Name: surface renewal: an advanced micrometeorological method for measuring and processing field-scale energy flux density data
Uploaded: 2013-12-12T08:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data at JoVE.com

Partial support for this research was provided by J. Lohr Vineyards &amp; Wines, the National Grape and Wine Institute, a NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative grant to AJM, and USDA-ARS CRIS funding (Research Project #5306-21220-004-00).

<ol>
	<li>Perform a wind direction and footprint analysis prior to field installation; this step is important to insure that the tower is situated properly to capture the representative flux in the study field.
	<ol>
		<li>Before establishing the field station, you must evaluate the prevailing wind direction in the study plot, and determine how much fetch (upwind distance) is needed for your particular application. The distance of the fetch is dependent on the height of the surface to be measured and the height of the...

<ol>
	<li>Moratiel, R., Mart&#237;nez-Cob, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evapotranspiration+of+table+grape+trained+to+a+gable+trellis+system+under+netting+and+black+plastic+mulching.">Evapotranspiration of table grape trained to a gable trellis system under netting and black plastic mulching.</a> Irrigation Science. 30 (3), 167-178 (2011).</li><li>DWR (Department of Water Resources). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> California Water Plan Update, Bulletin 160-05. , (2005).</li><li>Snyder, R. L., Spano, D., Duce, P., Paw, U. K. T., Qiu, J., Su, H. B., Watanabe, T., Brunet, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+renewal+analysis:+a+new+method+to+obtain+scalar+fluxes+without+velocity+data.">Surface renewal analysis: a new method to obtain scalar fluxes without velocity data.</a> Agric. For. Meteorol. 74, 119-137 (1995).</li><li>Rosenberg, N. J., Blad, B. L., Verma, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microclimate: the biological environment. , (1983).</li><li>Snyder, R. L., Spano, D., Duce, P., Paw, U. K. T., Anderson, F. E., Falk, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surface Renewal Manual. , (2007).</li><li>Shapland, T. M., McElrone, A. J., Paw, U. T. K., Snyder, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+turnkey+data+logger+program+for+field-scale+energy+flux+density+measurements+using+eddy+covariance+and+surface.">A turnkey data logger program for field-scale energy flux density measurements using eddy covariance and surface.</a> Ital. J. Agrometeorol. , .</li><li>Shapland, T. M., Snyder, R. L., Paw, U. K. T., Lang, D., McElrone, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+tools+to+improve+access+to+micrometeorological+methods+for+agricultural+research+scientists.">New tools to improve access to micrometeorological methods for agricultural research scientists.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Van Atta, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+coherent+structures+on+structure+functions+of+temperature+in+the+atmospheric+boundary+layer.">Effect of coherent structures on structure functions of temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer.</a> Arch. of Mech. 29, 161-171 (1977).</li><li>Snyder, R. L., Spano, D., Paw, U. K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+Renewal+analysis+for+sensible+and+latent+heat+flux+density.">Surface Renewal analysis for sensible and latent heat flux density.</a> Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 77, 249-266 (1996).</li><li>Spano, D., Duce, P., Snyder, R. L., Paw, U. K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+renewal+estimates+of+evapotranspiration.+Tall+canopies.">Surface renewal estimates of evapotranspiration. Tall canopies.</a> Acta Hort. 449, 63-68 (1997).</li><li>Spano, D., Snyder, R. L., Duce, P., Paw, U. K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+renewal+analysis+for+sensible+heat+flux+density+using+structure+functions.">Surface renewal analysis for sensible heat flux density using structure functions.</a> Agric. For. Meteorol. 86, 259-271 (1997).</li><li>Shapland, T. M., McElrone, A. J., Snyder, R. L., Paw, U. K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+function+analysis+of+two-scale+scalar+ramps.+Part+I:+Theory+and+modeling.">Structure function analysis of two-scale scalar ramps. Part I: Theory and modeling.</a> Boundary Layer Meterology. , (2012).</li><li>Shapland, T. M., McElrone, A. J., Snyder, R. L., Paw, U. K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+function+analysis+of+two-scale+scalar+ramps.+Part+II:+Applications.">Structure function analysis of two-scale scalar ramps. Part II: Applications.</a> Boundary Layer Meterology. , (2012).</li></ol>

The surface renewal method presents a tangible opportunity to develop a stand-alone and inexpensive technique to quantify crop water use in real time. Recent advances in signal processing, data logger programming, calibration, and data management have brought this goal into clearer focus. This manuscript and our recently developed turnkey data logger program6 render advanced micrometeorological methods more accessible for agricultural researchers. The output table from the turnkey data program that contains th...

