Name: live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex
Uploaded: 2014-06-04T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

著者らは、NINDS / NIH、R00〜NS064197およびNINDS / NIH、R01NS083897（DLSの両方）からの資金を認める。

メディアの1。作製（図1、ステップ1） <ol><li>スライス培養培地<ol><li>スライス培養培地25mlをウェル当たり2スライスを5ガラスボトムディッシュを調製するのに十分である。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルコニカルチューブに、100×N2液250μLおよびビタミンA 22.5ミリリットルの容積にDMEM/F12を追加することなく、50倍のB27溶液500μlを加える。 </li><li>フィルタは、ソリューションを殺菌し、その後、熱不?...

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	<li>Gal, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+morphological+heterogeneity+of+neural+precursors+in+the+mouse+neocortical+proliferative+zones.">Molecular and morphological heterogeneity of neural precursors in the mouse neocortical proliferative zones.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 1045-1056 (2006).</li><li>Stancik, E. K., Navarro-Quiroga, I., Sellke, R., Haydar, T. 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C., Mart&#237;nez-Cerde&#241;o, V., Ivic, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+arise+in+symmetric+and+asymmetric+division+zones+and+migrate+through+specific+phases.">Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.</a> Nature Publishing Group. 7, 136-144 (2004).</li><li>Tyler, W. A., Haydar, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+Genetic+Fate+Mapping+Reveals+a+Novel+Route+of+Neocortical+Neurogenesis,+Which+Is+Altered+in+the+Ts65Dn+Mouse+Model+of+Down+Syndrome.">Multiplex Genetic Fate Mapping Reveals a Novel Route of Neocortical Neurogenesis, Which Is Altered in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 5106-5119 (2013).</li><li>Noctor, S. 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我々が記載したプロトコルの主な利点は、それが神経前駆細胞の有糸分裂の動的な時間分解能を提供することである。典型的には、発達中の脳における有糸分裂を可視化するためのアッセイは、固定組織切片の免疫蛍光を用いて行われる。しかし、このアプローチは、1つの時点での有糸分裂のスナップショットを提供する。 脳スライス内の有糸分裂を画像化するための?...

