Name: forward genetic approaches in chlamydia trachomatis
Uploaded: 2013-10-23T18:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis at JoVE.com

1。化学変異注意：我々は、複製RBフォームはEBフォームより化学的突然変異誘発をより従順であることがわかった。半ばサイクル（HPI 20から18の間）で、RBは、事前RB-EB遷移の最大の数字である。 クラミジアは偏性細胞内の病原体であるため、ホストの健全性に対する変異の効果は、細菌の回復を制限することができます。ベロ細胞は、試験した他の細胞株に比べEMS?...

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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+diversity+occurs+by+widespread+interstrain+recombination+involving+hotspots.">Evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis diversity occurs by widespread interstrain recombination involving hotspots.</a> Genome Res. 17 (1), 50-60 (2007).</li><li>DeMars, R., Weinfurter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstrain+gene+transfer+in+Chlamydia+trachomatis+in+vitro,+mechanism+and+significance.">Interstrain gene transfer in Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro, mechanism and significance.</a> J Bacteriol. 190 (5), 1605-1614 (2008).</li><li>Demars, R., Weinfurter, J., Guex, E., Lin, J., Potucek, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+gene+transfer+in+vitro+in+the+intracellular+pathogen+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">Lateral gene transfer in vitro in the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> J Bacteriol. 189 (3), 991-1003 (2007).</li><li>Nguyen, B. 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それは遺伝子型と表現型の間のリンケージを確立するように、この方法論は、遺伝子解析のための基本的な要件を満たしています。重要なことに、これはしばしば、非モデル微生物における遺伝子機能の解析における律速段階である組換えDNA形質転換菌の遺伝子の挿入不活化のための従来の分子生物学のツールの助けを借りずに達成される。 一つの重要なステップは、?...

関連付けられていると、米国では年間推定280万生殖路感染症（疾病管理センター）の後遺症などの骨盤内炎症性疾患、子宮外妊娠、および不妊症（1）などのための絶対細胞内細菌のクラミジアトラコマチスアカウント 。 クラミジア属はユニークを持っている感染が、非複製素体（EB）と非感染性はなく複製網状体（RB）：2つの形式で構成される二相性発達サイクルで生理。感染endoctyotosis（2）続いて上皮細胞へのEBのアタッチメントから始まります。膜結合液胞は、インクルージョンと呼ばれる中では、EBをその後二分裂によって複製RB形、に分化する。半ばサイクルで、RBの遷移当時感染の新しいラウンドを開始するために、細胞外空間に放出されているEBを、ときに宿主細胞溶解する（3）。 クラミジアですこのような細菌の遺伝学のほとんどの研究の中心となっている標的遺伝子の交換、トランスポゾン、および形質導入ファージ、などの標準的な分子遺伝学的ツールを使用してルーチン操作に耐火、それは個々のクラミジア遺伝子が自然免疫の回避に寄与する程度は不明である、栄養買収、発達トランジション、または真核生物宿主（4）内の病原体の生存のために重要な他のプロセス。したがって、この病原体はその臨床的重要性にもかかわらず、不十分な特徴のままです。 クラミジア属のゲノム。次世代シーケンシング技術を用いて配列決定、複数の種と生物型に（5）（〜1 MB）比較的小さい。 WGSによって比較ゲノム解析クラミジア種の進化にユニークな洞察を提供しており、ヒトの（6-8）へとある程度彼らの適応は病原因子のポテンシャル関数（9、10）のようないくつかの情報を提供してきました。 T臨床分離株で表示される、彼の遺伝的多様性は、このような遺伝子の変異を容易に対して選択されていたので、おそらく、体系的にほとんどの病原因子の機能をマッピングするために必要な解像度を提供していません。自然淘汰から交絡影響を与えることなく、病原性のメジャー欠陥その定義されたアッセイと相まって変異誘発の遺伝子変化は、調査することができる突然変異のスペクトルを拡張することができます。化学変異原は、特に、それらがnull、条件、hypomorphic（機能低下）を生成することができますとして有用、とhypermorphic（関数のゲイン）対立遺伝子である。堅牢な次世代のゲノム配列決定技術の到来により、そのような変異を容易に識別してマッピングすることができる。このように、強いアソシエーションが前方に遺伝的アプローチの適用を可能にする、遺伝子または遺伝子経路の変異および共通の表現型の間で行うことができる。 臨床株のゲノム配列は、モザイクBを明らかにしたetweenの血清型と頻繁な組み換えの軌跡（11）。組換えの経験的証拠は、2つの異なる抗生物質耐性株の両方株（12,13）からの遺伝的寄与を有することが判明した二重耐性子孫組換えの選択の同時感染により実証した。したがって、同時感染設定で野生型と変異株の間で遺伝子交換は、化学的に誘発される突然変異の偏析が観察された表現型につながる影響を受けた遺伝子を特定することができます。 ここでは、化学的突然変異誘発、WGS、および感染細胞内のDNA交換（14）（ 図1）のためのシステムに基づいてクラミジアの遺伝的分析を実行する方法を説明します。

