Name: functional analysis of the larval feeding circuit in drosophila
Uploaded: 2013-11-19T16:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila at JoVE.com

著者は、WSNに授与セントルイス大学の学長の研究基金を承認したいと思います

1。人口ケージのメンテナンス<ol><li> 12時間の明暗サイクルで25℃、人口のケージを維持する。限り、対照群と実験群は、同一の照明条件にさらされているように、この技術は、標準的な実験室の設定で行うことができる。 </li><li>女性はリンゴジュース寒天プレート上で一晩卵を産むことができます。 </li><li> 24時間25℃で、新たに堆積した卵でプレートを維持することにより、新たに孵化し?...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+trophic+role+for+serotonin+in+the+development+of+a+simple+feeding+circuit.">A trophic role for serotonin in the development of a simple feeding circuit.</a> Dev. Neurosci. 32, 217-237 .</li><li>De Vry, J., Schreiber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+selected+serotonin+5-HT+1+and+5-HT+2+receptor+agonists+on+feeding+behavior:+possible+mechanisms+of+action.">Effects of selected serotonin 5-HT 1 and 5-HT 2 receptor agonists on feeding behavior: possible mechanisms of action.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24, 341-353 (2000).</li><li>Schoofs, A., Niederegger, S., van Ooyen, A., Heinzel, H., Spie&#223;, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+can+eat:+Establishing+the+existence+of+a+central+pattern+generator+for+feeding+in+third+instar+larvae+of+Drosophila+virilis+and+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The brain can eat: Establishing the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in third instar larvae of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 56, 695-705 (2010).</li><li>Spie&#223;, R., Schoofs, A., Heinzel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+of+the+stomatogastric+nervous+system+associated+with+the+foregut+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+Calliphora+vicin+third+instar+larvae.">Anatomy of the stomatogastric nervous system associated with the foregut in Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicin third instar larvae.</a> J. Morphol. 269, 272-282 (2008).</li><li>Neckameyer, W. S., Bhatt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophic+actions+of+dopamine+on+the+development+of+a+serotonergic+feeding+circuit+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Neurotrophic actions of dopamine on the development of a serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Biomed Cent NeuroSci. 13, 26 (2012).</li><li>Sewall, D., Burnet, B., Connolly, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+larval+feeding+behavior+in+Drosophila+melanogaste.">Genetic analysis of larval feeding behavior in Drosophila melanogaste.</a> Genet. Res. 24, 163-173 (1975).</li><li>Joshi, A., Mueller, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+higher+feeding+rate+in+Drosophila+due+to+density-dependent+natural+selection.">Evolution of higher feeding rate in Drosophila due to density-dependent natural selection.</a> Evolution. 42, 1090-1093 (1988).</li><li>Budnik, V., Wu, C., White, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+branching+of+serotonin-containing+neurons+in+Drosophila+mutants+unable+to+synthesize+serotonin+and+dopamine.">Altered branching of serotonin-containing neurons in Drosophila mutants unable to synthesize serotonin and dopamine.</a> J. Neurosci. 9, 2866-2877 (1989).</li><li>Sykes, P., Condron, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+sensitivity+to+serotonin+of+Drosophila+varicosities+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Development and sensitivity to serotonin of Drosophila varicosities in the central nervous system.</a> Dev. Biol. 286, 207-216 (2005).</li><li>Garrity, P. A., Goodman, M. B., Samuel, A. D., Sengupta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Running+hot+and+cold:+behavioral+strategies,+neural+circuits,+and+the+molecular+machinery+for+thermotaxis+inC.+elegansand+Drosophila.">Running hot and cold: behavioral strategies, neural circuits, and the molecular machinery for thermotaxis inC. elegansand Drosophila.</a> Genes Dev. 24, 2365-2382 (2010).</li><li>McKemy, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+sensing+across+species.">Temperature sensing across species.</a> Pflugers Archives. 454, 777-791 (2007).</li></ol>

後期胚形成時に発生するセロトニン作動口と胃の回路の異常な発展は、その成熟の機能に影響を与えます。神経突起のアーキテクチャの変更は、腸（酵母を溶液中に口のフック収縮によって測定される）速度を供給される回路の機能出力（図1）と相関させることができる支配する。 ショウジョウバエにおけるUAS-Gal4の二部系を用いることにより、特異的に特定の組織に与?...