このプロトコルの全体的な目標は、胚の脳スライスの神経前駆細胞の有糸分裂のライブイメージングを実行する方法を説明することである。培養液中の脳スライスのライブイメージングを使用して、このプロトコルは、 生体内の設定に非常に近い環境で、神経前駆細胞の有糸分裂を複数の側面を分析するための簡単な方法を提供する。なお） 子宮内エレクトロポレーションに用い1-5操作された突然変異動物および/ ​​または脳の脳に適用することができる。この技術は、単に培養培地に薬剤を添加することによって、神経前駆細胞」は、有糸分裂に薬理学的物質の効果を試験することも理想的である。要するに、この記事では、神経新生を研究したものと技術的に困難なプロトコルにアクセスできるようになります。 神経発生時には、明確な神経前駆細胞集団は、最終的には6-8新皮質大人の6皮質層に寄与する神経細胞を生成するために、正確な部門を経験。神経上皮（NE）細胞は自己複製に対称的に分割し、早けれ皮質開発では、神経前駆プールが展開されます。 NEの細胞は、その後放射状グリア細胞（RGCは）に変換。当初、RGCを、2つの新しいのRGCを生成するために対称的に分割し、ただし、神経発生の大部分の間に、分裂のRGCは「メインモードは非対称である。非対称分裂では、1 RGCは、新たなRGCいずれか有糸分裂後のニューロン、またはより専門的な前駆細胞（いずれか短い神経前駆（SNP）、外側放射状グリア（ORG）、または中間前駆細胞（INP）を生じさせる2,3,7,9。INPS、SNPを、そしてORGSは、サブ心室、心室の神経細胞を生成することができ、かつ皮質の基底領域がそれぞれあるので、前駆細胞の細胞分裂は、神経細胞を生成するための基本的なプロセスであり、新皮質。 多くの研究は、特定の有糸分裂のRGCの特性と娘細胞の運命の間の相関関係を指摘している。ハイダルらおよび高橋らRGC分裂期間および神経発生が進行するにつれて、細胞周期の長さの増加は、発見が追跡中の研究10-13をエコーすることを示した。多くの研究は、心室への有糸分裂紡錘体の向きが3,10,14-16それぞれ、脳内で生成された子孫の場所ニューロンのタイプを含む神経発生およびcorticogenesisの態様を、影響することを示唆している。劈開面方位が直接細胞の運命に影響するかどうかは議論の余地があるが、結論は、この有糸分裂のパラメータに影響を与え、神経発生のまま。さらに、有糸分裂の重要性を強調することは、有糸分裂のメカニズムに関与する多くの遺伝子が神経発生のために、適切な脳の発達に重要である17〜20という観察である。 有糸分裂は、動的なプロセスであり、まだ今日までに、神経前駆有糸分裂を詳述するほとんどの研究は、 インビトロでの細胞培養を介して固定された組織切片の分析または神経前駆細胞の画像化を利用する。このように、有糸分裂を評価するための主流の方法は、このプロセスのスナップショットを提供し、細胞が組織内でどのように動作するかを明らかにすることができない。神経前駆有糸分裂のライブイメージングは​​ますます神経前駆機能を理解するための重要なツールとなっています。例については、これらの参照を参照してください4,8,10,21-25。いくつかの優れたプロトコルは、脳スライス26,27の製造およびイメージングのために公開されている。しかしこれまでに、有糸分裂のイメージングおよび分析のための総合的なプロトコルは、ビデオで説明も証明されていない。 この手法は、脳切片の固定分析に比べていくつかの重要な利点を提供しています。脳スライスの経時的分析は、柔軟な方法で分析することができるかなり多くのデータ点を生成することができる。まず、データは、数分または数時間にわたって個々の時点で収集される。一つは、（静的なモンタージュを作成するために）個々の時点を分析することができるか、ムービーに異なる時点を組み合わせることができます。第二に、スライスの共焦点イメージングは​​、脳スライス内の別のZのセクションでデータを生成することができる。その結果、個々の部分を分析することができる。あるいは、個々のセクションのスタックは、最大強度投影中に組み合わせることができる。第三に、分析は、細胞が隣接細胞と構造体と比較して分割の仕方が明らかに、組織のコンテキストで実行されます。第四に、それは、有糸分裂の欠陥のいくつかの証拠を示す突然変異体の分析に理想的に適している。一緒にこのプロトコルは、独自の研究室で神経前駆有糸分裂のライブイメージングを実施したい研究者を支援するための重要なステップを明確にするのに役立ちます。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100X N2</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50X B27 without vitamin A</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1138-500ml</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat-inactivated calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Sytems</td>
			<td>3139-FB-025</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X HBSS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes Free Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;H4034</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dilute to 1M (pH7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.5M D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9M NaHC03</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP165-25</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Loctite 404 glue</td>
			<td>Loctite 404</td>
			<td>46551</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">keep at 4&#730;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">syto11</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>S7573</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Make 5&#181;l aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mg/ml collagen type I&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>A1048301</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">digital thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to measure the temperature of the agarose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paintbrush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">alternative to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dissecting out embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">imaging microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">A confocal microscope is required, it needs to be equipped with an incubation chamber</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex

短期間であるが、有糸分裂は、脳を含む臓器の開発のための基本的な複雑で動的な多段階プロセスである。大脳皮質では、神経前駆細胞の異常な有糸分裂は、脳の大きさと機能の欠陥を引き起こす可能性があります。したがって、神経前駆有糸分裂のメカニズムを理解するためのツールのための重要な必要性がある。げっ歯類における皮質の開発は、このプロセスを研究するための優れたモデルです。神経前駆糸分裂は、一般的に固定された脳切片で検討されている。このプロトコルは、具体的にex vivoでの胚の脳切片における有糸分裂のライブイメージングのためのアプローチを説明します。脳の抽出、埋め込む脳、脳スライス、スライスの染色および培養し、タイムラプスイメージングのビブラトーム切片を：私たちは、これは、この手順のための重要なステップを説明します。次に、有糸分裂のポスト取込み分析を実行する方法を詳細に示し、説明する。我々は、代表的な結果のFRを含みOMこのアッセイは、生体色素Syto11、トランスジェニックマウス（ヒストンH2B-EGFPおよびセントリン-EGFP）を使用して、 子宮内電気穿孔（mCherry-α-チューブリン） であった。我々は、この手順では、最良の最適化することができるか、それが有糸分裂の遺伝的調節の研究のために変更する方法を説明します。脳スライスにおける有糸分裂のライブイメージングは​​、制御された環境で、年齢、解剖学および遺伝的摂動の影響を評価するために、高い時間的·空間分解能で大量のデータを生成するために、柔軟なアプローチである。したがって、このプロトコルは、神経前駆糸分裂の分析のための既存のツールを補完する。

