Name: building an open-source robotic stereotaxic instrument
Uploaded: 2013-10-29T19:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument at JoVE.com

这项研究是药物滥用津贴的DA 006886，和DA 032270支持的研究所。

<ol><li>拧动线与驱动板提供的连接器线的双极步进电机。线的颜色上双极步进电动机是标准化的（ 图1）。 注：所描述的步进电机的分辨率为1.8°/步，面向0.346°/步。标准stereotax有旅游3 mm/360°。最终的分辨率为2.88微米/步。该电机还能够小数步进的。 <ol><li>绿色线连接到A +，黑线连接至A-，红色线连接到B +和蓝线连接到B-。 </li></ol></li><li>滑动耦合器在步进电机，注意对准安装孔，并用12倍</stro...

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	<li>Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., Balleine, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lesions+of+dorsolateral+striatum+preserve+outcome+expectancy+but+disrupt+habit+formation+in+instrumental+learning.">Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 19 (1), 181-189 (2004).</li><li>West, M. O., Woodward, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+microiontophoretic+study+of+single+neurons+in+the+freely+moving+rat.">A technique for microiontophoretic study of single neurons in the freely moving rat.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 11 (3), 179-186 (1984).</li><li>Peoples, L. L., West, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phasic+firing+of+single+neurons+in+the+rat+nucleus+accumbens+correlated+with+the+timing+of+intravenous+cocaine+self-administration.">Phasic firing of single neurons in the rat nucleus accumbens correlated with the timing of intravenous cocaine self-administration.</a> J. Neurosci. 16 (10), 3459-3473 (1996).</li><li>Wolske, M., Rompre, P. P., Wise, R. A., West, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+single+neurons+in+the+rat+nucleus+accumbens+during+self-stimulation+of+the+ventral+tegmental+area.">Activation of single neurons in the rat nucleus accumbens during self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area.</a> J. Neurosci. 13 (1), 1-12 (1993).</li><li>Bozza, T., McGann, J. P., Mombaerts, P., &amp;Wachowiak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+neuronal+activity+by+targeted+expression+of+a+genetically+encoded+probe+in+the+mouse.">In vivo imaging of neuronal activity by targeted expression of a genetically encoded probe in the mouse.</a> Neuron. 42 (1), 9-21 (2004).</li><li>Pitts, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Office+of+Laboratory+Animal+Welfare.">Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare.</a> Institutional animal care and use committee guidebook. , (2002).</li><li>Yoon, T., Otto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+contributions+of+dorsal+vs.+ventral+hippocampus+to+auditory+trace+fear+conditioning.">Differential contributions of dorsal vs. ventral hippocampus to auditory trace fear conditioning.</a> Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 87 (4), 464-475 (2007).</li><li>Root, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+roles+of+ventral+pallidum+subregions+during+cocaine+self-administration+behaviors.">Differential roles of ventral pallidum subregions during cocaine self-administration behaviors.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 521 (3), 558-588 (2012).</li><li>Yang, G., Pan, F., Parkhurst, C. N., Grutzendler, J., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thinned-skull+cranial+window+technique+for+long-term+imaging+of+the+cortex+in+live+mice.">Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 5 (2), 201-208 (2010).</li><li>Feng, L., Sametsky, E. A., Gusev, A. G., Uteshev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+to+nicotine+of+neurons+of+the+caudal+nucleus+of+the+solitary+tract+correlates+with+the+neuronal+projection+target.">Responsiveness to nicotine of neurons of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract correlates with the neuronal projection target.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 108 (7), 1884-1894 (2012).</li><li>Babaei, P., Soltani Tehrani, ., B, A., Alizadeh, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplanted+Bone+Marrow+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+Improve+Memory+in+Rat+Models+of+Alzheimer's+Disease.">Transplanted Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Memory in Rat Models of Alzheimer's Disease.</a> Stem Cells Int. 2012, 369417 (2012).</li></ol>

使用自动化手术设备有助于消除一些在神经科学研究中最常见的问题。首先，刀具路径是100％可重复的。每一个切割保证在相对位置前囟门一样。其次，它应该减少实验者错误。虽然许多研究人员都高度熟练的外科医生，它需要实践的一个特殊的量变得一个称职的外科医生。该设备将允许新的学生能够快速，轻松地进行高精度的手术。第三，电动手术设备应减少执行一个实验6所需的动物?...

