Name: live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex
Uploaded: 2014-06-04T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

De auteurs erkennen financiering van NINDS / NIH, R00-NS064197 en NINDS / NIH, R01NS083897 (zowel voor DLS).

1. Bereiding van media (fig. 1, stap 1) <ol><li> Slice Cultuur Medium <ol><li> 25 ml slice kweekmedium is voldoende om 5 glazen bodem gerechten te bereiden met 2 sneetjes per putje. </li><li> In een 50 ml conische buis, voeg 250 ul van een 100x N2-oplossing en 500 ui 50x B27 oplossing zonder vitamine A. DMEM/F12 Naar een volume van 22,5 ml. </li><li> Filter steriliseren oplossing en vervolgens voeg 1,25 ml hitte geïnactiveerd paard serum en 1,25 ml foetaal bovine serum. </li><li> Incubeer oplossing in een waterbad bi...

<ol>
	<li>Gal, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+morphological+heterogeneity+of+neural+precursors+in+the+mouse+neocortical+proliferative+zones.">Molecular and morphological heterogeneity of neural precursors in the mouse neocortical proliferative zones.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 1045-1056 (2006).</li><li>Stancik, E. K., Navarro-Quiroga, I., Sellke, R., Haydar, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+ventricular+zone+neural+precursors+contributes+to+neuronal+fate+diversity+in+the+postnatal+neocortex.">Heterogeneity in ventricular zone neural precursors contributes to neuronal fate diversity in the postnatal neocortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 30, 7028-7036 (2010).</li><li>Konno, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroepithelial+progenitors+undergo+LGN-dependent+planar+divisions+to+maintain+self-renewability+during+mammalian+neurogenesis.">Neuroepithelial progenitors undergo LGN-dependent planar divisions to maintain self-renewability during mammalian neurogenesis.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10, 93-101 (2008).</li><li>LoTurco, J. J., Manent, J. -. B., Sidiqi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+improved+tools+for+in+utero+electroporation+studies+of+developing+cerebral+cortex.">New and improved tools for in utero electroporation studies of developing cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19 Suppl 1, (2009).</li><li>Shimogori, T., Ogawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+application+with+in+utero+electroporation+in+mouse+embryonic+brain.">Gene application with in utero electroporation in mouse embryonic brain.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 50, 499-506 (2008).</li><li>Lui, J. H., Hansen, D. V., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+evolution+of+the+human+neocortex.">Development and evolution of the human neocortex.</a> Cell. 146, 18-36 (2011).</li><li>Englund, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=and+Tbr1+are+expressed+sequentially+by+radial+glia,+intermediate+progenitor+cells,+and+postmitotic+neurons+in+developing+neocortex.">and Tbr1 are expressed sequentially by radial glia, intermediate progenitor cells, and postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 25, 247-251 (2005).</li><li>Noctor, S. C., Flint, A. C., Weissman, T. A., Dammerman, R. S., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+derived+from+radial+glial+cells+establish+radial+units+in+neocortex.">Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex.</a> Nature. 409, 714-720 (2001).</li><li>Wang, X., Tsai, J. -. W., Lamonica, B., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+subtype+of+progenitor+cell+in+the+mouse+embryonic+neocortex.">A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex.</a> Nat Neurosci. 14, 555-561 (2011).</li><li>Haydar, T. F., Ang, E., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+rotation+and+mode+of+cell+division+in+the+developing+telencephalon.">Mitotic spindle rotation and mode of cell division in the developing telencephalon.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100, 2890-2895 (2003).