Name: experimental measurement of settling velocity of spherical particles in unconfined and confined surfactant-based shear thinning viscoelastic fluids
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids at JoVE.co

作者感谢美国能源部和RPSEA的财政支持，以及赞助德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校水力压裂和防沙的JIP的公司（液体空气、空气产品、阿纳达科、阿帕奇、贝克休斯、必和必拓、英国石油公司美国公司、雪佛龙公司、康菲石油公司、埃克森美孚公司、费鲁斯公司、哈里伯顿公司、赫斯公司、林德集团公司、佩梅克斯公司、先锋自然资源公司），普拉克斯尔，沙特阿美，斯伦贝谢，壳牌，西南能源，挪威国家石油公司，韦瑟福德和YPF）。

1. 液体的准备
本实验研究采用无聚合物、粘胶、双成分、表面活性剂为基础的流体系统。这种流体系统已用于许多生产领域的油气井，用于水力压裂处理44，45。此流体系统用于此研究，因为它具有光学透明度，流变学可以通过系统地改变两个组件的浓度和比例来控制。流体系统由一种离子表面活性剂（如硫化钠）作为组件A和一种离子表面活性剂（如N、N、N-三甲基-1-?...

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实验研究的重点是在未受约束和封闭的条件下，测量剪切稀释粘性流体中球形粒子的沉降速度。介绍了详细的实验程序，以获得可重复测量的沉降速度。结果表明，流体弹性可以增加或降低沉降速度。墙体对沉降产生延缓效应，这种效应是用墙体因素来衡量的。
在实验之前，应确保粒子接近表面光滑的完美球体。球体的直径应准确测量。实验过程，包括图像分析，应该通过?...

在药物制造、废水处理、空间推进剂再注入、半导体加工和液体洗涤剂制造等应用中，液体颗粒的悬浮。在石油工业中，粘性压裂液用于在液压断裂中运输质子（通常是砂）。停止抽水后，前体保持断裂打开，并为碳氢化合物回流提供导电途径。
粒子的沉降受流体的流变学和密度、颗粒的大小、形状和密度以及密闭壁的影响的制约。对于在蠕变流系中沉淀在牛顿流体中的球形粒子，沉降速度由斯托克斯方程给出，斯托克斯于 1851 年得出。在随后的研究人员2-6中提出了计算高雷诺兹数字阻力的表达方式。封闭壁通过对粒子施加阻滞作用来降低沉降速度。墙体因子 ，Fw，被定义为在无限制条件下将墙限制在沉降速度的终端沉降速度比率。墙系数量化了密闭墙的阻滞效应。文献7-13提供了许多理论和实验研究，以确定在不同断面管中以不同断面管中沉淀的球体的壁因子。总之，有大量的信息可用于确定牛顿流体中球体的阻力。
过去关于确定非内托输液中颗粒的沉降速度的工作，特别是粘性流体，并不完整。各种数值预测14-18和实验研究19-24可用于文献，以确定在无弹性功率定律流体的球体上的阻力。使用特里帕蒂等人的理论预测。15和特里帕蒂和查布拉17日，雷纳德等人。1开发以下表达式以计算无弹性功率定律流体中的阻力系数（CD）。
对于重新pl<0.1 （爬行流系统）
<img alt="Equation 1" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq1.jpg"> 其中 X（n） 是拖动校正因子13。RePL是属于权力法液体中的球体的雷诺兹数字，定义为：
<img alt="Equation 2" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq2.jpg"> 其中ρ f是液体的密度。拖动校正因子安装下列方程1：
<img alt="Equation 3" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq3.jpg"> 使用拖动系数的定义，将沉降速度计算为：
<img alt="Equation 4" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq4.jpg"> 对于 0.1<RePL<100
<img alt="Equation 5" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq5.jpg"> 其中 X是表面积与粒子预测面积的比率，球体等于 4。CD0是方程 1给出的斯托克斯区域（rePL < 0.1）的阻力系数，C D∞是牛顿区域的拖动系数值（rePL > 5 x 102），等于 0.44。参数β，b，k表示为：
<img alt="Equations 6-8" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq6-8highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq6-8.jpg"> αo = 3 和 α 是与 X（n） 相关的平均剪切率的修正如下：
<img alt="Equation 9" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq9highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq9.jpg"> 要计算沉降速度，使用无维组Nd 25： 
<img alt="Equation 10" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq10highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq10.jpg"> Nd 独立于沉降速度，可以明确计算。使用这个值和 方程5中的阻力系数表达，可以反复解决RePL。 然后，可以使用：
<img alt="Equation 11" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq11highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50749/50749eq11.jpg"> 方程1-9中的表达基于对值1≥n≥0.4的理论预测。 查布拉13日将上述表述的预测与沙阿26-27（n变化为0.281-0.762）和福特等人的实验结果进行了比较。 28 （n变化从 0.06-0.29）.这些表达式被证明能够准确预测阻力系数。基于这些分析，上述配方可用于计算无弹性功率定律流体中球形粒子的沉降速度为 1 ≥ n ≥ 0.06。将无弹性功率定律流体的沉降速度与功率定粘液中的实验速度进行比较，以确定流体弹性对沉降速度的影响。下一节中提到了详细的步骤。
测定粘胶液中颗粒的沉降速度也是不同研究人员不同观测的课题：（一） 在爬行流系中，剪切变薄效应完全掩盖粘性效应和沉降速度与纯粘性理论29-32非常一致，（ii） 粒子在爬行流系内外经历阻力减少，由于弹性30，33，34而沉降速度增加，（iii） 沉降速度因流体弹性35而降低。沃尔特斯和坦纳36 总结说，对于博格流体（恒定粘度弹性流体）弹性导致低威森博格数字的阻力减少，其次是在较高的魏森博格数字的阻力增强。麦金利37 强调，球体后的延伸效应导致威森伯格数字的阻力增加。Chhabra13 在对先前在无限制和密闭粘性流体中沉降粒子的工作进行了全面回顾后，强调了在理论发展中结合切变率依赖粘度和流体弹性的现实描述的挑战。在过去几年中，对球形粒子沉降的壁效应的研究也是研究的一个领域。然而，所有的工作都完成了球形粒子在圆柱形管中的沉降。没有关于球形粒子在平行墙体之间沉淀在粘性流体中的数据。
这项工作试图实验研究球体在剪切稀释粘性液体中的沉降。这项实验研究的目的是了解流体弹性、剪切变薄和墙体密闭对剪切稀释粘液中球形粒子沉降速度的影响。本文重点介绍了本研究的实验方法以及一些具有代表性的结果。详细的结果，连同分析，可以在较早的出版物43中找到。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent / equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Microspheres</td>
			<td>Whitehouse Scientific</td>
			<td>#GP1750</td>
			<td>Available in different sieve fractions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rheometer</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>ARES</td>
			<td>Any standard rheometer capable of taking dynamic and static measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anionic Surfactant (Component A)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Proprietary fluid</td>
			<td>Used in oil field services for hydraulic fracturing. Sodium Xylene Sulfonate can be used as a substitute.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cationic Surfactant (Component B)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Proprietary fluid</td>
			<td>Used in oil field services for hydraulic fractuing. N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Octadecamonium Chloride can be used as a substitute.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental measurement of settling velocity of spherical particles in unconfined and confined surfactant-based shear thinning viscoelastic fluids

