Name: determining the ice-binding planes of antifreeze proteins by fluorescence-based ice plane affinity
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity at JoVE.com

PLD holds the Canada Research Chair in Protein Engineering. This work was funded by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to PLD. This work was also supported by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (No. 23310171) and from the Japan Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN). We are grateful to Drs. Chris Marshall and Mike Kuiper for pioneering work that led to FIPA. We are also grateful to Dr. Sakae Tsuda for providing facilities for some of this work&#160;and to Dr. Laurie Graham for setting up the fluorescent light excitation and emission filters.

1. Growing Single Ice Crystals
<ol>
	<li>Take a clean metal pan (15 cm diameter, 4.5 cm high) that fits into, and can float on, an ethylene glycol cooling bath.</li>
	<li>Prepare polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylindrical molds, (4.5 cm diameter, 3-4 cm high, 4 mm thick), by sawing sections from a pipe.
	<ol>
		<li>Cut a notch, (1 mm wide, 2 mm high) on one side&#160;(Figure 1A).</li>
		<li>Prepare as many molds that can fit comfortably into the pan&#160;(Figure 1B). 
		Note: A study sh...

<ol>
	<li>Devries, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antifreeze+peptides+and+glycopeptides+in+cold-water+fishes.">Antifreeze peptides and glycopeptides in cold-water fishes.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 45, 245-260 (1983).</li><li>Sidebottom, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochemistry+-+heat-stable+antifreeze+protein+from+grass.">Phytochemistry - heat-stable antifreeze protein from grass.</a> Nature. 406 (6793), 256-256 (2000).</li><li>Tomczak, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mechanism+for+stabilization+of+membranes+at+low+temperatures+by+an+antifreeze+protein.">A mechanism for stabilization of membranes at low temperatures by an antifreeze protein.</a> Biophys. J. 82 (2), 874-881 (2002).</li><li>Gilbert, J. A., Davies, P. L., Laybourn-Parry, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperactive+Ca2+-dependent+antifreeze+protein+in+an+antarctic+bacterium.">Hyperactive Ca2+-dependent antifreeze protein in an antarctic bacterium.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 245 (1), 67-72 (2005).</li><li>Garnham, C. P., Campbell, R. L., Davies, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anchored+clathrate+waters+bind+antifreeze+proteins+to+ice.">Anchored clathrate waters bind antifreeze proteins to ice.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (18), 7363-7367 (2011).</li><li>Guo, S., Garnham, C. P., Whitney, J. C., Graham, L. A., Davies, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Re-evaluation+of+a+bacterial+antifreeze+protein+as+an+adhesin+with+ice-binding+activity.">Re-evaluation of a bacterial antifreeze protein as an adhesin with ice-binding activity.</a> Plos One. 7 (11), (2012).</li><li>Raymond, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algal+ice-binding+proteins+change+the+structure+of+sea+ice.">Algal ice-binding proteins change the structure of sea ice.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24), (2011).</li><li>Raymond, J. A., Devries, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+inhibition+as+a+mechanism+of+freezing+resistance+in+polar+fishes.">Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74 (6), 2589-2593 (1977).</li><li>Baardsnes, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+ice-binding+face+for+type+i+antifreeze+protein.">New ice-binding face for type i antifreeze protein.</a> FEBS Lett. 463 (1-2), 87-91 (1999).</li><li>Middleton, A. J., Brown, A. M., Davies, P. L., Walker, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+ice-binding+face+of+a+plant+antifreeze+protein.">Identification of the ice-binding face of a plant antifreeze protein.</a> FEBS Lett. 583 (4), 815-819 (2009).</li><li>Garnham, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compound+ice-binding+site+of+an+antifreeze+protein+revealed+by+mutagenesis+and+fluorescent+tagging.">Compound ice-binding site of an antifreeze protein revealed by mutagenesis and fluorescent tagging.</a> Biochemistry. 49 (42), 9063-9071 (2010).</li><li>Nutt, D. R., Smith, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+function+of+the+hydration+layer+around+an+antifreeze+protein+revealed+by+atomistic+molecular+dynamics+simulations.">Dual function of the hydration layer around an antifreeze protein revealed by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (39), 13066-13073 (2008).</li><li>Knight, C. A., Cheng, C. C., Devries, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+of+alpha-helical+antifreeze+peptides+on+specific+ice+crystal-surface+planes.">Adsorption of alpha-helical antifreeze peptides on specific ice crystal-surface planes.</a> Biophys. J. 59 (2), 409-418 (1991).</li><li>Antson, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+mechanism+of+ice+binding+by+type+iii+antifreeze+proteins.">Understanding the mechanism of ice binding by type iii antifreeze proteins.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 305 (4), 875-889 (2001).</li><li>Graether, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-helix+structure+and+ice-binding+properties+of+a+hyperactive+antifreeze+protein+from+an+insect.">Beta-helix structure and ice-binding properties of a hyperactive antifreeze protein from an insect.</a> Nature. 406 (6793), 325-328 (2000).</li><li>Pertaya, N., Marshall, C. B., Celik, Y., Davies, P. L., Braslavsky, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+visualization+of+spruce+budworm+antifreeze+protein+interacting+with+ice+crystals:+Basal+plane+affinity+confers+hyperactivity.">Direct visualization of spruce budworm antifreeze protein interacting with ice crystals: Basal plane affinity confers hyperactivity.</a> Biophys. J. 95 (1), 333-341 (2008).