</li><li>Takahashi, T., Nowakowski, R. S., Caviness, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+cycle+of+the+pseudostratified+ventricular+epithelium+of+the+embryonic+murine+cerebral+wall.">The cell cycle of the pseudostratified ventricular epithelium of the embryonic murine cerebral wall.</a> J Neurosci. 15, 6046-6057 (1995).</li><li>Pilaz, L. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+G1-phase+reduction+alters+mode+of+division,+neuron+number,+and+laminar+phenotype+in+the+cerebral+cortex.">Forced G1-phase reduction alters mode of division, neuron number, and laminar phenotype in the cerebral cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 21924-21929 (2009).</li><li>Calegari, F., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inhibition+of+cyclin-dependent+kinases+that+lengthens,+but+does+not+arrest,+neuroepithelial+cell+cycle+induces+premature+neurogenesis.">An inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases that lengthens, but does not arrest, neuroepithelial cell cycle induces premature neurogenesis.</a> J Cell Sci. 116, 4947-4955 (2003).</li><li>LaMonica, B. E., Lui, J. H., Hansen, D. V., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+orientation+predicts+outer+radial+glial+cell+generation+in+human+neocortex.">Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 1665 (2013).</li><li>Postiglione, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Inscuteable+Induces+Apical-Basal+Spindle+Orientation+to+Facilitate+Intermediate+Progenitor+Generation+in+the+Developing+Neocortex.">Mouse Inscuteable Induces Apical-Basal Spindle Orientation to Facilitate Intermediate Progenitor Generation in the Developing Neocortex.</a> Neuron. 72, 269-284 (2011).</li><li>Silver, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+exon+junction+complex+component+Magoh+controls+brain+size+by+regulating+neural+stem+cell+division.">The exon junction complex component Magoh controls brain size by regulating neural stem cell division.</a> Nat Neurosci. 13, 551-558 (2010).</li><li>Pulvers, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+mouse+Aspm+(abnormal+spindle-like+microcephaly+associated)+cause+not+only+microcephaly+but+also+major+defects+in+the+germline.">Mutations in mouse Aspm (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) cause not only microcephaly but also major defects in the germline.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 107-16595 (2010).</li><li>Feng, Y., Walsh, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+regulation+by+Nde1+controls+cerebral+cortical+size.">Mitotic spindle regulation by Nde1 controls cerebral cortical size.</a> Neuron. 44, 279-293 (2004).</li><li>Megraw, T. L., Sharkey, J. T., Nowakowski, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdk5rap2+exposes+the+centrosomal+root+of+microcephaly+syndromes.">Cdk5rap2 exposes the centrosomal root of microcephaly syndromes.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 21, 1-11 (2011).</li><li>Bond, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+centrosomal+mechanism+involving+CDK5RAP2+and+CENPJ+controls+brain+size.">A centrosomal mechanism involving CDK5RAP2 and CENPJ controls brain size.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 353-355 (2005).</li><li>Shu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doublecortin-like+kinase+controls+neurogenesis+by+regulating+mitotic+spindles+and+M+phase+progression.">Doublecortin-like kinase controls neurogenesis by regulating mitotic spindles and M phase progression.</a> Neuron. 49, 25-39 (2006).</li><li>Nelson, B. R., Hodge, R. D., Bedogni, F., Hevner, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Interactions+between+Intermediate+Neurogenic+Progenitors+and+Radial+Glia+in+Embryonic+Mouse+Neocortex:+Potential+Role+in+Dll1-Notch+Signaling.">Dynamic Interactions between Intermediate Neurogenic Progenitors and Radial Glia in Embryonic Mouse Neocortex: Potential Role in Dll1-Notch Signaling.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 9122-9139 (2013).</li><li>Hu, D. J. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynein+recruitment+to+nuclear+pores+activates+apical+nuclear+migration+and+mitotic+entry+in+brain+progenitor+cells.">Dynein recruitment to nuclear pores activates apical nuclear migration and mitotic entry in brain progenitor cells.