ショウジョウバエは、急激な世代時間、低実験コスト、遺伝的要因と環境要因を操作し、制御する能力に神経回路の発達を研究するための非常に強力なモデル系である。神経発生、神経の経路検索やシナプス形成は、ヒトとショウジョウバエの間で保存されるため、作成、維持し、神経回路を変更することでのメカニズムも ​​同様に保存されている。 例えば、セロトニン（5 -ヒドロキシトリプタミンまたは5-HT）のような古典的な神経伝達物質は、成熟した神経回路1-3のシグナル伝達分子としての役割を採用する前に、成長因子として機能することができる 以前の研究は、成熟ニューロン4の接続性を改変胚形成の間に5-HTのレベルを摂動が示されている。その他、培養Helisomaニューロンへの5-HTの異所性アプリケーションが神経突起伸長だけでなく、シナプス形成5-7を抑制することが示されている。 Dではrosophilaは、発達5-HTレベルは逆CNS 8から前腸内に突出した神経突起の長さに沿って、静脈瘤の数およびサイズ、ならびにaborizationの程度に関連している。 セロトニン作動性神経伝達は、 ショウジョウバエ 8-9を含む、多様な種における摂食行動を調節することが示されている。 ショウジョウバエの給電回路は、前腸から脳への軸索突起の発達における変化と機能的出力（摂食）を相関させるためのモデルとして使用することができる比較的簡単な回路である。 Schoofs ら 。 ショウジョウバエ幼虫の摂食を筋肉組織10に影響を与える中枢パターン発生器によって調節されることが示されている。特定の筋肉の解剖学が完全に理解されていないが、それは触角神経、上顎神経、および前胸腺副神経はに関与して筋肉の目標に責任があることが示されている摂食行動。無脊椎動物の供給の筋肉と神経解剖学を含むほとんどのデータはオオクロバエ幼虫に制限されています。 二齢幼虫の供給速度は、咽頭骨片（口フック）の後退によって評価され、再現性があり、高スループットであることができます。咽頭プレートは前頭神経を介して中央5-HTニューロンからの繊維によって神経支配されています。前胃、または腸は、腸内束生のと（ 図1）11 月12日前腸の収縮に関与しているセロトニン作動性線維（神経をrecurrens）によって支配されている。軸索分岐の変化、神経突起の長さに沿った静脈瘤の数及び大きさは、免疫組織化学法を用いて定量することができる。直接的または間接的に、開発中に5-HTニューロンを操作する、morpholoの変化で評価し、相関させることができるこの給電回路の機能的出力を変更することができ神経突起アーキテクチャのGY。

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:217px;">Eclipse E-800 Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:251px;"></td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:217px;">Neuroleucida</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">MBF Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">NL-15</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Used to analyze gut fiber architecture, not necessary to have</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:217px;">Northern Eclipse</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Empix Inc</td>
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			<td style="width:251px;">Imaging software</td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:217px;">G-2E/C TRITC EX 528-553</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">96312</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Filter for specific secondary antibody</td>
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		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:217px;">N.A. 0.75; W.D. 0.72 mm; DIC Prism: 40xI, 40x I-C; Spring loaded</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MRH00400</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Objective used for imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:217px;">Simple Neurite Tracer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">NIH Image J</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:251px;"><a href="http://fiji.sc/Simple_Neurite_Tracer">http://fiji.sc/Simple_Neurite_Tracer</a></td>
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functional analysis of the larval feeding circuit in drosophila

キイロショウジョウバエの幼虫におけるセロトニン給電回路は、回路の開発時に非常に重要でのニューロンの基板を調査するために使用することができる。回路の機能出力を用いて、供給は、口と胃の神経系のアーキテクチャの変更を可視化することができる。摂食行動は、脳からの神経支配を受ける口のフックの後退速度を観察することによって記録することができる。幼虫は寒天基板全体横断する彼らの口のフックを使用しているため、運動の様子は、供給のための生理学的対照として使用する。摂食行動の変化は、神経突起の軸索アーキテクチャと相関させることができる腸を支配する。免疫組織化学を使用すると、これらの変化を視覚化し、定量することができる。彼らは操作に非常に敏感であるように行動パラダイム中の幼虫の不適切な取り扱いは、データを変更することができます。神経突起アーキテクチャ神経支配の適切なイメージング腸は、正確な静脈瘤の数とサイズの定量と同様にブランチノードの範囲のために重要である。ほとんどの回路の解析は神経突起のアーキテクチャや行動への影響の視覚化を可能にするが、このモデルでは、1が神経アーキテクチャの障害を持つ回路の機能出力を相関させることができます。