进行了一项实验性研究，以测量基于表面活性剂的剪切变薄粘性 （VES） 流体中球形粒子的终端沉降速度。测量是针对在平行墙体和平行墙之间的无边界流体和流体中沉淀的粒子进行测量的。VES 流体具有广泛的风湿特性，具有风湿学特征。风湿特征包括稳定的剪切粘度和动态振荡切变测量，分别量化粘度和弹性特性。在无限制条件下的沉降速度以直径至少是颗粒直径25倍的烧嘴来测量。为了测量平行墙之间的沉降速度，构建了两个具有不同墙间距的实验单元。不同大小的球形粒子被轻轻地掉入流体中，并允许沉降。该过程使用高分辨率摄像机进行记录，粒子轨迹使用图像分析软件进行记录。终端沉降速度是根据数据计算的。
通过比较实验沉降速度与 Renaud 等人的无弹性阻力预测计算的沉降速度，可以量化弹性对无边界流体沉降速度的影响 。1结果表明，流体的弹性可以增加或降低沉降速度。减少/增加的幅度是流体的流变特性和粒子特性的函数。观察到封闭壁对沉降造成延缓效应，并根据墙体因素测量阻滞。

实验对七种不同流体混合物中的五种不同直径粒子进行了实验，这些混合物具有独特的K、n和λ值。 图1显示沉降速度作为一个流体中粒子直径的函数。错误栏显示三个测量中的变异性。实验期间测量的室温为23°C。可以观察到，沉降速度随着粒子直径的增加而增加。图 3显示了在 23 °C 的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids at JoVE.co

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

本文演示了测量表面活性切变粘液中球形粒子终端沉降速度的实验过程。准备了各种风湿特性的流体，并测量了平行壁之间无边界流体和流体中一系列粒子大小的沉降速度。

无约束和封闭表面活性剂中球形粒子沉降速度的实验测量 剪切变薄粘性流体

An experimental study is performed to measure the terminal settling velocities of spherical particles in surfactant based shear thinning viscoelastic ...

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Application of Newton's Laws of Motion

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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

空间密闭的复合氧化物制备

Complex materials such as high Tc superconductors, multiferroics, and colossal magnetoresistors have electronic and magnetic properties that arise from ...

科研

工程学

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

无源示踪剂在层流剪切流中的扩散

A simple method to experimentally observe and measure the dispersion of a passive tracer in a laminar fluid flow is described. The method consists of ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

使用光学杠杆方法测量克拉德尼模式形状

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...

无约束和封闭表面活性剂中球形粒子沉降速度的实验测量 剪切变薄粘性流体

无约束和封闭表面活性剂中球形粒子沉降速度的实验测量剪切变薄粘性流体