Name: a simple stimulatory device for evoking point-like tactile stimuli: a searchlight for lfp to spike transitions
Uploaded: 2014-03-25T13:00:00
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道德声明研究感官刺激是如何通过神经元的活动表示没有替代使用动物及使用体内的方法。沿着科研（意大利语生物伦理委员会，对动物的研究中治疗法法令，1992年1月27日，第116号）动物诊疗意大利和欧洲法律的所有动物所受到的待遇。国家研究理事会，这里的实验已经进行，坚持国际委员会实验动物科学（的ICLA）代表联合国教育，科学及文化组织（教科文组织），理?...

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	<li>Pesaran, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncovering+the+Mysterious+Origins+of+Local+Field+Potentials.">Uncovering the Mysterious Origins of Local Field Potentials.</a> Neuron. 61 (1-2), (2009).</li><li>Delmas, P., Hao, J., Rodat-Despoix, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Mechanotrasduction+in+Mammalian+Sensory+Neurons.">Molecular Mechanisms of Mechanotrasduction in Mammalian Sensory Neurons.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 139-153 (2011).</li><li>Rasch, M. J., Gretton, A., Murayama, Y., Maass, W., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferring+spike+trains+from+local+field+potentials.">Inferring spike trains from local field potentials.</a> J. Neurophys. 99 (3), 1461-1476 (2008).</li><li>Galindo-Leon, E. E., Liu, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+stimulus-locked+single+unit+spiking+from+cortical+local+field+potentials.">Predicting stimulus-locked single unit spiking from cortical local field potentials.</a> J. Comput. Neurosci. 29 (3), 581-597 (2010).</li><li>Theunissen, F. E., David, S. V., Singh, N. C., Hsu, A., Vinje, W. E., Gallant, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+spatio-temporal+receptive+fields+of+auditory+and+visual+neurons+from+their+responses+to+natural+stimuli.">Estimating spatio-temporal receptive fields of auditory and visual neurons from their responses to natural stimuli.</a> Network. 12 (3), 289 (2001).</li><li>Victor, J. D., Purpura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metric-space+analysis+of+spike+trains:+theory,+algorithms,+and+application.">Metric-space analysis of spike trains: theory, algorithms, and application.</a> Network. 8, 127-164 (1997).</li><li>Foffani, G., Chapin, J. K., Moxon, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+Role+of+Large+Receptive+Fields+in+the+Primary+Somatosensory+Cortex.">Computational Role of Large Receptive Fields in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100 (1), 268-280 (2008).</li><li>Panzeri, S., Senatore, R., Montemurro, M. A., Petersen, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correcting+for+the+sampling+bias+problem+in+spike+train+information+measures.">Correcting for the sampling bias problem in spike train information measures.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 98, 1064-1072 (2007).</li><li>Storchi, R., Zippo, A. G., Caramenti, G. C., Valente, M., Biella, G. E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+Spike+Occurrence+and+Neuronal+Responsiveness+from+LFPs+in+Primary+Somatosensory+Cortex.">Predicting Spike Occurrence and Neuronal Responsiveness from LFPs in Primary Somatosensory Cortex.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (5), (2012).</li><li>Quiroga, R. Q., Nadasdy, Z., Ben-Shaul, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unsupervised+Spike+Detection+and+Sorting+with+Wavelets+and+Superparamagnetic+Clustering.">Unsupervised Spike Detection and Sorting with Wavelets and Superparamagnetic Clustering.</a> Neural Comput. 16, 1661-1687 (2004).</li><li>Deb, K., Agrawal, A., Pratab, A., Meyarivan, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fast+elitist+non-dominated+sorting+genetic+algorithm+for+multi-objective+optimization:+NSGA-II+IEEE.">A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II IEEE.</a> Trans. Evol. Comput. 6 (2), 181-197 (2000).</li></ol>

这项工作首先提出了一种新的，简单的，低成本的装置，可帮助提供快速和空间点状的感官刺激。然后随机配对脉冲刺激方案和一套计算分析进行了验证。总体目标是建立在期间触觉刺激电生理记录LFP-秒杀关系的估计的框架。 该设备的协议和分析方法已共同促成的结果，即确定性方法能够描述和预测LFP到秒杀转变的第一个示范，一个神经过程仍然了解1很差。 <p cl...

