Name: cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of drosophila testes
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes at JoVE.com

Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Michael Anderson per stabilire in laboratorio Lee questi metodi accettati per lo studio della spermatogenesi con la consulenza di esperti da Karen Hales. H. Oda e Y. Akiyama-Oda generosamente fornito la γ-tubulina-GFP volare stock. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato da una sovvenzione NIH R01 al LAL (GM074044).

1. Testicoli Dissection <ol><li> Anestetizzare mosche in una bottiglia o flacone utilizzando un flusso di CO 2 e trasferire ad un pad mosca. </li><li> In ordine mosche sotto un microscopio da dissezione utilizzando un pennello piccolo, e raccogliere un numero appropriato (seconda dell&#39;esperimento) di maschi di Drosophila dei genotipi desiderati. I maschi giovani (0-2 giorni) sono l&#39;ideale per l&#39;esame delle cellule durante i primi stadi della spermatogenesi (ad esempio spermatog...

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Anche se i testicoli di wild-type mosche possono essere facilmente identificati grazie al loro colore giallo (in contrasto con i tessuti bianchi vicini), i testicoli di mosche mutanti bianchi sono bianchi e quindi può occasionalmente essere confusi con l&#39;intestino. Ceppi più transgenici, tipicamente in uno sfondo bianco, hanno anche testicoli bianchi perché il mini-bianco gene trovato P-elementi non promuove l&#39;accumulo di pigmento nei testicoli. Quando testicoli Drosoph...

Testicoli Drosophila sono un sistema modello ideale per lo studio di molti processi biologici che comprendono la regolazione delle cellule staminali, meiosi e sviluppo dello sperma 13-18. Gli spermatociti ed i loro fusi meiotiche sono grandi e quindi conveniente per l&#39;analisi citologica e rilassato checkpoint del ciclo cellulare durante la spermatogenesi facilitano lo studio delle mutazioni nei geni del ciclo cellulare. Diversi tipi di cellule possono essere osservati in progressione ordinata lungo la lunghezza dei testicoli, e qualsiasi problema nella spermatogenesi può portare a cambiamenti in questa disposizione complessiva. Queste caratteristiche combinate con strumenti genetici Drosophila hanno facilitato l&#39;analisi mutazionale della spermatogenesi 21-23. Le fasi di spermatogenesi Drosophila sono stati ben definiti. Cellule germinali che si sviluppano all&#39;interno sincrono cisti progrediscono sequenzialmente attraverso le fasi della spermatogenesi lungo la lunghezza del testicolo. Durante both mitotico e divisioni meiotica delle cellule germinali maschili, citochinesi si verifica incompleto tale che le cellule figlie rimangono collegati da ponti citoplasmatici noti come canale chiamato (Figura 1). La punta apicale del testicolo contiene una popolazione di cellule staminali germinali che dà origine a spermatogoni, che subiscono quattro divisioni mitotiche con citochinesi incompleto per generare cisti 16 cellule di spermatociti primari. Dopo la fase di premeiotic S, spermatociti primari entrano G2, un periodo di crescita prolungato di ~ 90 ore durante il quale aumenta il volume cellulare ~ 25 volte. Progressione attraverso meiosi I e meiosi II porta alla formazione di cisti 32 cellulari di spermatociti secondari e cisti 64 cellulari di spermatidi aploidi, rispettivamente. I, spermatidi rotondi immaturi sottoposti a numerosi rimodellamento cellulare per formare spermatozoi maturi. Cellule post-meiotiche, in particolare i fasci di allungamento e spermatidi maturi, occupano gran parte del volume del testicolo. Tegli trasporto successo di sperma funzionale alla linea femminile richiede un coordinamento tra le diverse parti del sistema riproduttivo maschile, che è composto da varie strutture accoppiati (i testicoli, vescicole seminali e ghiandole accessorie) e un unico condotto eiaculatorio (Figura 2). Spermatozoi sono prodotti nei testicoli e memorizzati all&#39;interno delle vescicole seminali fino copulazione 24. Le ghiandole accessorie contengono cellule secretorie che producono liquido seminale. Lo sperma migrazione dalle vescicole seminali sono mescolati con liquido seminale all&#39;interno del condotto eiaculatorio, che è collegato ad entrambe le vescicole seminali e ghiandole accessorie. Questa miscela di sperma e fluido seminale viene infine pompato fuori del maschio nella vagina della femmina volare attraverso il bulbo eiaculatorio situato all&#39;estremità posteriore del maschio addome 25. Le proteine ​​all&#39;interno del liquido seminale sono essenziali per la conservazione prolungata di spermatozoi all&#39;interno degli organi specializzati noto come spermateche in reptratto roductive di Drosophila femmine 26. Metodi eccellenti per l&#39;isolamento dei testicoli Drosophila e visualizzazione delle cellule nelle varie fasi della spermatogenesi sono disponibili nella letteratura scientifica 3-12. Noi qui aggiungiamo a questo corpo di conoscenze con la presentazione di esempi di questi protocolli con un video dimostrativo di accompagnamento. Il protocollo per la preparazione dei testicoli vivi campioni per la microscopia a contrasto di fase si basa su un metodo precedentemente descritto 27. Il protocollo per formaldeide fissazione e immunocolorazione di testicoli si basa su un metodo descritto in precedenza 28. I metodi qui descritti sono stati utilizzati in molti studi di Drosophila spermatogenesi (ad esempio, per valutare i ruoli di dineina, un motore microtubuli Minus estremità rivolta, durante la spermatogenesi Drosophila). Oltre ai protocolli di base, suggerimenti riportati varying la dissezione per arricchire di spermatogoni, spermatociti, o spermatozoi maturi. Diversi metodi di elaborazione dei testicoli tali che le cisti sia rimangono intatti o sono interrotti come necessario descritti. Un vantaggio nell&#39;uso testicoli Drosophila come sistema modello è che, rispetto ai ovociti ed embrioni di Drosophila, anticorpi e coloranti possono facilmente penetrare nelle cellule dopo la loro dispersione dai testicoli, e sono necessarie meno fasi di lavaggio, quindi, protocolli possono essere effettuate in un tempo relativamente breve tempo.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-gamma-tubulin antibody (clone GTU-88)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6557</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy3-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-165-003</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BP151-100</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">AC61511-0040</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A412-4</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">16% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">28908</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">Sigmacote</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SL2</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Use according to manufacturer&#39;s directions to siliconize cover slips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">D-9542</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">0.5 mg/ml in 75% ethanol; store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S23020</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S9763</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S0751</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes delicate task wipers</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S47299</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A30075</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Molecular biology grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Glass Coplin staining jar, screw cap</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>70315</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single frosted microscope slides</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2948-75X25</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Poly-L-lysine coated microscope slides</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>22247-1</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Optional (to replace untreated microscope slides )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Square cover glass</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">2865-22</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">12-640</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimax Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S31473</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Kimble #23060 10015 EMD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>52100-51S</td>
			<td>Pattern 5 INOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Stemi 2000-CS stereoscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Eclipse 80i</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Fluor 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Axiophot</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Neofluar Ph2 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of drosophila testes