</li><li>Middleton, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antifreeze+protein+from+freeze-tolerant+grass+has+a+beta-roll+fold+with+an+irregularly+structured+ice-binding+site.">Antifreeze protein from freeze-tolerant grass has a beta-roll fold with an irregularly structured ice-binding site.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 416 (5), 713-724 (2012).</li><li>Scotter, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basis+for+hyperactivity+of+antifreeze+proteins.">The basis for hyperactivity of antifreeze proteins.</a> Cryobiology. 53 (2), 229-239 (2006).</li><li>Knight, C. A., Wierzbicki, A., Laursen, R. A., Zhang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+of+biomolecules+to+ice+and+their+effects+upon+ice+growth.+1.+Measuring+adsorption+orientations+and+initial+results.">Adsorption of biomolecules to ice and their effects upon ice growth. 1. Measuring adsorption orientations and initial results.</a> Crys. Growth Des. 1 (6), 429-438 (2001).</li><li>Hakim, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+an+insect+antifreeze+protein+and+its+implications+for+ice+binding.">Crystal structure of an insect antifreeze protein and its implications for ice binding.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 288 (17), 12295-12304 (2013).</li><li>Garnham, C. P., Nishimiya, Y., Tsuda, S., Davies, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+a+naturally+inactive+isoform+of+type+iii+antifreeze+protein+into+one+that+can+stop+the+growth+of+ice.">Engineering a naturally inactive isoform of type iii antifreeze protein into one that can stop the growth of ice.</a> FEBS Lett. 586 (21), 3876-3881 (2012).</li><li>Holt, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+antifreeze+proteins+and+poly(vinyl+alcohol)+on+the+nucleation+of+ice:+A+preliminary+study.">The effect of antifreeze proteins and poly(vinyl alcohol) on the nucleation of ice: A preliminary study.</a> Cryo Letters. 24 (5), 323-330 (2003).</li><li>Knight, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+for+growing+large,+optically+''perfect''+ice+crystals.">A simple technique for growing large, optically ''perfect'' ice crystals.</a> J. Glac. 42 (142), 585-587 (1996).</li><li>Hobbs, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ice physics. , 200-248 (1974).</li><li>Knight, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+crystallographic+etch+pits+on+ice,+and+its+application+to+the+study+of+hailstones.">Formation of crystallographic etch pits on ice, and its application to the study of hailstones.</a> J. Appl. Meteorol. 5 (5), 710-714 (1966).</li><li>Yang, D. S., Sax, M., Chakrabartty, A., Hew, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+an+antifreeze+polypeptide+and+its+mechanistic+implications.">Crystal structure of an antifreeze polypeptide and its mechanistic implications.</a> Nature. 333 (6170), 232-237 (1988).</li><li>Sicheri, F., Yang, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice-binding+structure+and+mechanism+of+an+antifreeze+protein+from+winter+flounder.">Ice-binding structure and mechanism of an antifreeze protein from winter flounder.</a> Nature. 375 (6530), 427-431 (1995).</li><li>Devries, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+glycopeptides+and+peptides+in+inhibition+of+crystallization+of+water+in+polar+fishes.">Role of glycopeptides and peptides in inhibition of crystallization of water in polar fishes.</a> Philos. T Roy. Soc. B. 304 (1121), 575-588 (1984).</li><li>Pertaya, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+microscopy+evidence+for+quasi-permanent+attachment+of+antifreeze+proteins+to+ice+surfaces.">Fluorescence microscopy evidence for quasi-permanent attachment of antifreeze proteins to ice surfaces.</a> Biophys. J. 92 (10), 3663-3673 (2007).</li><li>Kondo, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice-binding+site+of+snow+mold+fungus+antifreeze+protein+deviates+from+structural+regularity+and+high+conservation.">Ice-binding site of snow mold fungus antifreeze protein deviates from structural regularity and high conservation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (24), 9360-9365 (2012).</li><li>Mok, Y. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+the+superior+activity+of+the+large+isoform+of+snow+flea+antifreeze+protein.">Structural basis for the superior activity of the large isoform of snow flea antifreeze protein.</a> Biochemistry. 49 (11), 2593-2603 (2010).</li><li>Takamichi, M., Nishimiya, Y., Miura, A., Tsuda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fully+active+qae+isoform+confers+thermal+hysteresis+activity+on+a+defective+sp+isoform+of+type+iii+antifreeze+protein.">Fully active qae isoform confers thermal hysteresis activity on a defective sp isoform of type iii antifreeze protein.</a> FEBS J. 276 (5), 1471-1479 (2009).</li><li>Bar-Dolev, M., Celik, Y., Wettlaufer, J. S., Davies, P. L., Braslavsky, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+ice+growth+and+melting+modifications+by+antifreeze+proteins.">New insights into ice growth and melting modifications by antifreeze proteins.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 9 (77), 3249-3259 (2012).</li><li>Celik, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+experiments+reveal+that+antifreeze+proteins+bound+to+ice+crystals+suffice+to+prevent+their+growth.">Microfluidic experiments reveal that antifreeze proteins bound to ice crystals suffice to prevent their growth.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (4), 1309-1314 (2013).</li><li>Garnham, C. P., Campbell, R. L., Walker, V. K., Davies, P. 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Development of the ice-etching method by Charles Knight for determination of AFP-bound ice planes greatly advanced studies on the mechanism of ice binding by AFPs. Whereas structures of AFPs could be solved by X-ray&#160;crystallography26,27 there was no obvious method for deducing the complementary surface on ice to which the AFP bound. When type I AFP from winter flounder was initially characterized, it was hypothesized to bind to the primary prism planes of ice28. However, Knight&#39;s ground bre...