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cols="4">
	<colgroup width="291">
	</colgroup>
	<colgroup width="123">
	</colgroup>
	<colgroup width="144">
	</colgroup>
	<colgroup width="84">
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995-073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>35-010-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M0880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C4859-1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15750-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution with 0.493 mM MgCl2 and 0.901 mM CaCl2 (PBS+MgCl2/CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14040-133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M NaOH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5x SPG buffer (1.25 M sucrose, 50 mM sodium phosphate, 25 mM glutamic acid)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPG buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM glutamic acid)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water (sterile, tissue culture grade)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x DMEM (prepared from powder, buffered with 7.4 g/L Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D7777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential amino acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.2% GTG Agarose , autoclaved</td>
			<td>Lonzo</td>
			<td>50070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genomic DNA purification kits</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAzol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10503-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (molecular biology grade)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 mM NaOH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 M HEPES ( 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 cm2 tissue culture flasks (T25 flasks)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemical safety hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological safety hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#62;Centrifuge and adaptors for spinning tissue plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#62;Dissection microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorometer (Qubit)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adaptive Focused Acoustics S220 instrument</td>
			<td>Covaris</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

forward genetic approaches in chlamydia trachomatis

クラミジアトラコマチス 、性病と眼感染症の病原体は、組換えDNAで不完全に起因する実験的な変革へのその扱いにくさに特徴のままです。我々はCで遺伝子解析を実行するためのアプローチを開発分子遺伝学的ツールの不足にもかかわらず、 トラコマティス 。我々の方法は、関係する：i）急速に明確な表現型と遺伝的に定義された変異体の包括的なライブラリを生成するために、化学的突然変異誘発し、ii）の全ゲノムシーケンシング（WGS）は、基礎となる遺伝的病変をマッピングすると、変異遺伝子（群）との間の関連を見つけると。共通の表現型; iii）の変異体および野生型細菌と哺乳動物細胞の同時感染を介した組換え株の生成。そこで、遺伝子型と表現型の間の因果関係を確立することができました。相関遺伝子型 - 表現型の関連百鬼夜行を確立するために、化学的に誘発される遺伝子変異とWGSのカップリングldは遺伝子解析に現在難病医学的に、環境に重要な微生物の大規模なリストに広く適用される。

突然変異原への曝露は、細菌の細胞死が原因おそらく、細菌を欠い現れる介在物につながる。一般的に、血清型LGV-L2は完全に48時間後に感染症の中で感染した細胞を溶解しますが、変異誘発物質による治療は&gt; 90 hまでこのサイクルを拡張することができます。介在物の約10％が回復すると予想される。我々の実験では、20 mg / mlのEMSで治療感染Vero細胞は、未処理のコントロールと比較して感?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis at JoVE.com

Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis

我々は、化学変異誘発および全ゲノムシーケンシングに基づいてクラミジアの遺伝的分析を実行する方法を説明します。さらに、感染細胞内のDNA交換のためのシステムは、遺伝子マッピングのために使用することができることについて説明する。この方法は、変換システムおよび分子遺伝学的ツールを欠く微生物システムに広く適用することができる。

フォワード遺伝的アプローチで<em&gt;クラミジアトラコマチス</em

Chlamydia trachomatis, the etiological agent of sexually transmitted diseases and ocular infections, remains poorly characterized due to its ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis

A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants

The widespread, obligate intracellular, protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes opportunistic disease in immuno-compromised patients and causes birth defects upon congenital infection. The lytic replication cycle is characterized by three stages: 1. active invasion of a nucleated host cell; 2. replication inside the host cell; 3. active egress from the host cell. The mechanism of egress is increasingly being appreciated as a unique, highly regulated process, which is still poorly understood at the molecular level. The signaling pathways underlying egress have been characterized through the use of pharmacological agents acting on different aspects of the pathways1-5. As such, several independent triggers of egress have been identified which all converge on the release of intracellular Ca2+, a signal that is also critical for host cell invasion6-8. This insight informed a candidate gene approach which led to the identification of plant like calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) involved in egress9. In addition, several recent breakthroughs in understanding egress have been made using (chemical) genetic approaches10-12. To combine the wealth of pharmacological information with the increasing genetic accessibility of Toxoplasma we recently established a screen permitting the enrichment for parasite mutants with a defect in host cell egress13. Although chemical mutagenesis using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) has been used for decades in the study of Toxoplasma biology11,14,15, only recently has genetic mapping of mutations underlying the phenotypes become routine16-18. Furthermore, by generating temperature-sensitive mutants, essential processes can be dissected and the underlying genes directly identified. These mutants behave as wild-type under the permissive temperature (35 &deg;C), but fail to proliferate at the restrictive temperature (40 &deg;C) as a result of the mutation in question. Here we illustrate a new phenotypic screening method to isolate mutants with a temperature-sensitive egress phenotype13. The challenge for egress screens is to separate egressed from non-egressed parasites, which is complicated by fast re-invasion and general stickiness of the parasites to host cells. A previously established egress screen was based on a cumbersome series of biotinylation steps to separate intracellular from extracellular parasites11. This method also did not generate conditional mutants resulting in weak phenotypes. The method described here overcomes the strong attachment of egressing parasites by including a glycan competitor, dextran sulfate (DS), that prevents parasites from sticking to the host cell19. Moreover, extracellular parasites are specifically killed off by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which leaves intracellular parasites unharmed20. Therefore, with a new phenotypic screen to specifically isolate parasite mutants with defects in induced egress, the power of genetics can now be fully deployed to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell egress.

A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants

Forward genetics is a powerful method to unravel the molecular level of how Toxoplasma egresses from its host cell. Protocols are provided to chemically mutagenize parasites, enrich for mutants with defects in induced egress, and validate the phenotype of cloned mutants.

分離するために遺伝学的スクリーニングトキソプラズマホストセル出口変異体

The widespread, obligate intracellular, protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes opportunistic disease in immuno-compromised patients and causes birth ...

免疫・感染学

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.
Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein1,2. The &Delta;ku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The &Delta;ku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale1-4.
Here, we report methods for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80&Delta;hxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in &Delta;ku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).

Genetic Manipulation in &lt;em&gt;&amp;Delta;ku80&lt;/em&gt; Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of &lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt;

Here we report a method for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80 strains of Toxoplasma gondii to efficiently generate targeted gene deletions and gene replacements for functional genomic analysis.

の遺伝的操作<em&gt;Δku80</emの機能ゲノム解析のための&gt;株<em&gt;トキソプラズマ</em

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene ...

VIGS-Mediated Forward Genetics Screening for Identification of Genes Involved in Nonhost Resistance

Nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. Understanding this mechanism is important for developing durable disease-resistant plants against wide range of pathogens. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based forward genetics screening is a useful approach for identification of plant defense genes imparting nonhost resistance. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS vector is the most efficient VIGS vector to date and has been efficiently used to silence endogenous target genes in Nicotiana benthamiana.