立体定向手术啮齿动物被用在各种各样的神经科学应用，包括lesioning 1，离子电渗疗法2，微丝植入3，刺激4，和薄颅骨成像5。不过，也有面向那些谁想要应用这些技术，包括用于执行精确的立体定向手术的陡峭的学习曲线和人为错误的几率高主要障碍。人为错误包括测量和计算失误，以及低精度和可复制人类的动作。在努力减少这些干扰错误，立体定向外科医生将受益于一个系统，它可以确保所有的外科手术跨学科完全相同进行。错误的减少，也是一种方法，通过它可以调查尽量少用动物学科，美国国立卫生研究院的动物实验6的主要目标。在一个理想的世界里，所有的stereotactic手术将完全复制中的实验和实验室之间。为了解决这个问题，公司已经开发出新的超精密stereotaxics，和数字显示器读取测量结果。若要移除人体运动的错误，电动微型机器人和stereotaxics进行商业化生产，但其成本高，让人望而却步，以在有限的预算的实验室。此外，他们的软件是完全私有的，并且不能由研究者修改，以适应新类型的手术。 经济实惠的解决方案，以人为错误的问题是从实验室现有的模型建立一个机器人stereotax，使用行业标准的数控设备。因为一个新兴的数控爱好者社区，该材料​​是显著更便宜比科研设备。这允许一个建立一个准确的数控立体定位仪，这也是高度灵活和便宜。随着数控加工及G-Code，individu的基本知识ALS可以设定任何立体定向手术，他们想象，如果没有专有软件的限制。而且，为了加快生产的G代码进行简单的手术，这个协议包括软件，允许用户设计手术（锐边开颅手术，颅骨变薄窗口，钻孔和植入物降低）内的点，然后单击菜单。这些程序输出一个完整的G-代码，可以直接从CNC软件运行。 总之，机动立体升级是非常适合那些谁拥有权益的增加手术的准确性和可复制性，同时保留一个开源平台的灵活性和低成本。

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			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:141px;">1x Standard U Frame Stereotax</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.kopfinstruments.com/Stereotaxic/900.html">Kopf</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">This protocol should work with most existing stereotaxic devices.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:141px;">3x 12 V, 1.6 A, 233 oz-inch Geared Bipolar Stepper Motor</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Phidgets</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.robotshop.com/geared-bipolar-stepper-motor-3v-233-oz-in.html">Robot Shop</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Any high torque geared stepper motor should do.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="73">
			<td height="73" style="height:73px;width:141px;">1x 3 Axis CNC Stepper Motor Driver Board Controller</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Toshiba</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.ebay.com/itm/CNC-Router-3-Axis-TB6560-3-5A-Stepper-Motor-Driver-Board-For-Engraving-Machine-/300981888819">Ebay</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Any 3 Axis CNC driver should do. Linked Item includes Mach3 CNC software.&#160;</td>
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			<td height="94" style="height:94px;width:141px;">2x Arm Couplers: medial-lateral (ML) &#38; dorsal-ventral (DV)</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">custom machined</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://eden.rutgers.edu/~mrcoffey/images/3D%20Models%20-%20CNC%20Stereotax%20Parts.zip">Part Drawings</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">These must be machined by your local machine shop. (costs will vary)</td>
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		<tr height="76">
			<td height="76" style="height:76px;width:141px;">1x anterior-posterior (AP) Coupler</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">custom machined</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://eden.rutgers.edu/~mrcoffey/images/3D%20Models%20-%20CNC%20Stereotax%20Parts.zip">Part Drawings</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">These must be machined by your local machine shop. (costs will vary)</td>
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			<td height="172" rowspan="3" style="height:172px;width:141px;">3x Motor to Stereotax Collar</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:137px;">custom machined</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://eden.rutgers.edu/~mrcoffey/images/3D%20Models%20-%20CNC%20Stereotax%20Parts.zip">Part Drawings</a></td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:355px;">These must be machined by your local machine shop. (costs will vary)</td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:117px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:117px;"><a href="http://eden.rutgers.edu/~mrcoffey/images/Collar.html">View in Browser</a></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="65" rowspan="2" style="height:65px;width:141px;">12x NF10-32 Cup Point Set Screws</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:137px;">McMaster Carr</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.mcmaster.com/#92313A829">&#189;&#8221; Length</a></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:355px;">You will need 6 of each.</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:117px;"><a href="http://www.mcmaster.com/#92313A825">&#188;&#8221; Length</a></td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:141px;">12x M3 Socket Head Screws (20 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">McMaster Carr</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.mcmaster.com/#92855A319">20mm Length</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">You will need 4 for each motor</td>
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			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:141px;">1x Micro-Motor Drill&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Buffalo Dental</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.buffalodental.com/pdfnew/x50.pdf">X50</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Any Micromotor drill will work.&#160; At least 38,000 rpm recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:141px;">1x 12 V DC Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">12 Volt Adapters</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.12vadapters.com/adapter/power-supply/12v/7-amp-7a.html">12v DC &#8211; 7 Amp</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Any 12 V DC PSU should work (ensure amperage rating is higher than the sum of the motors&#8217; amperage).</td>
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			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:141px;">1x Extra Large Probe Holder</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.stoeltingco.com/neuroscience/accessories/stereotaxic-probe-holders/extra-large-probe-holder-551.html">Stoelting</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:141px;">1x Grade B Rat Skull</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Skulls Unlimited</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.skullsunlimited.com/record_variant.php?id=4009">Skulls Unlimited</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Mach 3 Mill</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">ArtSoft USA</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.machsupport.com/ccount/click.php?id=1">Trial Download</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Any Standard CNC controlling software should work.</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:141px;">Surgery Designer</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Kevin Coffey &#38; David Barker</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/40282-robot-assisted-stereotactic-surgery">MATLAB File Exchange</a></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">These codes are available to modify. We accept no responsibility for your use or modification of code.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