The production of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) is an important survival mechanism of some organisms that live in ice-laden environments. Until recently, it was thought that the sole function of AFPs was to prevent or slow the growth of internal ice crystals that would block circulation, cause tissue damage, and osmotic stress. Organisms that cannot tolerate any degree of freezing, such as fish, express AFPs to completely inhibit ice crystal growth1. Others, such as grass, are freeze tolerant and express AFPs to inhibit ice recrystallization which reduces the formation of large ice crystals in their tissues2. Stabilization of membranes in low temperature is yet another function that was suggested for the AFPs3. Recently, a novel role was suggested for the AFP of an Antarctic bacterium, Marinomonas primoryensis, from ice-covered brackish lakes4. This AFP is part of a much larger adhesin protein5&#160;that is thought to attach the bacterium to ice for better access to oxygen and nutrients6. Other microbes are known to secrete AFPs, which might alter the structure of the ice in which they live7.
AFPs have been found in some fish, insects, plants, algae, bacteria, diatoms, and fungi. They have remarkably divergent sequences and structures consistent with their evolution from different progenitors on various occasions; and yet they all bind to ice and inhibit its growth by the adsorption-inhibition mechanism8. The AFPs each have a specific surface that acts as its ice-binding site (IBS). These have typically been identified by site-directed mutagenesis of surface residues9-11. The IBS is hypothesized to arrange water molecules in an ice-like pattern that matches specific planes of ice. Thus the AFP forms its ligand before binding to it5, 12. Ice planes can be defined by their Miller indices, and different AFPs can bind to different planes. Thus, type I AFP from winter flounder binds to the 20-21 pyramidal planes13, type III AFP binds both primary prism and pyramidal planes using a compound ice-binding surface11,14, while the spruce budworm AFP, a hyperactive AFP, binds simultaneously to both the primary and basal planes15,16. Other hyperactive AFPs, such as MpAFP, bind to multiple ice planes as shown by their complete coverage of single ice crystal hemispheres5,17. It is hypothesized, that the ability of hyperactive AFPs to bind the basal plane, as well as other planes, may account for their 10-fold higher activity over moderately active AFPs18. Though the efficiency of hyperactive AFPs is well documented, their ability to bind to multiple ice planes is still not understood.
The original method for determining the AFP-bound ice planes was developed by Charles Knight13,19. In this method, a macroscopic single ice crystal is mounted onto a hollow metal rod (cold finger) and formed into a hemisphere by submerging it into a hemispherical cup filled with degassed water. Then, the hemisphere is submerged into a dilute solution of AFPs and a layer of ice is grown from the AFP solution onto the ice crystal hemisphere over several hours controlled by the temperature of the ethylene glycol circulating through the cold finger. The ice crystal is removed from the solution, detached from the cold finger, and placed in a -10 to -15 &#176;C freezer room. The surface is scraped with a sharp blade to remove the frozen surface film of antifreeze protein solution and the ice crystal is allowed to sublimate for at least 3 hr. After sublimation, the ice planes bound by AFPs can be seen as white etched patterns&#160;derived from residual protein. The ice hemisphere can be oriented to its c-axis and a-axes, to locate the basal and prism planes of ice, and determine the Miller indices of the etched patches.
Here we describe a modification of the original method for determining AFP-bound planes of ice, a method we refer to as fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA)11. The AFPs are fluorescently labeled with either a chimeric tag, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP)11,16,17,20, or with a fluorescent dye covalently bound to the AFP5,21. The fluorescently labeled AFPs are adsorbed to a single ice crystal and overgrown using the same experimental procedure as the original ice-etching experiments. The extent of AFP binding to the growing ice hemisphere can be monitored throughout the experiment using an ultraviolet (UV) lamp. After the experiment is complete, the hemisphere can be directly taken off of the cold finger and imaged, without sublimation. However, if desired, the hemisphere can be left to sublimate to visualize a traditional ice etch. Modifications introduced to the FIPA methodology shorten the traditional ice-etching protocol by several hours. Additionally, there is the potential for simultaneously imaging several AFPs, each with a different fluorescent label, to visualize the overlapping patterns of AFP-bound ice planes.

