Name: cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of drosophila testes
Uploaded: 2014-01-20T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes at JoVE.com

Forfatterne ønsker å takke Michael Anderson for etablering i Lee lab disse aksepterte metoder for å studere spermatogenesen med ekspertråd fra Karen Hales. H. Oda og Y. Akiyama-Oda sjenerøst gitt γ-tubulin-GFP fly lager. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av en NIH R01 stipend til LAL (GM074044).

En. Testikler Dissection <ol><li> Anesthetize fluer i en flaske eller hetteglass ved hjelp av en strøm av CO 2 og overføre til en flue pad. </li><li> Sortering fluer under et dissekerende mikroskop ved hjelp av en liten pensel, og samle inn et passende antall (avhengig av eksperimentet) av Drosophila hanner av de ønskede genotyper. Unge menn (0-2 dager gamle) er ideelle for å undersøke celler gjennom tidligere stadier av spermatogenesen (f.eks spermatogonier, spermatocytter, og tidlig...

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Selv om testiklene av vill type fluer lett kan identifiseres på grunn av sin gule farge (i motsetning nabo hvite vev), testiklene av hvite mutant fluer er hvit og dermed kan noen ganger forveksles med tarmen. Mest transgene stammer, som er typisk i en hvit bakgrunn, har også hvite testiklene fordi mini-hvite genet finnes i P-elementer ikke fremme pigment opphopning i testiklene. Når Drosophila testiklene ikke kan være preget av farge, andre lett gjenkjennelige funksjoner ...

Drosophila Testiklene er en ideell modell system for studier av mange biologiske prosesser, inkludert regulering av stamceller, meiose, og sperm utvikling 13-18. De spermatocytter og deres meiotisk spindler er store og dermed praktisk for cytologisk analyse, og avslappede cellesyklus sjekkpunkter under spermatogenesis rette studiet av mutasjoner i cellesyklus gener. Forskjellige celletyper kan observeres i beordret progresjon langs lengden av testiklene, og en hvilken som helst forstyrrelse av spermatogenesen kan føre til endringer i denne generelle arrangement. Disse funksjonene kombinert med Drosophila genetiske verktøy har muliggjort mutational analyse av spermatogenesen 21-23. Stadier av Drosophila spermatogenesen er godt definert. Kimlinje-celler som utvikler seg synkront i løpet av cyster fremgang sekvensielt gjennom stadier av spermatogenesen langs lengden av testiklene. Under both den mitotiske og meiotisk divisjoner av de mannlige kjønnsceller, oppstår cytokinese ufullstendig slik at dattercellene forbli tilkoblet med cytoplasmatiske broer kjent som kanalringer (Figur 1). Den apikale spissen av testis inneholder en befolkning på germline stamceller som gir opphav til spermatogonial celler, som gjennomgår fire mitotiske divisjoner med ufullstendig cytokinese å generere 16-celle cyster av primær spermatocytter. Etter premeiotic S-fasen, primær spermatocytter inn G2, en langvarig vekstperiode på ~ 90 timer og i løpet cellular volumøkninger ~ 25-fold. Progresjon gjennom meiose I og meiose II resultater i dannelsen av 32-celle cyster av sekundære spermatocytter og 64-celle cyster av haploide spermatider, henholdsvis. Umodne, runde spermatider gjennomgå omfattende cellular ombygging for å danne modne sædceller. Post-meiotisk celler, særlig de bunter av elongating og modne spermatider, opptar mye av volumet i testis. Than vellykket transport av funksjonell sperm til kvinnelige fluer krever koordinering mellom de ulike delene av det mannlige reproduksjonssystemet, som er sammensatt av flere sammenkoblede strukturer (testiklene, sædblærene og tilbehør kjertler) og et enkelt uttømmelsesrør (figur 2). Sperm produseres i testiklene og lagres innen sædblærene inntil parr 24. Tilbehørs kjertler inneholde sekresjonscellene som produserer sædvæske. Sperm migrerer fra sædblærene blandes med sædvæsken innenfor uttømmelsesrør, som er koblet til begge sædblærene og tilbehørs kjertler. Denne blanding av spermier og seminal væske er til slutt pumpes ut av hann inn i vagina i den kvinnelige fly gjennom ejaculatory bulb som ligger ved den bakre enden av det mannlige abdomen 25.. Proteiner i sædvæsken er avgjørende for langvarig lagring av sæd innenfor spesialiserte organer kjent som lommene på reproductive kanalen av Drosophila kvinner 26. Utmerket fremgangsmåter for isolering av Drosophila testikler og visualisering av celler på ulike stadier av spermatogenesen er tilgjengelige i den vitenskapelige litteraturen 3-12. Vi her legge til denne kroppen av kunnskap ved å presentere eksempler på disse protokollene med en medfølgende videodemonstrasjon. Protokollen for fremstilling av levende testikler prøver for fase-kontrastmikroskopi er basert på en tidligere beskrevet metode 27. Protokollen for formaldehyd fiksering og farging av testiklene er også basert på en tidligere beskrevet metode 28. De metoder som er beskrevet her har blitt brukt i mange undersøkelser av Drosophila spermatogenese (for eksempel for å vurdere rollen som dynein, et minus-ende-rettet microtubule motor, under Drosophila spermatogenese). I tillegg til de grunnleggende protokoller, er forslag gitt for variasjong disseksjon, slik som å berike for spermatogonier, spermatocytter, eller moden sperm. Forskjellige fremgangsmåter for å behandle prøvene slik det cyster forblir enten intakt eller blir forstyrret etter behov, er beskrevet. En fordel ved bruk av Drosophila testikler som modellsystem er at, sammenlignet med Drosophila oocytter og embryoer, kan antistoffer og fargestoffer lett trenge celler etter deres spredning fra prøvene, og færre vasketrinn er nødvendig, og derfor kan protokoller bli utført i en relativt kort tid.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-gamma-tubulin antibody (clone GTU-88)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6557</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy3-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-165-003</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BP151-100</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">AC61511-0040</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A412-4</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">16% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">28908</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">Sigmacote</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SL2</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Use according to manufacturer&#39;s directions to siliconize cover slips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">D-9542</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">0.5 mg/ml in 75% ethanol; store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S23020</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S9763</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S0751</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes delicate task wipers</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S47299</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A30075</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Molecular biology grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Glass Coplin staining jar, screw cap</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>70315</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single frosted microscope slides</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2948-75X25</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Poly-L-lysine coated microscope slides</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>22247-1</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Optional (to replace untreated microscope slides )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Square cover glass</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">2865-22</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">12-640</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimax Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S31473</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Kimble #23060 10015 EMD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>52100-51S</td>
			<td>Pattern 5 INOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Stemi 2000-CS stereoscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Eclipse 80i</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Fluor 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Axiophot</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Neofluar Ph2 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of drosophila testes

