Name: extraction and analysis of cortisol from human and monkey hair
Uploaded: 2014-01-24T08:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair at JoVE.com

我们感谢Kymberlee奥布莱恩，西莉亚·摩尔和爱德华Tronick（心理学马萨诸塞州，波士顿大学系）提供本研究分析了人的头发样本，以及斯蒂芬芬兰语和Amanda DETTMER（比较行为学，NICHD的实验室）进行提供恒河猴头发样本。最初的开发和持续利用这种方法已经得到了美国国立卫生研究院RR11122为MAN

1。样品采集和存储<ol><li>人发<ol><li>固定头发进行采样（最高铅笔宽度，直径），用橡皮带或夹子的整个长度。剪下头发紧贴头皮的可能（注意不要刻痕的皮肤），用干净的剪刀。注：标准取样面积是颅骨的后部顶点。 </li><li>一些研究者已经报道在人的头发CORT水平的下降与从头皮6，这可能是由于反复暴露于水和香波7被洗出的距离（虽然看Manenschijn 等人 8和Thomson ...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiology+and+neurochemistry+of+self-injurious+behavior:+A+nonhuman+primate+model.">The physiology and neurochemistry of self-injurious behavior: A nonhuman primate model.</a> Front. Biosci. 10, 1-11 (2005).</li><li>Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+endogenous+cortisol+concentrations+in+the+hair+of+rhesus+macaques.">Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques.</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 147, 255-261 (2006).</li><li>Davenport, M. D., Lutz, C. K., Tiefenbacher, S., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rhesus+monkey+model+of+self+injury:+Effects+of+relocation+stress+on+behavior+and+neuroendocrine+function.">A rhesus monkey model of self injury: Effects of relocation stress on behavior and neuroendocrine function.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 63, 990-996 (2008).</li><li>Kirschbaum, C., Tietze, A., Skoluda, N., Dettenborn, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+as+a+retrospective+calendar+of+cortisol+production+-+Increased+cortisol+incorporation+into+hair+in+the+third+trimester+of+pregnancy.">Hair as a retrospective calendar of cortisol production - Increased cortisol incorporation into hair in the third trimester of pregnancy.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34, 32-37 (2009).</li><li>Hamel, A. F., Meyer, J. S., Henchey, E., Dettmer, A. M., Suomi, S. J., Novak, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+shampoo+and+water+washing+on+hair+cortisol+concentrations.">Effects of shampoo and water washing on hair cortisol concentrations.</a> Clin. Chim. Acta. 412, 382-385 (2011).</li><li>Manenschijn, L., Koper, J. W., Lamberts, S. W., van Rossum, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+method+to+measure+long+term+cortisol+levels.">Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels.</a> Steroids. 76, 1032-1036 (2011).</li><li>Thomson, S., Koren, G., Fraser, L. A., Rieder, M., Friedman, T. C., Van Uum, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+analysis+provides+a+historical+record+of+cortisol+levels+in+Cushing&#8217;s+syndrome.">Hair analysis provides a historical record of cortisol levels in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome.</a> Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 118, 133-138 (2010).</li><li>LeBeau, M. A., Montgomery, M. A., Brewer, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+variations+in+growth+rate+and+sample+collection+on+interpreting+results+of+segmental+analyses+of+hair.">The role of variations in growth rate and sample collection on interpreting results of segmental analyses of hair.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 210, 110-116 (2011).</li><li>Dolnick, E. H., Montagna, W., Dobson, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+of+hair+growth+in+Macaca+mulatta.">Variability of hair growth in Macaca mulatta.</a> Adv. Biol. Skin. IX, 121-128 (1969).</li><li>Sauv&#233;, B., Koren, G., Walsh, G., Uum Tokmakejian, S. V. a. n., H, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+cortisol+in+human+hair+as+a+biomarker+of+systemic+exposure.">Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure.</a> Clin. Invest. Med. 30, 183-191 (2007).</li><li>Gow, R., Thomson, S., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S., Koren, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+assessment+of+cortisol+analysis+in+hair+and+its+clinical+applications.">An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 196, 32-37 (2010).</li><li>Bechsh&#248;ft, T. &. #. 2. 1. 6. ;., Sonne, C., Dietz, R., Born, E. W., Novak, M. A., Henchey, E., Meyer, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortisol+levels+in+hair+of+East+Greenland+polar+bears.">Cortisol levels in hair of East Greenland polar bears.</a> Sci. Total Environ. 409, 831-834 (2011).</li><li>Cooper, G. A. A., Kronstrand, R., Kintz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Society+of+Hair+Testing+guidelines+for+drug+testing+in+hair.">Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair.</a> Forensic Sci. Int. 218, 20-28 (2012).</li><li>Ito, N., Ito, T., Kromminga, A., Bettermann, A., Takigawa, M., Kees, F., Straub, R. H., Paus, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+hair+follicles+display+a+functional+equivalent+of+the+hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal+(HPA)+axis+and+synthesize+cortisol.">Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and synthesize cortisol.</a> FASEB J. 19, 1332-1334 (2005).</li><li>Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+cortisol+as+a+biological+marker+of+chronic+stress:+Current+status,+future+directions+and+unanswered+questions.">Hair cortisol as a biological marker of chronic stress: Current status, future directions and unanswered questions.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37, 589-601 (2012).</li><li>Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cortisol+in+hair+-+State+of+the+art+and+future+directions.">Analysis of cortisol in hair - State of the art and future directions.</a> Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 1019-1029 (2012).</li><li>Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., van Rossum, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+cortisol,+stress+exposure,+and+mental+health+in+humans:+A+systematic+review.">Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38, 1220-1235 (2013).</li></ol>