</a> Cell. 154, 1300-1313 (2013).</li><li>Noctor, S. C., Mart&#237;nez-Cerde&#241;o, V., Ivic, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+arise+in+symmetric+and+asymmetric+division+zones+and+migrate+through+specific+phases.">Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.</a> Nature Publishing Group. 7, 136-144 (2004).</li><li>Tyler, W. A., Haydar, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+Genetic+Fate+Mapping+Reveals+a+Novel+Route+of+Neocortical+Neurogenesis,+Which+Is+Altered+in+the+Ts65Dn+Mouse+Model+of+Down+Syndrome.">Multiplex Genetic Fate Mapping Reveals a Novel Route of Neocortical Neurogenesis, Which Is Altered in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 5106-5119 (2013).</li><li>Noctor, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-Lapse+Imaging+of+Fluorescently+Labeled+Live+Cells+in+the+Embryonic+Mammalian+Forebrain.">Time-Lapse Imaging of Fluorescently Labeled Live Cells in the Embryonic Mammalian Forebrain.</a> CSH Protoc. , (2011).</li><li>Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+culture+of+E18+rat+brains.">Organotypic slice culture of E18 rat brains.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2007).</li><li>Shitamukai, A., Konno, D., Matsuzaki, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oblique+radial+glial+divisions+in+the+developing+mouse+neocortex+induce+self-renewing+progenitors+outside+the+germinal+zone+that+resemble+primate+outer+subventricular+zone+progenitors.">Oblique radial glial divisions in the developing mouse neocortex induce self-renewing progenitors outside the germinal zone that resemble primate outer subventricular zone progenitors.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 31, 3683-3695 (2011).</li><li>Hadjantonakis, A. -. K., Papaioannou, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+in+vivo+imaging+and+cell+tracking+using+a+histone+fluorescent+protein+fusion+in+mice.">Dynamic in vivo imaging and cell tracking using a histone fluorescent protein fusion in mice.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 4, 33 (2004).</li><li>Higginbotham, H., Bielas, S., Tanaka, T., Gleeson, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mouse+line+with+green-fluorescent+protein-labeled+Centrin+2+allows+visualization+of+the+centrosome+in+living+cells.">Transgenic mouse line with green-fluorescent protein-labeled Centrin 2 allows visualization of the centrosome in living cells.</a> Transgenic Res. 13, 155-164 (2004).</li><li>Walantus, W., Castaneda, D., Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+intraventricular+injection+and+electroporation+of+E15+mouse+embryos.">In utero intraventricular injection and electroporation of E15 mouse embryos.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2007).</li><li>Saito, T., Nakatsuji, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+embryonic+mouse+brain+using+in+vivo+electroporation.">Efficient gene transfer into the embryonic mouse brain using in vivo electroporation.</a> Dev Biol. 240, 237-246 (2001).</li><li>Yang, Y. -. T., Wang, C. -. L., Van Aelst, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOCK7+interacts+with+TACC3+to+regulate+interkinetic+nuclear+migration+and+cortical+neurogenesis.">DOCK7 interacts with TACC3 to regulate interkinetic nuclear migration and cortical neurogenesis.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15, (2012).</li><li>Siegenthaler, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+Acid+from+the+meninges+regulates+cortical+neuron+generation.">Retinoic Acid from the meninges regulates cortical neuron generation.</a> Cell. 139, 597-609 (2009).</li><li>Schenk, J., Wilsch-Br&#228;uninger, M., Calegari, F., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+II+is+required+for+interkinetic+nuclear+migration+of+neural+progenitors.">Myosin II is required for interkinetic nuclear migration of neural progenitors.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 16487-16492 (2009).</li></ol>