Drosophila melanogaster er et kraftig modellsystem som har blitt mye brukt for å belyse en rekke biologiske prosesser. For eksempel har studier over både kvinnelige og mannlige kjønns linjer av Drosophila bidratt sterkt til den nåværende forståelse av meiose samt stamcelle biologi. Utmerket protokoller er tilgjengelige i litteraturen for isolering og avbildning av Drosophila eggstokker og testikler 3-12. Heri er fremgangsmåter for disseksjon og fremstillingen av Drosophila testes for mikroskopisk analyse beskrevet i forbindelse med en tilhørende video-demonstrasjon. En protokoll for isolering av testikler fra buken av voksne menn og fremstilling av lysbilder av levende vev for analyse ved fase-kontrastmikroskopi, så vel som en protokoll for feste og farging prøvene for analyse ved fluorescens mikroskopi er presentert. Disse teknikkene kan bli anvendt i den karakteriseringen av Drosophila mutanter som oppviser defects i spermatogenesen samt i visualisering av subcellulære lokaliseringer av proteiner.

Et eksempel på en skikkelig dissekert par av Drosophila mannlige kjønnsorganer er vist i figur 2A. Testes fjernet fra bukhulen av den voksne mannlige fly er vanligvis knyttet til uttømmelsesrør (brun, figur 2A &#39;) og et par av aksessoriske kjertler (grønn, figur 2A&#39;) via et par av sædblærene (blå, figur 2A &#39;) . For å skille testiklene fra de fleste av den medfølgende somatisk vev, uttømmelsesrør og tilbehøret kjertler b?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes at JoVE.com

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Metoder for å isolere og forbereder Drosophila testikler prøver (lever og fast) for avbildning av fase-kontrast og fluorescens mikroskopi er beskrevet her.

Cytologisk Analyse spermatogenese: Skarp og Faste Preparater av<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Testikler

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both ...

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Biology

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Thin Sectioning of Slice Preparations for Immunohistochemistry

Many investigations in neuroscience, as well as other disciplines, involve studying small, yet macroscopic pieces or sections of tissue that have been ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Kvantitative Live-Cell fluorescens-mikroskopi Analyse av Fission gjær

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Forbereder Individuell Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Lever Imaging av GFP-merket Proteiner i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Oocytter

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Leve Imaging av apoptotiske Cell Lagersalg under<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embryogenese

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Live-Cell Cycle Analysis of<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Vev bruker Attune Acoustic Fokusering cytometer og Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Flow cytometry has  been widely used to obtain information about DNA content in a population of  cells, to infer relative percentages in different cell ...

Analysis of Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish Skeletal Myofibers from Dissociated Preparations

Analyse av Embryonale og Larvesebrafisk Skeletal myofibers fra Dissosierte Forberedelser

The zebrafish has  proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and  for studying human muscle diseases. Despite  the many ...