上述的头发CORT手续简单执行，是相对便宜的，利用了现成的化学品，试剂和耗材，需要的设备，有一个例外，很可能是出现在一个典型的分析实验室。唯一的例外是一个研磨装置如球磨机或mini-beadbeater。我们注意到，一些研究小组讳言头发样品切成小碎片大约1毫米的长度为12，但根据我们的观察，我们建议进行研磨，而不是如果在所有可能切碎。在文献中的方法的变化的另一个领域涉及?...

CORT血浆，唾液，或偶尔在尿液或粪便的测量已被用作生理应激自Selye的发现HPA轴中应力的作用1的索引。虽然众多的论文已发表有关HPA活性，急性紧张的情况下，该领域已经阻碍了缺乏慢性生理应激的一种简单而可靠的指标。这个问题的产生是因为HPA的活动是受昼夜节律变化，可以通过环境干扰羞愧血浆和唾液两者屈服“点”的估计。尿和粪便样品，得到跨越若干小时到一整天在某些情况下，皮质醇和/或代谢物排泄的测量。收集使用任何这些矩阵可以提供CORT水平的粗略综合指数随时间的多个样品的，然而，没有这些方法提供了HPA活性和本学年的响应真正的长期指数干以慢性压力。 头发中测量CORT已经开始填补这一重要的需要在应力文学。几个实验室最初的研究表明CORT在人类毛发的存在，但是并没有调查是否毛发皮质醇水平改变应力2的函数。由于我们的实验室已经拥有多年在恒河猴HPA轴的各种社会和行为因素3的调控，我们开始着手建立和验证提取的恒河猴毛4和分析方法。基于的前提是血源性皮质醇缓慢和连续地加入到生长的头发，这种新的方法的目的是要使用的头发源性皮质醇水平的HPA活性的综合指数比周的期间，以月。 有几个方法上的挑战是在开发本议定书遇到的问题。首先，以往的研究表明，少量Øf循环CORT被排泄在汗和皮脂，因此可以涂在头发轴2的外侧。为了消除这种潜在的变乱，我们开发了在出现以除去外部CORT而对CORT的影响最小日益增长毛干中存在轻微的洗涤程序。因此，猴毛经受这个过程（ 即两个3分钟洗涤用异丙醇）丢失的总发CORT含量约为7-8％，而第三洗涤除去从样品4低于1％的类固醇。似乎是在人的头发更外部CORT，因为同样的过程从样品（K. Rosenberg和J.迈尔，未发表）的平均27％的总CORT含量除去。像猴毛，但是，额外的洗涤含有少得多CORT（约7％），比前两个洗。因此，无论从猴子和人发结果支持这一论点，大多数（如果不是全部）外部CORT，同时保持一个主要的压裂被删除内部毛基质内化CORT的。第二，我们的试验性研究还表明，磨削头发萃取前从样品显著增加CORT恢复，据推测是由破开的毛干的复杂的蛋白质基质，以及增加的表面积可用于溶剂渗透。两种不同的研磨方法被开发，每一个优点和缺点。方法1，使用球磨机，有生产最好的粉末的优点。然而，球磨机是一种相对昂贵的设备和产品，如果使用标准的研磨罐和球，它是能够磨削只有两个样本在时间的。小样本也难以利用球磨机用标准的研磨罐进行处理。方法2，其使用beadbeater，是不太有效的研磨能力。其结果是，平均CORT回收率低约10％，使用该方法相比，在球磨机（未发表数据）。另一方面，一个beadbeater是相当便宜比球磨机，16-24样品可以一次取决于模型被​​研磨，且该方法非常适合用于小样本。因为上面提到的差的恢复，最好是使用相同的磨削方法为一个特定的研究中的所有样本。 一旦头发样品已经被处理，它们是用甲醇和CORT提取的提取物是由一个敏感和特异的商用EIA试剂盒最初被设计来测量唾液皮质醇进行分析。提取和测定方法进行了部分通过展示，从猴毛样品提取物的连续稀释产生的环境影响评估的读数紧密平行正宗CORT标准获得的读数验证。然后，我们发现，头发CORT（除血浆和唾液皮质醇）是猴子的新住房小区4,5的行政强制拆迁的主要生活应激敏感。该PRESEN吨纸提供了经常使用在我们的实验室来处理人类和猴子的头发样本，以及从这些样本提取和分析CORT的方法的详细说明。