building an open-source robotic stereotaxic instrument

该协议包括必要的设计和软件升级现有立体定位仪的机器人（CNC）立体定位仪为大约$ 1,000（不包括钻头），使用行业标准的步进电机和数控控制软件。每个轴具有可变速度控制，并且可以同时地或独立地操作。机器人的灵活性和开放的编码系统（G代码），使其能够执行不支持由商业系统的自定义任务。其应用包括，但不限于，钻孔，尖锐边缘开颅手术，颅骨变薄，并降低电极或插管。为了加快G-编码的简单手术的写作，我们已经开发的自定义脚本，允许个人设计一个手术，没有编程知识。然而，为用户获得最大的电动stereotax的，这将是有益的知识渊博的数学规划和G-编码（简单的编冲压数控加工）。 建议钻孔速度大于40000转。步进电机的分辨率为1.8°/步，面向0.346°/步。标准stereotax有2.88微米/步的分辨率。建议的最高切割速度为500微米/秒。建议的最高点动速度是3500微米/秒。建议的最高钻头大小是惠普2。

设计中的方法，手术的最终结果将是一只老鼠颅骨用锋利的边缘开颅手术，以及3骷髅洞（ 图17）。注意，用来演示手术颅骨比原型大鼠颅骨宽得多。锋利的边缘开颅可用于插入一个微丝阵列进入大脑，对于高密度的神经录音。数控stereotax也可用于降低非常精确阵列。软件包含在本协议中，允许外科医生来定义微丝的参数，或套管降低。锋利的边缘开颅手术也可用于揭示运动皮层的大?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument at JoVE.com

Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument

该协议包括了设计和必要的软件来升级现有的立体定位仪的机器人（控制计算机数值; CNC）立体定位仪在1000美元左右（不包括钻头）。

建设一个开放源码的机器人立体定位仪

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

啮齿动物的立体定向手术和动物福利成果改进行为神经科学

Stereotaxic surgery for the implantation of cannulae into specific brain regions has for many decades been a very successful experimental technique to ...

科研

神经科学

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

特定脑区的兴奋毒性损伤的成年大鼠立体定向手术治疗

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

低聚淀粉样蛋白-β的立体灌注到小鼠海马

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Designing, Packaging, and Delivery of High Titer CRISPR Retro and Lentiviruses via Stereotaxic Injection

设计，包装，并通过立体定向注射高效价CRISPR复古和慢交付

Replication defective lentiviruses or retroviruses are capable of stably integrating transgenes into the genome of an infected host cell. This technique ...

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

非约束脑电遥测：硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

高密度的脑电图采集在啮齿动物模型使用低成本的开源资源

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

利用体外大鼠脑切片研究变性主要事件的一种替代方法

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

在普通马莫塞特中植入微电极阵列的立体外科（Callithrix jacchus）

Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that are gaining popularity in biomedical and preclinical research, including the ...

An Open-Source Virtual Reality System for the Measurement of Spatial Learning in Head-Restrained Mice

一种用于测量头部约束小鼠空间学习的开源虚拟现实系统

Head-restrained behavioral experiments in mice allow neuroscientists to observe neural circuit activity with high-resolution electrophysiological and ...

Open-Source Real-Time Closed-Loop Electrical Threshold Tracking for Translational Pain Research

用于转化疼痛研究的开源实时闭环电阈值跟踪

Nociceptors are a class of primary afferent neurons that signal potentially harmful noxious stimuli. An increase in nociceptor excitability occurs in ...