ショウジョウバエの幼虫におけるセロトニン作動性供給回路は、神経系の発達上の特定の要因の影響を観察するには極めて有効なモデルとして機能することができます。供給速度を定量することにより、その機能の出力（図1）と給電回路の軸索アーキテクチャをリンクすることができる。幼虫は、寒天の表面を横切ってそれ自体を推進するために、口のフックを使用する...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

キイロショウジョウバエの幼虫での給電回路は、供給速度の変化は口と胃の神経回路の変化と相関することを可能にする、シンプルでありながら強力なモデルを提供しています。この回路は、口のフックに予測だけでなく、腸を送信中枢セロトニン作動性神経細胞で構成されている。

幼虫給電回路の機能解析ショウジョウバエ</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

functional-analysis-of-the-larval-feeding-circuit-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of its convenient genetics and fully sequenced genome. Additionally, the larval nervous system is an ideal model system to study mechanisms of axonal transport as the larval segmental nerves contain bundles of axons with their cell bodies located within the brain and their nerve terminals ending along the length of the body. Here we describe the procedure for visualization of synaptic vesicle proteins within larval segmental nerves. If done correctly, all components of the nervous system, along with associated tissues such as muscles and NMJs, remain intact, undamaged, and ready to be visualized. 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations are dissected, fixed, incubated with synaptic vesicle antibodies, visualized and compared to wild type larvae. This procedure can be adapted for several different synaptic or neuronal antibodies and changes in the distribution of a variety of proteins can be easily observed within larval segmental nerves.

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster larvae provide an ideal model system to investigate the mechanisms of axonal transport within larval segmental nerves. Using this procedure, 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations can be compared to wild type larvae.

3の幼虫分節神経の可視化 RD齢ショウジョウバエ幼虫準備

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of ...

神経科学

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different neurological diseases. Defects in this essential process can have detrimental effects on neuronal functioning and development. We have developed a dissection protocol that is designed to expose the Drosophila larval segmental nerves to view axonal transport in real time. We have adapted this protocol for live imaging from the one published by Hurd and Saxton (1996) used for immunolocalizatin of larval segmental nerves. Careful dissection and proper buffer conditions are critical for maximizing the lifespan of the dissected larvae. When properly done, dissected larvae have shown robust vesicle transport for 2-3 hours under physiological conditions. We use the UAS-GAL4 method 1 to express GFP-tagged APP or synaptotagmin vesicles within a single axon or many axons in larval segmental nerves by using different neuronal GAL4 drivers. Other fluorescently tagged markers, for example mitochrondria (MitoTracker) or lysosomes (LysoTracker), can be also applied to the larvae before viewing. GFP-vesicle movement and particle movement can be viewed simultaneously using separate wavelengths.

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

This protocol discusses the live dissection of Drosophila larvae for the purpose of imaging the movement of GFP tagged axonal vesicles on microtubule tracks.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫分節軸索内ではシナプス小胞の in vivo可視化で

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different ...

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

の形態素解析ショウジョウバエ</em遺伝モザイクを使用>幼虫末梢感覚ニューロンの樹状突起と軸索

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

でProprioceptorsの可視化<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫および蛹

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

における嗅覚受容ニューロンのホールマウント免疫標識<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;アンテナ

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

のライブイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経芽細胞

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

なぜ定量事項：での表現型のキャラクタリゼーション<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経筋接合部

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in communication with the epidermal cells they innervate and thus their analysis benefits from in situ visualization of both neuronally and epidermally expressed proteins by immunofluorescence. Traditional methods of preparing larval fillets for immunofluorescence experiments leave intact the muscle tissue that covers most of the body wall, presenting several challenges to imaging neuronal and epidermal proteins. Here we describe a method for removing muscle tissue from Drosophila larval fillets. This protocol enables imaging of proteins that are otherwise obscured by muscle tissue, improves signal to noise ratio, and facilitates the use of super-resolution microscopy to study da neuron development.

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studies of neuronal morphogenesis using Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons benefit from in situ visualization of neuronal and epidermal proteins by immunofluorescence. We describe a procedure that improves immunofluorescence analysis of da neurons and surrounding epidermal cells by removing muscle tissue from the larval body wall.

の除去<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em感覚ニューロンおよび表皮細胞の免疫蛍光分析のための幼虫の切り身から&gt;筋肉組織

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

勉強するリニアアガロースチャネルを使用します<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫クロールの動作

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫神経筋接合部のシナプス電流の焦点 Macropatch 録音

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...