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">HPLC-grade isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A451</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">HPLC-grade methanol</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A452</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">Salivary cortisol assay kits</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Salimetrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-3002</td>
			<td>See manufacturer&#39;s kit insert for information on assay sensitivity and specificity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15-ml polypropylene screw-cap centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Max Scientific</td>
			<td>10-9151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">1.5-ml Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-402-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">2.0-ml Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-402-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.0-ml XXTuff reinforced microvials</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td>330TX</td>
			<td>Use with mini-beadbeater</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3.2-mm chrome-steel beads</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td>11079132c</td>
			<td>Use with mini-beadbeater</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">10-ml stainless steel grinding jars</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Retsch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">02.462.0061</td>
			<td>Use with mixer mill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12-mm stainless steel grinding balls</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Retsch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05.368.0037</td>
			<td>Use with mixer mill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Savant activated carbon cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>DTK120R</td>
			<td>Use with Savant chemical trap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;"></td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;"></td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">Rotator for 15-ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>S02135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">Rotator for microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9854190&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop centrifuge for microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>13-100-675</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">MM 200 mixer mill</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Retsch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20.746.0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini-Beadbeater 16&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td>607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Savant DNA Speedvac</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>DNA120-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Savant refrigerated vapor trap</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>RVT400-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Savant chemical trap</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>SCT120</td>
			<td>Alternative to refrigerated vapor trap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate reader</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate washer</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate mixer</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">Multichannel pipetter</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Analytical balance</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

extraction and analysis of cortisol from human and monkey hair

应激激素皮质醇（CORT）正在慢慢融入人类，非人灵长类动物和其他哺乳动物的生长的头发轴。我们开发并验证了CORT的提取和分析，从猕猴毛发的方法，并随后与人类头发适合使用这种方法。相反，从血浆或唾液获得CORT“点样”，头发CORT提供了一个集成的测量下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺皮质（HPA）系统的活性，从而生理应激，激素过程中掺入的时期。因为人的头皮头发生长以1厘米/月的平均增长率，从头发段获得CORT水平长度数厘米有可能成为应激经历了数月的生物标志物。 在我们的方法中，每个头发样品首先洗涤两次，在异丙醇中，以从已经沉积的汗或皮脂发轴的外侧除去任何CORT。干燥后，将样品研磨成细粉末，打破了头发的蛋白质基质和增加表面积进行萃取。 CORT从毛发轴的内部被提取到甲醇中，将甲醇蒸发，将提取物重新溶解在测定缓冲液中。提取CORT，随着标准和质量控制，然后由一个敏感和特异的市售的酶免疫测定（EIA）试剂盒进行分析。从环评读数转化为每毫克粉末状毛重量皮克CORT。这种方法已经被用在我们的实验室进行分析头发皮质醇的人类，几种猕猴，狨猴，狗和北极熊。无论是从我们的实验室和其他研究小组已经有很多研究表明头发CORT的广泛适用性评估慢性应激暴露在自然以及实验室的设置。

图1显示了一组人的头发样本（成年男性和女性人类受试者）的代表打印输出使用方法2研磨和萃取处理。计算机软件被用来产生数据输出，并以适合的4参数S形曲线的皮质醇水平（ 图2）。从这个板孔之间的简历介乎0.01-5.73％与1.34％的平均批内CV。来自九个最近的人的头发化验用的QC值是4.41％，批间CV测定。在这个板块分析的37个​​样品产生了一系列从3.1-650皮克/毫克的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair at JoVE.com

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

提取与分析皮质醇从人与猴的毛

皮质醇（CORT）积聚在人类和非人类灵长类动物的生长的头发轴。我们描述了用于提取和分析头发CORT以高精度和灵敏度的方法。是特别适合用于评估慢性压力过周时期到几个月头发CORT的测量。

The stress hormone cortisol (CORT) is slowly incorporated into the growing hair shaft of humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. We developed and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Extraction of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Soils and Sediments

超高分子量基因组DNA的提取土壤和沉积物

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with ...

科研

生物学

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

从石蜡包埋材料的遗传和表观遗传分析的DNA提取

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

一种无创性的发采样技术，以获得难以捉摸的小型兽类高质量的DNA

Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

在毛发再生的上皮 - 间充质信号的快速遗传分析

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

前列腺素的提取与分析<em&gt;线虫</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

提取毒液和毒腺Microdissections从蜘蛛的蛋白质组学和转录组分析

Venoms are chemically complex secretions typically comprising numerous proteins and peptides with varied physiological activities. Functional ...

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

完整的工作流程为组蛋白翻译后修饰的分析采用自下而上质谱法：从组蛋白提取数据分析

Nucleosomes are the smallest structural unit of chromatin, composed of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Histone ...

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

从冷冻嵌合肝组织中提取染色质，用于染色质免疫沉淀分析

Crosslinking Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (X-ChIP) is a widely used technique to assess levels of histone marks and occupancy of transcription factors on ...

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

从人骨关节炎膝关节收集和RNA提取

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty ...

Extraction, Labeling, and Purification of Lineage-Specific Cells from Human Antral Follicles

从人窦卵泡中提取、标记和纯化谱系特异性细胞

The activation, growth, development, and maturation of oocytes is a complex process that is coordinated not just between multiple cell types of the ovary ...