Het grote voordeel van het protocol we hebben beschreven dat het een dynamische temporele resolutie van mitose van neurale voorlopercellen. Gewoonlijk assays mitose visualiseren in de ontwikkelende hersenen worden uitgevoerd met behulp van immunofluorescentie vaste weefselsecties. Maar deze aanpak geeft slechts een momentopname van de mitose op een tijdstip. Er zijn verschillende stappen die het meest essentieel voor het afbeelden van mitose in hersenenplakken: 1) De hersenen plakjes moet bl...

De algemene doelstelling van dit protocol is om te beschrijven hoe om live beeldvorming van neurale voorlopercellen mitose presteren in embryonale hersenen plakjes. Met behulp van live beeldvorming van de hersenen plakjes in de cultuur, dit protocol voorziet in een eenvoudige methode om meerdere aspecten van de mitose assay in neurale voorlopercellen in een omgeving die sterk lijkt op een in vivo setting. Het kan worden toegepast op hersenen van mutante dieren en / of hersenen die zijn gemanipuleerd met in utero elektroporatie) 1-5. Deze techniek is ook ideaal om het effect van farmacologische middelen op mitose neurale precursoren te testen, door eenvoudig toevoegen van een middel aan het kweekmedium. Kortom, zal dit artikel een technisch uitdagende protocol toegankelijk voor diegenen studeren neurogenese te maken. Tijdens neurogenese onderscheiden neurale populaties ondergaan nauwkeurig divisies neuronen die uiteindelijk bijdragen aan de zes corticale lagen van de volwassen neocortex 6-8 genereren. Vroeg in de corticale ontwikkeling, de neurale voorloper zwembad uitzet als neuro (NE) cellen delen symmetrisch om zichzelf te vernieuwen. NE cellen vervolgens omzetten in radiale gliacellen (RGC). Aanvankelijk RGC verdelen symmetrisch twee nieuwe RGC produceren, maar tijdens het grootste deel van neurogenese, belangrijkste wijze van verdeling RGC &#39;is asymmetrisch. In asymmetrische verdeling, 1 RGC ontstaat een nieuwe RGC en ofwel een post-mitotische neuron, of een meer gespecialiseerde voorlopercellen (een korte neurale precursor (SNP), een buitenste radiale glia (ORG), of een tussenproduct progenitor (INP) 2,3,7,9. INPS SNPs en ORGs kan vervolgens genereren neuronen in het sub-ventriculaire, ventriculaire en basale gebieden van de cortex, respectievelijk. Daarom celdeling voorlopercellen is een fundamenteel proces voor het genereren van neuronen van de neocortex. Talrijke studies wijzen op een verband tussen specifieke mitotische trekken van RGC en het lot van dochtercellen. Haydar et al.. En Takahashi et al..hebben aangetoond dat de RGC mitotische duur en lengte van de celcyclus toename als neurogenese opbrengst, een bevinding weerklinkt in de follow-up studies 10-13. Een aantal studies hebben gesuggereerd dat mitotische spindel oriëntatie ten opzichte van het ventrikel beïnvloedt aspecten van neurogenese en corticogenesis, met inbegrip van soorten neuronen gegenereerd en de locatie van nakomelingen in de hersenen, respectievelijk 3,10,14-16. Of splijtenvliegtuig oriëntatie beïnvloedt direct cellot is controversieel, maar de conclusie blijft dat deze mitotische parameter gevolgen neurogenese. Verder benadrukken van het belang van mitose is de constatering dat vele genen betrokken bij de mechanica van mitose zijn cruciaal voor neurogenese en voor een goede ontwikkeling van de hersenen 17-20. Mitose is een dynamisch proces, maar tot op heden de meeste onderzoeken waarin progenitorceltransplanten mitose gebruiken analyse van vaste weefselsecties of beeldvorming van neurale voorlopercellen via in vitro celkweek. Dus de reguliere methoden mitose evalueren slechts een momentopname van dit proces en niet te ontdekken hoe cellen zich in een weefsel. Live-beeldvorming van neurale voorlopercellen mitose is steeds meer een instrument van cruciaal belang voor het begrijpen van neurale voorlopercellen functie. Voor voorbeelden zie deze referenties 4,8,10,21-25. Diverse openstaande protocollen zijn gepubliceerd voor de voorbereiding en beeldvorming van de hersenen plakjes 26,27. Maar tot op heden heeft een uitgebreid protocol voor beeldvorming en analyse van de mitose niet beschreven noch aangetoond in video. Deze techniek biedt een aantal belangrijke voordelen boven vaste analyse van hersencoupes. Time-lapse analyse van de hersenen plakjes schakelt het maken van aanzienlijk meer datapunten die op een flexibele manier kan worden geanalyseerd. Eerst worden gegevens verzameld op afzonderlijke tijdstippen in de loop van enkele minuten of enkele uren. Men kan sommige tijdstippen (om een ​​statische montage te maken) of analyserenkunnen verschillende tijdstippen te combineren in films. Ten tweede, confocale beeldvorming van plakjes schakelt het maken van de gegevens op verschillende Z-profielen in de hersenen plakjes. Hierdoor kunnen afzonderlijke secties worden geanalyseerd. Alternatief kan stapels individuele secties worden gecombineerd tot een maximale intensiteit projectie. Ten derde wordt de analyse uitgevoerd in de context van een weefsel, onthullen hoe cellen verdelen ten opzichte van naburige cellen en structuren. Ten vierde is het ideaal geschikt voor analyse van mutanten dat enige mitotische afwijkingen vertonen. Samen dit protocol zal helpen verduidelijken kritische stappen aan onderzoekers die wensen om live beeldvorming van neurale voorlopercellen mitose voeren in hun eigen laboratoria te helpen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:739px;" width="738">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100X N2</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50X B27 without vitamin A</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1138-500ml</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat-inactivated calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Sytems</td>
			<td>3139-FB-025</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X HBSS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes Free Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;H4034</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dilute to 1M (pH7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.5M D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9M NaHC03</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP165-25</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Loctite 404 glue</td>
			<td>Loctite 404</td>
			<td>46551</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">keep at 4&#730;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">syto11</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>S7573</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Make 5&#181;l aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mg/ml collagen type I&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>A1048301</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">digital thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to measure the temperature of the agarose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paintbrush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">alternative to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dissecting out embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">imaging microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">A confocal microscope is required, it needs to be equipped with an incubation chamber</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex

