller and have different biogenesis). Throwing out cellular debris in exophers may occur by a conserved mechanism that constitutes a fundamental, but formerly unrecognized, branch of neuronal proteostasis and mitochondrial quality control, relevant to processes by which aggregates spread in human neurodegenerative diseases.
While exophers have been mostly studied in animals that express high copy transgenic mCherry within touch neurons, these protocols are equally useful in the study of exophergenesis using fluorescently tagged organelles or other proteins of interest in various classes of neurons.
Described here are the physical features of C. elegans exophers, strategies for their detection, identification criteria, optimal timing for quantitation, and animal growth protocols that control for stresses that can modulate exopher production levels. Together, details of protocols outlined here should serve to establish a standard for quantitative analysis of exophers across laboratories. This document seeks to serve as a resource in the field for laboratories seeking to elaborate molecular mechanisms by which exophers are produced and by which exophers are reacted to by neighboring and distant cells.

Quantitative Approaches for Scoring in vivo Neuronal Aggregate and Organelle Extrusion in Large Exopher Vesicles in C. elegans

This protocol describes approaches for detection and quantitation of large aggregate and/or organelle extrusions (~4 &#181;m) produced by C. elegans cells in the form of membrane-bound exophers. We describe strains, growth conditions, scoring criteria, timing, and microscopy considerations needed to facilitate dissection of this debris expulsion mechanism.