Water scarcity threatens agricultural sustainability in dry growing regions. This situation will likely worsen with changing climatic conditions and increasing competition between agricultural, municipal, industrial, and conservation entities for limited water supplies. To deal with this ongoing dilemma, growers continually search for ways to improve irrigation efficiency, and technology that better estimates crop water use (i.e. evapotranspiration, ET) in real time, and better agrometeorological methods will certainly help these efforts. Current technologies used by growers to estimate ET depend on the use of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and an empirical crop coefficient (Kc), both of which are highly susceptible to estimation errors. Agrometeorologists also measure ET to evaluate experimental treatments for improving crop water use efficiency1 and to parameterize regional water allocation strategies2, but these methods are highly technical and expensive. Efforts are currently underway to translate existing research-based ET measurement methods into cost-effective and user-friendly technologies for growers.
Surface renewal (SR) is one agrometeorological method used to measure crop ET. SR is based on analyzing the energy budget of air parcels that reside ephemerally within the crop canopy during the turbulent exchange process3 as measured with the station shown in Figure 1 and illustrated theoretically in Figure 2 and Movie 1. The air parcels are manifested as ramp-like shapes in turbulent temperature time series data, and the amplitude and period of the ramps are used to calculate the flux density (Figures 2 and&#160;3). With the SR method, ET for a given crop surface is determined by calculating latent heat flux density (LE) as the residual of the following energy balance equation 
LE=Rn-G-H,
Here, LE is the energy flux density associated with the phase change of water from a crop surface, Rn is the net radiation, G is the soil heat flux density (i.e. energy conducted into or out of the ground), and H is the sensible heat flux density (i.e. energy flux density from the surface to the air or vice-versa that results in a temperature change). Rn is a positive number when the net flux is downward (energy added to the surface), LE and H are positive numbers when the flux is upwards (energy added to the air), and G is a positive number when the flux is downward (energy added to the soil). LE (MJ/m2sec) is then divided by the latent heat of evaporation (L=2.45 MJ/kg) to obtain the mass flux density of water vapor from the surface (i.e. ET).
Measurements of Rn and G are relatively straightforward and inexpensive. Direct measurements of H are more complex and require high frequency data acquisition. The most common method to determine H is with eddy covariance; however, the sonic anemometer required for this method is expensive, complex and, consequently, not widely used by agronomists, horticulturalists, or engineers to determine H and LE. On the other hand, H derived from the SR technique is obtained by a simpler and less expensive method, which uses fine wire thermocouples to measure high frequency air temperatures at the surface-atmosphere interface. Despite the simplicity of the SR, current measurements still require calibration against a sonic anemometer&#39;s eddy covariance estimate of H to obtain sensible heat flux density.
The successful deployment of an SR flux tower for ET measurements can be a daunting challenge, especially for many agricultural researchers without formal training in atmospheric science. SR and eddy covariance measurements require sophisticated technical skills in both programming data loggers to execute tasks with complex instrumentation and writing computer programs to post-process the raw turbulence data into meaningful fluxes. Here, we describe how to setup a field station, install sensors, and utilize our new turnkey data logger program for data collection and post-processing procedures.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Datalogger</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>CR1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Datalogger Enclosure</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>ENC12/14-SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tower (6 ft) with grounding &#38; lightning rods</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>CM6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cross arm (4 ft)</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>CM204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nu-rail crossover fitting</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>17953</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply (12 V) with regulator &#38; battery</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>PS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Charger Regulator (12 V)</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>CH100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Battery Extension Cable</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>6186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple Extension Cable</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>FWC-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouples</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>FW3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D sonic anemometer with long neck</td>
			<td>RM Young Company</td>
			<td>81000 RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 conductor cable for anemometer</td>
			<td>RM Young Company</td>
			<td>18660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soil heat flux plates</td>
			<td>REBS, Inc.</td>
			<td>HFT3.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soil thermocouples</td>
			<td>Campbell Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>TCAV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Net radiometer with cable</td>
			<td>Kipp and Zonen, Inc.</td>
			<td>NR Lite 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heavy duty pole mount for radiometer</td>
			<td>Kipp and Zonen, Inc.</td>
			<td>L-CMB1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surface renewal: an advanced micrometeorological method for measuring and processing field-scale energy flux density data