Hoewel korte duur, mitose is een complexe en dynamische meerstapsproces fundamenteel belang voor de ontwikkeling van organen zoals de hersenen. In de ontwikkeling van cerebrale cortex, kan abnormale celdeling van neurale voorlopercellen defecten veroorzaken in de hersenen omvang en functie. Daarom is er dringend behoefte aan tools om de mechanismen van neurale voorlopercellen mitose begrijpen. De corticale ontwikkeling bij knaagdieren is een uitstekend model voor het bestuderen van dit proces. Neurale voorlopercellen mitose wordt vaak in vaste hersenen secties onderzocht. Dit protocol zal in detail beschrijven een aanpak voor live-beeldvorming van mitose in ex vivo embryonale hersenen plakjes. We zullen de kritische stappen beschrijven voor deze procedure, waaronder: hersenen extractie, hersenen inbedding, vibratome snijden van de hersenen plakjes, kleuring en kweken van plakjes, en time-lapse imaging. Wij zullen dan laten zien en beschrijf in detail hoe na de overname analyse van mitose te voeren. We zijn onder andere representatieve resultaten frOM deze test met de vitale kleurstof Syto11 transgene muizen (histon H2B-EGFP en Centrin-EGFP) en in utero elektroporatie (mCherry-α-tubuline). We zullen bespreken hoe deze procedure het beste kan worden geoptimaliseerd en hoe het kan worden aangepast voor onderzoek naar genetische regulatie van de mitose. Live-beeldvorming van mitose in de hersenen plakjes is een flexibele benadering van de invloed van leeftijd, anatomie, en genetische verstoring in een gecontroleerde omgeving te beoordelen, en een grote hoeveelheid gegevens met een hoge temporele en ruimtelijke resolutie te genereren. Vandaar dit protocol zal de bestaande instrumenten voor de analyse van neurale voorlopercellen mitose.

Het succes van deze test en de observatie van meerdere mitotische cellen tijdens een live-imaging sessie grotendeels afhangen van zowel de integriteit en anatomische niveau van het segment waar overnames worden gemaakt. Zoals hieronder besproken, de anatomische niveau van een segment is een belangrijke factor. Figuur 3A toont rostro-caudale en mediale-laterale locaties waar wij het ​​meest succesvol zijn geweest. Voor meer discussie over dit onderwerp zie Noctor 26. De integriteit van het...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Progenitorceltransplanten mitose is een kritische parameter van neurogenese. Veel van onze kennis van neurale voorlopercellen mitose is gebaseerd op de analyse van vaste weefsel. Live-beeldvorming in de embryonale hersenen plakjes is een veelzijdige techniek om mitose te beoordelen met een hoge temporele en ruimtelijke resolutie in een gecontroleerde omgeving.

Live-Imaging van mitose in het ontwikkelen van muis embryonale Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

live-imaging-of-mitosis-in-the-developing-mouse-embryonic-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The technique presented here allows the imaging of the same area of the brain at several time points (chronic imaging) with microscopic resolution allowing the tracking of dendritic spines which are the small structures that represent the majority of postsynaptic excitatory sites in the CNS. The ability to clearly resolve fine cortical structures over several time points has many advantages, specifically in the study of brain plasticity in which morphological changes at synapses and circuit remodeling may help explain underlying mechanisms. In this video and supplementary material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation. The thinned-skull preparation is a minimally invasive approach, which avoids potential damage to the dura and/or cortex, thus reducing the onset of an inflammatory response. When this protocol is performed correctly, it is possible to clearly monitor changes in dendritic spine characteristics in the intact brain over a prolonged period of time.

In this video and supplemental material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation.