在信号的情况下处理所述脉冲响应提供了一种动力系统的行为的一个基本特征。 虽然理想的脉冲刺激几乎是无法实现的，它可以通过使用产生高频率的位移的致动器元件，以取得它的合理近似。这种类型的轻触觉振动刺激是众所周知的同时针对皮肤深层（ 如快速反应，快速适应环层小体）2和表面受体（ 如低门槛慢慢适应默克尔盘状结构）2。 电流刺激装置，主要是压电致动器，被装入许多缺点，尤其共振和小的位移。为了克服这些缺陷，另一种实现的类似脉冲刺激，提出了用钝尖（在我们的情况下，仙人掌平滑尖）垂直安装在一个中档扬声器纸盆膜中心。这提供了较大的位移和更广泛的频谱的优点。 这种装置的有效应用是局部区域电位的相关神经生理问题钉鞋依赖关系的研究。由于这些电活动之间的微妙时间关联的是需要为外设提供一个刺激的精细调节装置。刺激必须是尽可能快和空间选择性越好，以减少“背景噪音”和锐化感兴趣的信号。到这个目的，刺激装置及刺激传递协议的任务一同被优化。在本文中，我们描述了该技术，并提出了一些有代表性的结果。 基于随机配对脉冲刺激一个协议已被设计和优化，以避免习惯。这个协议提供了对经典的优点编脉冲和降低刺激和神经元活动的自发周期性脉冲串之间的杂散锁定的可能性。 通过使用这个随机配对脉冲有可能获得快速和可靠的LFP和穗反应和捕捉这些反应相关的两个局部区域电位和尖峰对刺激的历史依赖性的特殊功能。的确，从原始的LFP反应，一组3 LFP的特点（对LFP本身，LFP一阶导数的一阶导数和相位）与平均峰值响应强烈关联，也被提取。 几个方法被提出，以适应该预测从局部区域电位3,4尖峰模型。在一般的模型拟合​​过程的一个临界点，也常见于从刺激信号尖峰事件的预测，是通过对目标函数最大化/最小化的适当选择构成。虽然一系列的目标函数已经提出D（ 例如，相关性和连贯性）5没有这些共同捕捉尖峰响应的整体复杂性。因此，基于多目标优化的一种新的框架被引入。我们发现，通过使用建议的制定和这个计算框架，可以估算一个基于强大的LFP秒杀关系集合预测模型。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1204">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Microstepper</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">AB Transvertex (Stockholm, Sweden)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:424px;">The microstepper used to pull down the electrode matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">32 channels Cheetah System</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Neuralynx (MT, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The electrophysiological recording system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L293D h-bridge</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">RS Components (Cinisello Balsamo, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The bridge used to connect the microcontroller to the speaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">H21A3 Optical Interrupter Switch</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation (San Jose, California)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The phototransistor used to estabilish the tip displacement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Arduino Uno</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Arduino (Duemilanove, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The microcontroller used to deliver current pulse to the speaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Microelectrode Matrices GB1</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">FHC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Rhodia Organique Fine Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The anaestetic used to prepare animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Narishighe (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Sprague-Dawley male rats</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Charles River (Calco, LC, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Gallamine thriethiodide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>The compound used to curarize the animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Cresyl violet</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Topical antiseptics (Betadine 10%)</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Meda Pharma (Milanm Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:313px;">Heparine</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:313px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Carlo Erba Reagents (Pomigliano Milanese, Milan, Italy)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple stimulatory device for evoking point-like tactile stimuli: a searchlight for lfp to spike transitions

目前神经生理学的研究具有的宗旨，以制定方法，调查从神经元的信号途径神经元，即从峰值到局部场电位（的LFP）的转换和从局部区域电位尖峰。 局部区域电位有对秒杀活动的复杂的依赖，它们之间的关系仍然是了解1很差。这些信号关系的阐明将有助于双方为临床诊断（ 如刺激范式的深部脑刺激）和神经编码策略在正常和病理条件下（ 如癫痫，帕金森病，慢性疼痛）有更深的理解。到这个目的，就必须解决与刺激装置，刺激模式和计算分析的技术问题。因此，一个定制的刺激装置，以提供刺激以及调控的空间和时间，这并不在机械共振产生的开发。随后，作为一个示例，一组可靠LFP-穗关系萃取。 该设备的性能是由细胞外记录调查，共同尖峰和LFP反应施加的刺激，从大鼠初级躯体感觉皮层。然后，通过一个多目标优化策略的手段，估计基于局部区域电位的预测模型为尖峰发生。 这种模式的应用表明，该装置有足够的适合提供高频率的触觉刺激，表现优于常见的压电致动器。作为该装置的效能的证明，以下结果表示：1）磷酸锂铁的反应的时间和可靠性良好匹配穗反应，2）的LFP是对刺激敏感的历史和捕获不仅平均响应也是试验对试验的波动峰电活动，最后3）通过使用LFP信号是可能的估算范围Øf预测模型，捕捉了秒杀活动的不同方面。

提示偏移功能为了表征所提出刺激装置的动力学性质，一系列的实验设置。它由一个砷化镓红外发光二极管加上一个硅光电晶体管的一个具体装置是用来评估尖端位移，位移持续时间和可能的位移延迟。通过这种光断续器开关的手段，我们放在刺激尖上的发光二极管孔（高度= 1毫米）的边缘，无论是微控制器和光电晶体管输出的记录。配售过程提供了便利一microstepper装置为1毫?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions at JoVE.com

A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions

为了阐明从局部场电位（的LFP）的复​​杂过渡到尖峰合适的刺激轻机械刺激外周建。作为一个应用，从躯体感觉皮层记录扣球活动由一个多目标优化策略进行了分析。结果表明，所提出的刺激是能够提供触觉刺激与毫秒和毫米精度。

一个简单的刺激装置唤起点状触觉刺激：探照灯为LFP到穗转换

Current neurophysiological research has the aim to develop methodologies to investigate the signal route from neuron to neuron, namely in the transitions ...

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