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determining the ice-binding planes of antifreeze proteins by fluorescence-based ice plane affinity

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice through their ice-binding surfaces. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modified technique used to determine the ice planes to which the AFPs bind. FIPA is based on the original ice-etching method for determining AFP-bound ice-planes. It produces clearer images in a shortened experimental time. In FIPA analysis, AFPs are fluorescently labeled with a chimeric tag or a covalent dye then slowly incorporated into a macroscopic single ice crystal, which has been preformed into a hemisphere and oriented to determine the a- and c-axes. The AFP-bound ice hemisphere is imaged under UV light to visualize AFP-bound planes using filters to block out nonspecific light. Fluorescent labeling of the AFPs allows real-time monitoring of AFP adsorption into ice. The labels have been found not to influence the planes to which AFPs bind. FIPA analysis also introduces the option to bind more than one differently tagged AFP on the same single ice crystal to help differentiate their binding planes. These applications of FIPA are helping to advance our understanding of how AFPs bind to ice to halt its growth and why many AFP-producing organisms express multiple AFP isoforms.

Preparation and mounting of the single ice crystal are the two steps of the FIPA procedure where errors are most commonly made. Determining if the prepared ice crystal is single is done by examining it through crossed polaroids&#160;(Figure 1D), as outlined in step 2.1 of the protocol section. If a multicrystalline ice crystal is used for the FIPA analysis, the result will be discontinuous binding of the AFPs on the hemisphere without a coherent binding pattern (Figure 6B). If the ice cr...

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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to specific planes of ice to prevent or slow ice growth. Fluorescence-based ice plane affinity (FIPA) analysis is a modification of the original ice-etching method for determination of AFP-bound ice planes. AFPs are fluorescently labeled, incorporated into macroscopic single ice crystals, and visualized under UV light.

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are expressed in a variety of cold-hardy organisms to prevent or slow internal ice growth. AFPs bind to specific planes of ice ...

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Chemistry

LabVIEW-operated Novel Nanoliter Osmometer for Ice Binding Protein Investigations

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), including antifreeze proteins, ice structuring proteins, thermal hysteresis proteins, and ice recrystallization inhibition ...

Formation of Ordered Biomolecular Structures by the Self-assembly of Short Peptides

In nature, complex functional structures are formed by the self-assembly of biomolecules under mild conditions. Understanding the forces that control ...

Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection

Photothermal beam deflection together with photo-acoustic calorimetry and thermal grating belongs to the family of photothermal methods that monitor the ...

Fluorescence-based Monitoring of PAD4 Activity via a Pro-fluorescence Substrate Analog

Post-translational modifications may lead to altered protein functional states by increasing the covalent variations on the side chains of many protein ...

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Protein alignments are commonly used to evaluate the similarity of protein residues, and the derived consensus sequence used for identifying functional ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

An HS-MRM Assay for the Quantification of Host-cell Proteins in Protein Biopharmaceuticals by Liquid Chromatography Ion Mobility QTOF Mass Spectrometry

The analysis of low-level (1-100 ppm) protein impurities (e.g., host-cell proteins (HCPs)) in protein biotherapeutics is a challenging assay requiring ...

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Herein is presented a general strategy to perform reactions under mild to moderate CO2 pressures with dry ice. This technique obviates the need for ...