Chronische Imaging van de muis visuele cortex met behulp van een verdunde-schedel Voorbereiding

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Multiple-muis neuroanatomische Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Time-lapse Live-Imaging van klonaal verwante neurale progenitorcellen in de ontwikkelingslanden zebravis voorhersenen

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

Met een hoge resolutie Live-Imaging van cel gedrag in de ontwikkelingslanden Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as addition/removal of synapses, occur in an experience-dependent manner, providing the structural foundation of neuronal plasticity. As postsynaptic components of the most excitatory synapses in the cortex, dendritic spines are considered to be a good proxy of synapses. Taking advantages of mouse genetics and fluorescent labeling techniques, individual neurons and their synaptic structures can be labeled in the intact brain. Here we introduce a transcranial imaging protocol using two-photon laser scanning microscopy to follow fluorescently labeled postsynaptic dendritic spines over time in vivo. This protocol utilizes a thinned-skull preparation, which keeps the skull intact and avoids inflammatory effects caused by exposure of the meninges and the cortex. Therefore, images can be acquired immediately after surgery is performed. The experimental procedure can be performed repetitively over various time intervals ranging from hours to years. The application of this preparation can also be expanded to investigate different cortical regions and layers, as well as other cell types, under physiological and pathological conditions.

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Time-lapse imaging in the living animal provides valuable information on structural reorganization in the intact brain. Here, we introduce a thinned-skull preparation that allows transcranial imaging of fluorescently labeled synaptic structures in the living mouse cortex by two-photon microscopy.

Twee-Photon<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imaging van vertakte stekels in de Mouse Cortex met een uitgedunde schedel Voorbereiding

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Live-Imaging van de Ependymale Cilia in de laterale ventrikels van de hersenen van muizen

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse line. This approach creates a possibility to investigate the correlation of behavioural manipulations with changes in neuronal morphology in vivo.
The cranial window implantation procedure was considered to be limited only to the easily accessible cortex regions such as the barrel field. Our approach allows visualization of neurons in the highly vascularized RSC. RSC is an important element of the brain circuit responsible for spatial memory, previously deemed to be problematic for in vivo two-photon imaging.
The cranial window implantation over the RSC is combined with an injection of mCherry-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVmCherry) into the dorsal hippocampus. The expressed mCherry spreads out to axonal projections from the hippocampus to RSC, enabling the visualization of changes in both presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines in the cortex. 
This technique allows long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex using in vivo two photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic line. This approach is combined with injection of mCherry-expressing adeno-associated virus into dorsal hippocampus. These techniques allow long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultane twee-foton<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Beeldvorming van Synaptic In- en Postsynaptische Doelen op Mouse retrospleniale Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Live Imaging of Primary Cerebral Cortex Cells Using a 2D Culture System

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or postmitotic neurons. Later, some progenitors switch to a gliogenic fate, adding to the astrocyte and oligodendrocyte populations. Using time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cell cultures, it is possible to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the mode of cell division and cell cycle parameters of progenitor cells. Similarly, the fate of postmitotic cells can be examined using cell-specific fluorescent reporter proteins or post-imaging immunocytochemistry. More importantly, all these features can be analyzed at the single-cell level, allowing the identification of progenitors committed to the generation of specific cell types. Manipulation of gene expression can also be performed using viral-mediated transfection, allowing the study of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous phenomena. Finally, the use of fusion fluorescent proteins allows the study of symmetric and asymmetric distribution of selected proteins during division and the correlation with daughter cells fate. Here, we describe the time-lapse video-microscopy method to image primary cerebral cortex murine cells for up to several days and analyze the mode of cell division, cell cycle length and fate of newly generated cells. We also describe a simple method to transfect progenitor cells, which can be applied to manipulate genes of interest or simply label cells with reporter proteins.

Live imaging is a powerful tool to study cellular behaviors in real time. Here, we describe a protocol for time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cells that allows a detailed examination of the phases enacted during the lineage progression from primary neural stem cells to differentiated neurons and glia.

Live beeldvorming van primaire hersenschors cellen met behulp van een systeem van 2D cultuur

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex Utero Electroporation en Organotypic Slice culturen van muis embryonale hersenen voor Live-Imaging van GABAergic interneuronen migreren

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

Niet-invasieve modulatie en Robotic mapping van de motorische cortex in de ontwikkelende hersenen

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...