	In this manuscript, we demonstrate a forward genetics screening approach for silencing of individual clones from a cDNA library in N. benthamiana and assessing the response of gene silenced plants for compromised nonhost resistance against nonhost pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1, P. syringae pv. glycinea, and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. These bacterial pathogens are engineered to express GFPuv protein and their green fluorescing colonies can be seen by naked eye under UV light in the nonhost pathogen inoculated plants if the silenced target gene is involved in imparting nonhost resistance. This facilitates reliable and faster identification of gene silenced plants susceptible to nonhost pathogens. Further, promising candidate gene information can be known by sequencing the plant gene insert in TRV vector. Here we demonstrate the high throughput capability of VIGS-mediated forward genetics to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance. Approximately, 100 cDNAs can be individually silenced in about two to three weeks and their relevance in nonhost resistance against several nonhost bacterial pathogens can be studied in a week thereafter. In this manuscript, we enumerate the detailed steps involved in this screening. VIGS-mediated forward genetics screening approach can be extended not only to identifying genes involved in nonhost resistance but also to studying genes imparting several biotic and abiotic stress tolerances in various plant species.

Virus-induced gene silencing is an useful tool for identifying genes involved in nonhost resistance of plants. We demonstrate the use of bacterial pathogens expressing GFPuv in identifying gene silenced plants susceptible to nonhost pathogens. This approach is easy, fast and facilitates large scale screening and similar protocol can be applied to studying various other plant-microbe interactions.

非宿主抵抗性に関与する遺伝子の同定のためのVIGS媒介フォワード遺伝スクリーニング


	Nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. Understanding this mechanism is important ...

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches

Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at all on selective media that are usually used to cultivate bacteria. For this reason, many of these pathogens were discovered only recently or following important outbreaks. These pathogens are often associated with amoebae, which serve as host-cell and allow the survival and growth of the bacteria. We intend here to provide a demonstration of two techniques that allow isolation and characterization of intracellular pathogens present in clinical or environmental samples: the amoebal coculture and the amoebal enrichment. Amoebal coculture allows recovery of intracellular bacteria by inoculating the investigated sample onto an amoebal lawn that can be infected and lysed by the intracellular bacteria present in the sample. Amoebal enrichment allows recovery of amoebae present in a clinical or environmental sample. This can lead to discovery of new amoebal species but also of new intracellular bacteria growing specifically in these amoebae. Together, these two techniques help to discover new intracellular bacteria able to grow in amoebae. Because of their ability to infect amoebae and resist phagocytosis, these intracellular bacteria might also escape phagocytosis by macrophages and thus, be pathogenic for higher eukaryotes.

Amoebal coculture is a cell culture system using adherent amoebae to selectively grow intracellular pathogens able to resist phagocytic cells such as amoebae and macrophages. It thus represents a key tool to discover new infectious agents. Amoebal enrichment allows discovery of new amoebal species and of their specific intracellular bacteria.

アメーバ共培養し、アメーバ濃縮アプローチによって新しい細胞内病原体の発見

Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at ...

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection and also the primary cause of preventable blindness in the world. An essential determinant for successful infection of host cells by Chlamydia is the bacterium's ability to manipulate host cell signaling from within a novel, vacuolar compartment called the inclusion. From within the inclusion, Chlamydia acquire nutrients required for their 2-3 day developmental growth, and they additionally secrete a panel of effector proteins onto the cytosolic face of the vacuole membrane and into the host cytosol. Gaps in our understanding of Chlamydia biology, however, present significant challenges for visualizing and analyzing this intracellular compartment. Recently, a reverse-imaging strategy for visualizing the inclusion using GFP expressing host cells was described. This approach rationally exploits the intrinsic impermeability of the inclusion membrane to large molecules such as GFP. In this work, we describe how GFP- or mCherry-expressing host cells are generated for subsequent visualization of chlamydial inclusions. Furthermore, this method is shown to effectively substitute for costly antibody-based enumeration methods, can be used in tandem with other fluorescent labels, such as GFP-expressing Chlamydia, and can be exploited to derive key quantitative data about inclusion membrane growth from a range of Chlamydia species and strains.

