Name: live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex
Uploaded: 2014-06-04T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

Les auteurs reconnaissent financement du NINDS / NIH, R00-NS064197 et NINDS / NIH, R01NS083897 (à la fois pour DLS).

1. Préparation des milieux (figure 1, étape 1) <ol><li> Tranche milieu de culture <ol><li> 25 ml de milieu de culture de la tranche est suffisante pour préparer des plats de fond 5 de verre avec deux tranches par puits. </li><li> Dans un tube conique de 50 ml, ajouter 250 ul d&#39;une solution de N2 100x et 500 ul d&#39;une solution 50x B27 sans vitamine A. Ajouter DMEM/F12 à un volume de 22,5 ml. </li><li> Stériliser par filtration, puis ajouter une solution de 1,25 ml de sérum de cheval inactivé à la chaleur...

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L&#39;avantage majeur du protocole que nous avons décrit est qu&#39;il fournit une résolution temporelle dynamique de la mitose de cellules progénitrices neurales. Typiquement, les dosages de visualiser la mitose dans le cerveau en développement sont effectuées par immunofluorescence de coupes de tissus fixés. Mais cette approche ne donne qu&#39;un aperçu de la mitose à un point de temps. Il existe plusieurs étapes qui sont les plus critiques pour l&#39;imagerie de la mitose dans de...

L&#39;objectif global de ce protocole est de décrire comment effectuer l&#39;imagerie en direct de neurones progéniteurs mitose dans des tranches de cerveau embryonnaires. En utilisant l&#39;imagerie en direct de tranches de cerveau de la culture, ce protocole fournit une méthode simple pour analyser les multiples aspects de la mitose dans les progéniteurs neuronaux dans un environnement très similaire à un cadre in vivo. Il peut être appliqué sur le cerveau des animaux et / ou les cerveaux mutantes qui ont été manipulés par électroporation in utero) 5.1. Cette technique est également idéal pour tester l&#39;effet d&#39;agents pharmacologiques sur la mitose de précurseurs neuronaux, par le simple ajout d&#39;un agent pour le milieu de culture. En somme, cet article va faire un protocole défi technique accessible à ceux qui étudient la neurogenèse. Au cours de la neurogenèse, les populations progénitrices neurales distinctes subissent divisions précises pour générer des neurones qui contribuent finalement à six couches corticales de l&#39;adulte néocortex 6-8. Au début du développement cortical, la piscine de précurseur neural se développe comme neuroépithéliales (NE) les cellules se divisent de manière symétrique à se renouveler. cellules NE transforment en cellules gliales radiales (CGR). Initialement CGR divisent symétriquement à produire deux nouveaux CGR, mais pendant la plus grande partie de la neurogenèse, principal mode de CGR de division est asymétrique. Dans la division asymétrique, une RGC donne lieu à un nouveau RGC et soit un neurone post-mitotique, ou un progéniteur plus spécialisé (soit un précurseur neuronal court (SNP), une glie radiale externe (ORG), ou un progéniteur intermédiaire (INP) 2,3,7,9. INP, SNP, et ORG peuvent alors générer des neurones à la sous-ventriculaire, ventriculaire, et les régions du cortex basaux, respectivement. conséquent, la division cellulaire des progéniteurs est un processus fondamental pour générer des neurones de l&#39; néocortex. De nombreuses études font état d&#39;une corrélation entre les traits spécifiques de la mitose CGR et le destin des cellules filles. Haydar et al. Et Takahashi et al.ont montré que RGC durée mitotique et augmentation de la longueur du cycle cellulaire comme neurogenèse produit, une constatation fait écho dans le suivi des études 10-13. Un certain nombre d&#39;études ont suggéré que fuseau mitotique orientation par rapport au ventricule influe sur les aspects de la neurogenèse et corticogenèse, y compris les types de neurones générés et le placement de la descendance dans le cerveau, respectivement 3,10,14-16. Que plan de clivage orientation influe directement sur le destin des cellules est controversée, mais la conclusion reste que cette mitotique impacts de paramètres neurogenèse. Souligne en outre l&#39;importance de la mitose est l&#39;observation que de nombreux gènes impliqués dans les mécanismes de la mitose sont cruciales pour la neurogenèse et de bon développement du cerveau 17-20. La mitose est un processus dynamique, encore à ce jour la plupart des études détaillant progénitrices neurales mitose utiliser l&#39;analyse des coupes de tissus fixes ou imagerie de progéniteurs neuronaux via la culture de cellules in vitro. Ainsi, les procédés traditionnels pour évaluer la mitose ne fournissent qu&#39;un aperçu de ce processus et ne parviennent pas à découvrir comment les cellules se comportent dans un tissu. L&#39;imagerie en direct de neurones progéniteurs mitose est progressivement devenu un outil essentiel pour comprendre la fonction neuronale progénitrice. Pour des exemples s&#39;il vous plaît voir ces références 4,8,10,21-25. Plusieurs protocoles en circulation ont été publiées pour la préparation et l&#39;imagerie des tranches de cerveau 26,27. Toutefois à ce jour, un protocole détaillé pour l&#39;imagerie et l&#39;analyse de la mitose n&#39;a pas été décrite ni démontré dans la vidéo. Cette technique offre plusieurs avantages importants par rapport à l&#39;analyse fixe de coupes de cerveau. Analyse Time-lapse de tranches de cerveau permet la génération de beaucoup plus de points de données qui peuvent être analysées de manière flexible. Tout d&#39;abord, les données sont collectées à des instants individuels sur une période de plusieurs minutes ou plusieurs heures. On peut analyser des points de temps individuels (pour créer un montage statique) oupeut combiner différents moments dans les films. Deuxièmement, l&#39;imagerie confocale de tranches permet la génération de données au niveau des sections de Z différents dans des tranches de cerveau. En conséquence, les sections individuelles peuvent être analysées. En variante, des piles de sections individuelles peuvent être combinées en une projection d&#39;intensité maximale. Troisièmement, l&#39;analyse se fait dans le cadre d&#39;un tissu, révélant comment les cellules se divisent par rapport à des cellules et des structures voisines. Quatrièmement, il est parfaitement adapté à l&#39;analyse de mutants qui montrent des signes de défauts mitotiques. Ensemble, ce protocole permettra de clarifier les étapes critiques pour aider les chercheurs qui souhaitent faire de l&#39;imagerie en direct de neurones progéniteurs mitose dans leurs propres laboratoires.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:739px;" width="738">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100X N2</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50X B27 without vitamin A</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1138-500ml</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat-inactivated calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Sytems</td>
			<td>3139-FB-025</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X HBSS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes Free Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;H4034</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dilute to 1M (pH7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.5M D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9M NaHC03</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP165-25</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Loctite 404 glue</td>
			<td>Loctite 404</td>
			<td>46551</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">keep at 4&#730;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">syto11</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>S7573</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Make 5&#181;l aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mg/ml collagen type I&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>A1048301</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">digital thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to measure the temperature of the agarose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paintbrush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">alternative to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dissecting out embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">imaging microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">A confocal microscope is required, it needs to be equipped with an incubation chamber</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex

Bien que de courte durée, la mitose est un processus multi-étapes complexe et dynamique fondamentale pour le développement des organes, y compris le cerveau. Dans le cortex cérébral en développement, la mitose anormale de cellules progénitrices neurales peut causer des malformations à la taille et la fonction du cerveau. Par conséquent, il existe un besoin critique des outils pour comprendre les mécanismes de neurones progéniteurs mitose. Développement cortical chez les rongeurs est un modèle exceptionnel pour l&#39;étude de ce processus. Progénitrices neurales mitose est souvent examiné dans les sections du cerveau fixes. Ce protocole décrit en détail une approche de l&#39;imagerie en direct de la mitose en ex vivo des tranches de cerveau embryonnaires. Nous allons décrire les étapes essentielles de cette procédure, qui comprennent: l&#39;extraction du cerveau, intégration, vibratome découpe des tranches de cerveau, la coloration et la culture de tranches, et imagerie time-lapse. Nous allons ensuite montrer et décrire en détail comment effectuer une analyse post-acquisition de la mitose. Nous incluons résultats représentatifs from ce dosage en utilisant le colorant vital Syto11, des souris transgéniques (histone H2B-EGFP et centrine-EGFP), et l&#39;électroporation in utero (mCherry-α-tubuline). Nous allons discuter de la façon dont cette procédure peut être mieux optimisé et comment il peut être modifié pour l&#39;étude de la régulation génétique de la mitose. Imagerie en temps réel de la mitose dans des tranches de cerveau est une approche souple pour évaluer l&#39;impact de l&#39;âge, de l&#39;anatomie, et la perturbation génétique dans un environnement contrôlé, et de générer une grande quantité de données avec une résolution spatiale et temporelle. Ainsi ce protocole vient compléter les outils existants pour l&#39;analyse des neurones progéniteurs mitose.

Le succès de cet essai et l&#39;observation de plusieurs cellules en mitose au cours d&#39;une session live d&#39;imagerie dépendent en grande partie à la fois l&#39;intégrité et le niveau anatomique de la tranche où les acquisitions sont réalisées. Comme discuté ci-dessous, le niveau anatomique d&#39;une tranche est un facteur important. Figure 3A montre rostro-caudale et médio-latérale des endroits où nous avons le mieux réussi. Pour une discussion supplémentaire sur ce sujet s&#39;il vo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Progénitrices neurales mitose est un paramètre critique de la neurogenèse. Une grande partie de notre compréhension des neurones progéniteurs mitose est basé sur l&#39;analyse des tissus fixés. Imagerie en temps réel dans des tranches de cerveau embryonnaire est une technique souple pour évaluer la mitose avec une résolution temporelle et spatiale dans un environnement contrôlé.