שיטות micrometeorological מתקדמות הפכו חשובות יותר ויותר באדמה, לחתוך, ומדעי הסביבה. עבור מדענים רבים ללא הכשרה פורמלית במדעי אטמוספרה, בטכניקות אלה הן יחסית נגישים. חידוש פני השטח ושיטות מדידת שטף אחרות דורשים הבנה של מטאורולוגיה שכבת גבול והכשרה מקיפה במכשור ומספר רב של תוכניות לניהול נתונים. כדי לשפר את הנגישות של טכניקות אלה, אנו מתארים את התאוריה הבסיסית של מדידות חידוש פני השטח, להדגים כיצד להגדיר את תחנת שדה לחידוש פני השטח עם כיול שונות משותפת מערבולת, ולנצל את התכנית לוגר נתונים סוהר הקוד הפתוח שלנו לבצע רכישת נתונים שטף ועיבוד . תכנית סוהר החדשה מחזירה למשתמש טבלת נתונים פשוטה עם והנתיבים תיקנו ופרמטרי בקרת איכות, ומבטלת את הצורך בחוקרים להסעות בין תוכניות עיבוד מרובות כדי להשיג את השפעת הסופיתx נתונים. דוגמא של הנתונים המופקים ממדידות אלה מדגימה כיצד שימוש במי יבול נמדד בטכניקה זו. פלט המידע שימושי למגדלים בקבלת החלטות בהשקיה במגוון רחב של מערכות אקולוגיות חקלאיות. תחנות אלה כיום פרוסות בניסויי שדה רבים על ידי חוקרים בקבוצה שלנו וקליפורניה מחלקת משאבי מים בגידולים הבאים: כרמי אורז, יין וענבים, צימוקים, אספסת, שקדים, אגוזי מלך, אפרסק, לימון, אבוקדו, ותירס.

Acquiring the Rn and G components of the energy balance equation are relatively straightforward and inexpensive. Measurements of H are more complex and require high frequency temperature traces measured with a fine wire thermocouple for surface renewal or a sonic anemometer for eddy covariance. An example temperature trace measured with a fine wire thermocouple is represented in Figure 9, and it shows the need for mathematical analysis to extract the signal from this...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data at JoVE.com

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

חידוש פני השטח: שיטה מתקדם Micrometeorological למדידה ועיבוד שדה בקנה מידת אנרגיה שטף נתוני צפיפות

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Environment

Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

פחמן מבוסס מדידת מינרליזציה מזהם שימוש המשולב CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; ניתוח שטף ו פחמן רדיואקטיבי

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

חילוץ מדדים עבור מערכות רוט תלת ממדי: ניתוח עוצם Surface מן הנתונים-אדמת רנטגן טומוגרפיה הממוחשבת

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

פרוטוקול למדידת התכונות התרמיות של מדגם סודה בקירור סינתטי חול-מים-גז מתאן

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

שיטה לייצר כדוריות עמידה צריכת אנרגיה נמוכה יותר שימוש סטובר תירס לחות גבוהה קלסר עמילן תירס בטחנת גלולת Die שטוחה

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

פרוטוקול עבור דגימת חלקיקים על פני הים וניתוח לדוגמא

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

שיטות עיבוד נתונים סיסמיים הדמיה ממוחשבת של הרי געש מהסבא: יישומים הבזלת טארים המבול

The morphology and structure of plumbing systems can provide key information on the eruption rate and style of basalt lava fields. The most powerful way ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

שילוב נתוני מעקב אחר עיניים באמצעות ניתוח של תוכן וידאו מחינם-צפייה בסרטון וידאו של טיול בסביבה של פארק עירוני

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus Using Conventional RT-PCR and SYBR Green RT-qPCR

זיהוי של אמנון אגם וירוס באמצעות קונבנציונאלי RT-PCR ו SYBR ירוק RT-qPCR

The aim of this method is to facilitate the fast, sensitive and specific detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) in tilapia tissues. This protocol can be ...

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

מערכת אינדוקציה מקובצים באשכולות הפיוניות על ידי סוכר פתרון טבילה טיפול בשתילי תודרנית לבנה

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a ...

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy

עיבוד העובר, קליפת ביצה, ופטרייתי תרבות לסריקת מיקרוסקופ אלקטרוני

Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, ...