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

A live cell fluorescent protein based method for illuminating cellular vacuoles (inclusions) containing Chlamydia is described. This strategy enables rapid, automated determination of Chlamydia infectivity in samples and can be used to quantitatively investigate inclusion growth dynamics.

視覚化し、定量化するために蛍光タンパク質を使用しました<em&gt;クラミジア</em生細胞内&gt;液胞の成長ダイナミクス

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of ...

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. The parasite invades and replicates within virtually any warm blooded vertebrate cell type. During parasite invasion of a host cell, the parasite creates a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) that originates from the host cell membrane independent of phagocytosis within which the parasite replicates. While IFN-dependent-innate and cell mediated immunity is important for eventual control of infection, innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells, can also serve as vehicles for systemic dissemination of the parasite early in infection. An approach is described that utilizes the host innate immune response, in this case macrophages, in a forward genetic screen to identify parasite mutants with a fitness defect in infected macrophages following activation but normal invasion and replication in na&#239;ve macrophages. Thus, the screen isolates parasite mutants that have a specific defect in their ability to resist the effects of macrophage activation. The paper describes two broad phenotypes of mutant parasites following activation of infected macrophages: parasite stasis versus parasite degradation, often in amorphous vacuoles. The parasite mutants are then analyzed to identify the responsible parasite genes specifically important for resistance to induced mediators of cell autonomous immunity. The paper presents a general approach for the forward genetics screen that, in theory, can be modified to target parasite genes important for resistance to specific antimicrobial mediators. It also describes an approach to evaluate the specific macrophage antimicrobial mediators to which the parasite mutant is susceptible. Activation of infected macrophages can also promote parasite differentiation from the tachyzoite to bradyzoite stage that maintains chronic infection. Therefore, methodology is presented to evaluate the importance of the identified parasite gene to establishment of chronic infection.

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&amp;#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

Forward genetics is a powerful approach to identify genes in intracellular pathogens important for resistance to cell autonomous immunity. The current approach uses innate immune cells, specifically macrophages, to identify novel Toxoplasma gondii genes important for immune evasion.

フォワード遺伝学は、識別するためのマクロファージを使用した画面<em&gt;トキソプラズマ</emIFN-γ依存性細胞自律イミュニティへの抵抗のための重要な&gt;遺伝子

Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. The parasite invades and replicates within ...

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively modified with traditional transgene methods for the vaccine development. The reduced efficacies of these traditionally modified Ad5 vectors in clinical trials could be primarily correlated with Ad5 pre-existing immunity (PEI) among the majority of the population. To promote Ad5-vectored vaccine development by solving the concern of Ad5 PEI, the innovative Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy has been employed. By merit of this strategy, Ad5-vectored we first constructed the hexon shuttle plasmid HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S by subcloning the hypervariable region (HVR) 1 of hexon into a previously constructed shuttle plasmid HVR5-His6/pH5S, which had His6 tag incorporated into the HVR5. This HVR1 DNA fragment containing a HIV epitope ELDKWAS was synthesized. HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6/pH5S was then linearized and co-transformed with linearized backbone plasmid pAd5/&#8710;H5 (GL) , for homologous recombination. This recombined plasmid pAd5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 was transfected into cells to generate the viral vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6. This vector was validated to have qualitative fitness indicated by viral physical titer (VP/ml), infectious titer (IP/ml) and corresponding VP/IP ratio. Both the HIV epitope and His6 tag were surface-exposed on the Ad5 capsid, and retained epitope-specific antigenicity of their own. A neutralization assay indicated the ability of this divalent vector to circumvent neutralization by Ad5-positive sera in vitro. Mice immunization demonstrated the generation of robust humoral immunity specific to the HIV epitope and His6. This proof-of-principle study suggested that the protocol associated with the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy could be feasibly utilized for the generation of Ad5-vectored vaccines by modifying different capsid proteins. This protocol could even be further modified for the generation of rare-serotype adenovirus-vectored vaccines.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a proof-of-principle divalent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 by utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy. This vector was demonstrated to exhibit qualitative fitness, the capability to escape Ad5-positive sera in vitro, and the antigenicity as well as immunogenicity to the incorporated antigens.