Imagerie en direct de la mitose dans les développement Cortex souris embryonnaires

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

live-imaging-of-mitosis-in-the-developing-mouse-embryonic-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The technique presented here allows the imaging of the same area of the brain at several time points (chronic imaging) with microscopic resolution allowing the tracking of dendritic spines which are the small structures that represent the majority of postsynaptic excitatory sites in the CNS. The ability to clearly resolve fine cortical structures over several time points has many advantages, specifically in the study of brain plasticity in which morphological changes at synapses and circuit remodeling may help explain underlying mechanisms. In this video and supplementary material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation. The thinned-skull preparation is a minimally invasive approach, which avoids potential damage to the dura and/or cortex, thus reducing the onset of an inflammatory response. When this protocol is performed correctly, it is possible to clearly monitor changes in dendritic spine characteristics in the intact brain over a prolonged period of time.

In this video and supplemental material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation.

Imagerie chronique des souris cortex visuel en utilisant une préparation Diluée-crâne

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Multiple-Mouse Imaging neuroanatomiques par résonance magnétique

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Imagerie time-lapse en direct de relation clonale cellules progénitrices neurales dans le cerveau antérieur développement Zebrafish

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

Imagerie à haute résolution en direct du comportement des cellules dans le développement neuro-épithélium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as addition/removal of synapses, occur in an experience-dependent manner, providing the structural foundation of neuronal plasticity. As postsynaptic components of the most excitatory synapses in the cortex, dendritic spines are considered to be a good proxy of synapses. Taking advantages of mouse genetics and fluorescent labeling techniques, individual neurons and their synaptic structures can be labeled in the intact brain. Here we introduce a transcranial imaging protocol using two-photon laser scanning microscopy to follow fluorescently labeled postsynaptic dendritic spines over time in vivo. This protocol utilizes a thinned-skull preparation, which keeps the skull intact and avoids inflammatory effects caused by exposure of the meninges and the cortex. Therefore, images can be acquired immediately after surgery is performed. The experimental procedure can be performed repetitively over various time intervals ranging from hours to years. The application of this preparation can also be expanded to investigate different cortical regions and layers, as well as other cell types, under physiological and pathological conditions.

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Time-lapse imaging in the living animal provides valuable information on structural reorganization in the intact brain. Here, we introduce a thinned-skull preparation that allows transcranial imaging of fluorescently labeled synaptic structures in the living mouse cortex by two-photon microscopy.

Deux-Photon<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagerie des épines dendritiques dans le cortex de souris utilisant un crâne-Diluée Préparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Imagerie en direct de la épendymaire Cilia dans les ventricules latéraux du cerveau de souris

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse line. This approach creates a possibility to investigate the correlation of behavioural manipulations with changes in neuronal morphology in vivo.
The cranial window implantation procedure was considered to be limited only to the easily accessible cortex regions such as the barrel field. Our approach allows visualization of neurons in the highly vascularized RSC. RSC is an important element of the brain circuit responsible for spatial memory, previously deemed to be problematic for in vivo two-photon imaging.
The cranial window implantation over the RSC is combined with an injection of mCherry-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVmCherry) into the dorsal hippocampus. The expressed mCherry spreads out to axonal projections from the hippocampus to RSC, enabling the visualization of changes in both presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines in the cortex. 
This technique allows long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex using in vivo two photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic line. This approach is combined with injection of mCherry-expressing adeno-associated virus into dorsal hippocampus. These techniques allow long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultanée à deux photons<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imagerie d&#39;entrées synaptiques et les cibles postsynaptiques dans le Cortex Souris rétrosplénial

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Live Imaging of Primary Cerebral Cortex Cells Using a 2D Culture System

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or postmitotic neurons. Later, some progenitors switch to a gliogenic fate, adding to the astrocyte and oligodendrocyte populations. Using time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cell cultures, it is possible to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the mode of cell division and cell cycle parameters of progenitor cells. Similarly, the fate of postmitotic cells can be examined using cell-specific fluorescent reporter proteins or post-imaging immunocytochemistry. More importantly, all these features can be analyzed at the single-cell level, allowing the identification of progenitors committed to the generation of specific cell types. Manipulation of gene expression can also be performed using viral-mediated transfection, allowing the study of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous phenomena. Finally, the use of fusion fluorescent proteins allows the study of symmetric and asymmetric distribution of selected proteins during division and the correlation with daughter cells fate. Here, we describe the time-lapse video-microscopy method to image primary cerebral cortex murine cells for up to several days and analyze the mode of cell division, cell cycle length and fate of newly generated cells. We also describe a simple method to transfect progenitor cells, which can be applied to manipulate genes of interest or simply label cells with reporter proteins.

Live imaging is a powerful tool to study cellular behaviors in real time. Here, we describe a protocol for time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cells that allows a detailed examination of the phases enacted during the lineage progression from primary neural stem cells to differentiated neurons and glia.

Imagerie des cellules du Cortex cérébral primaire à l’aide d’un système de Culture 2D en direct

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex Utero Électroporation et culture organotypique tranche de cerveaux de souris embryonnaires pour vivre-imagerie de la migration des interneurones GABAergiques

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

Modulation non invasive et cartographie robotique du cortex moteur dans le cerveau en développement

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...