Drosophila melanogaster è un sistema potente modello che è stato ampiamente utilizzato per chiarire una varietà di processi biologici. Ad esempio, gli studi sia del femminile e linee germinali maschili di Drosophila hanno contribuito notevolmente alla comprensione corrente della meiosi e biologia delle cellule staminali. Protocolli eccellenti sono disponibili in letteratura per l&#39;isolamento e l&#39;imaging di Drosophila ovaie e testicoli 3-12. Qui, metodi per la dissezione e la preparazione dei testicoli Drosophila per l&#39;analisi microscopica sono descritti con un video dimostrativo accompagnamento. Un protocollo per isolare testicoli dall&#39;addome dei maschi adulti e preparare vetrini di tessuto reale per l&#39;analisi al microscopio a contrasto di fase e un protocollo per il fissaggio e immunocolorazione testicoli per l&#39;analisi al microscopio a fluorescenza sono rappresentati. Queste tecniche possono essere applicate nella caratterizzazione di mutanti di Drosophila che esibiscono defects nella spermatogenesi e nella visualizzazione delle localizzazioni subcellulari di proteine.

Un esempio di una coppia correttamente sezionato di organi riproduttivi maschili Drosophila è mostrato in Figura 2A. Testicoli rimossi dall&#39;addome della mosca maschio adulto sono tipicamente collegati al condotto eiaculatorio (marrone, Figura 2A &#39;) ed una coppia di ghiandole accessorie (verde, Figura 2A&#39;) tramite una coppia di vescicole seminali (blu, Figura 2A &#39;) . Per separare i testicoli dalla maggior parte del tessuto somat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes at JoVE.com

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Metodi per isolare e preparare Drosophila testicoli campioni (vivere e fissa) per l&#39;imaging dal contrasto di fase e microscopia a fluorescenza sono descritte qui.

L&#39;analisi citologica della spermatogenesi: Preparati Live e fisse di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Testicoli

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Thin Sectioning of Slice Preparations for Immunohistochemistry

Sezionamento sottile fetta di preparativi per immunoistochimica

Many investigations in neuroscience, as well as other disciplines, involve studying small, yet macroscopic pieces or sections of tissue that have been ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Immagini dal vivo di Drosophila melanogaster Migrazioni Hemocyte embrionali

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

Preparazione di Sviluppo e degli adulti Drosophila Brains e retina per l&#39;imaging dal vivo

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Isolamento di Drosophila melanogaster Testicoli

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Quantitativa vivo cellulare-microscopio a fluorescenza Analisi di lievito Fission

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Preparazione individuale Drosophila Egg Chambers per l&#39;imaging dal vivo

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Vivo Imaging delle proteine ​​GFP-etichettati in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Gli oociti

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Analisi del ciclo cellulare dal vivo di<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; I tessuti utilizzando l&#39;Sintonizzatevi Acoustic Concentrandosi Cytometer e Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Flow cytometry has  been widely used to obtain information about DNA content in a population of  cells, to infer relative percentages in different cell ...

Analysis of Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish Skeletal Myofibers from Dissociated Preparations

Analisi delle embrionali e larvali Zebrafish scheletriche miofibre da Preparazioni dissociata

The zebrafish has  proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and  for studying human muscle diseases. Despite  the many ...