アデノウイルス血清型5ベクターワクチンアプローチの開発のための抗原キャプシド取り込み戦略を活用

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively modified with traditional transgene methods for the vaccine development. The reduced efficacies of these ...

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage sequences share no homology to current annotated proteins. As a result, a large proportion of phage genes are annotated as hypothetical. This reality heavily affects the annotation of both structural and auxiliary metabolic genes. Here we present phenomic methods designed to capture the physiological response(s) of a selected host during expression of one of these unknown phage genes. Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs) are used to monitor the diversity of host substrate utilization and subsequent biomass formation, while metabolomics provides bi-product analysis by monitoring metabolite abundance and diversity. Both tools are used simultaneously to provide a phenotypic profile associated with expression of a single putative phage open reading frame (ORF). Representative results for both methods are compared, highlighting the phenotypic profile differences of a host carrying either putative structural or metabolic phage genes. In addition, the visualization techniques and high throughput computational pipelines that facilitated experimental analysis are presented.

Here, we present phenomic approaches for the functional characterization of putative phage genes. Techniques include a developed assay capable of monitoring host anabolic metabolism, the Multi-phenotype Assay Plates (MAPs), in addition to the established method of metabolomics, capable of measuring effects to catabolic metabolism.

ファージフェノミクス：小説のウイルスタンパク質を特徴づけるために、生理的アプローチ

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage ...

A Simple Red Blood Cell Lysis Method for the Establishment of B Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

A number of methods exist for the transformation of B lymphocytes by the Epstein Barr virus in vitro into immortalized cell lines. We have developed a new method with a powerful and simple strategy for the establishment of B-LCLs, the red blood cell lysis method. This method simplified the PBMC separation procedure with red blood cell removal, and used as little as 0.5 mL of whole blood for establishing EBV-immortalized cell lines, which can proliferate to large cell numbers in a relatively short amount time with a 100% success rate. The method is simple, reliable, time saving, and applicable to treating a large number of the clinical samples.

A simple red blood cell lysis method for establishing B-LCLs was developed with high immortalization efficiency, requiring a small amount of blood and saving time from initiation to cryopreservation.

Bリンパ芽球様細胞株の樹立のためのシンプルな赤血球溶解法

A number of methods exist for the transformation of B lymphocytes by the Epstein Barr virus in vitro into immortalized cell lines. We have developed a new ...

An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

A number of methods have been described to establish NK/T cell lines from patients with lymphoma or lymphoproliferative syndrome. These methods employed feeder cells, purified NK or T cells with as much as 10 mL of blood, or a high-dose of IL-2. This study presents a new method with a powerful and simple strategy to establish NK and T cell lines by culturing the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with the addition of recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2), and uses as little as 2 mL of whole blood. The cells can proliferate quickly in two weeks and be maintained for more than 3 months. With this method, 7 NK or T cell lines have been established with a high success rate. This method is simple, reliable, and applicable to establishing cell lines from more cases of CAEBV or NK/T cell lymphoma.

A simple method for obtaining NK and T cell clones from CAEBV patients was developed with high efficiency, a small amount of peripheral blood, and a low-dose of IL-2.

NK と慢性的なアクティブなエプスタイン ‐ バーウイルス感染症から T 細胞株を確立する効率的かつ簡単な方法

A number of methods have been described to establish NK/T cell lines from patients with lymphoma or lymphoproliferative syndrome. These methods employed ...