このアッセイの成功と1のライブイメージングセッション中に複数の有糸分裂細胞の観察は、主整合性や買収が行われたスライスの解剖学的なレベルの両方に依存します。以下に説明するように、スライスの解剖学的レベルが重要な因子であり、図3Aは吻側-尾側を示し、内側-外側我々は、最も成功している場所。このテーマの追加の議論についてはNoctor 26を参照してくだ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

神経前駆有糸分裂は、神経新生の重要なパラメータである。神経前駆糸分裂の我々の理解の多くは、固定された組織の分析に基づいている。胚性脳スライス内のライブイメージングは​​、制御された環境で、高い時間·空間分解能で有糸分裂を評価するための汎用的な手法である。

発生中のマウス胚性皮質における有糸分裂のライブイメージング

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

live-imaging-of-mitosis-in-the-developing-mouse-embryonic-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The technique presented here allows the imaging of the same area of the brain at several time points (chronic imaging) with microscopic resolution allowing the tracking of dendritic spines which are the small structures that represent the majority of postsynaptic excitatory sites in the CNS. The ability to clearly resolve fine cortical structures over several time points has many advantages, specifically in the study of brain plasticity in which morphological changes at synapses and circuit remodeling may help explain underlying mechanisms. In this video and supplementary material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation. The thinned-skull preparation is a minimally invasive approach, which avoids potential damage to the dura and/or cortex, thus reducing the onset of an inflammatory response. When this protocol is performed correctly, it is possible to clearly monitor changes in dendritic spine characteristics in the intact brain over a prolonged period of time.

In this video and supplemental material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation.

間伐-頭蓋骨の準備を使用してマウス視覚野の慢性的イメージング

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

神経科学

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

複数のマウスの神経解剖学的磁気共鳴イメージング

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

開発ゼブラフィッシュ前脳におけるクローン関連の神経前駆細胞のタイムラプスライブイメージング

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

開発神​​経上皮における細胞挙動の高解像度のライブイメージング

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as addition/removal of synapses, occur in an experience-dependent manner, providing the structural foundation of neuronal plasticity. As postsynaptic components of the most excitatory synapses in the cortex, dendritic spines are considered to be a good proxy of synapses. Taking advantages of mouse genetics and fluorescent labeling techniques, individual neurons and their synaptic structures can be labeled in the intact brain. Here we introduce a transcranial imaging protocol using two-photon laser scanning microscopy to follow fluorescently labeled postsynaptic dendritic spines over time in vivo. This protocol utilizes a thinned-skull preparation, which keeps the skull intact and avoids inflammatory effects caused by exposure of the meninges and the cortex. Therefore, images can be acquired immediately after surgery is performed. The experimental procedure can be performed repetitively over various time intervals ranging from hours to years. The application of this preparation can also be expanded to investigate different cortical regions and layers, as well as other cell types, under physiological and pathological conditions.

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Time-lapse imaging in the living animal provides valuable information on structural reorganization in the intact brain. Here, we introduce a thinned-skull preparation that allows transcranial imaging of fluorescently labeled synaptic structures in the living mouse cortex by two-photon microscopy.

二光子<em&gt; in vivoで</em&gt;間引き頭蓋骨の準備を使用して、マウス皮質における樹状突起棘のイメージング

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

マウスの脳の側脳室における上衣繊毛のライブイメージング

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse line. This approach creates a possibility to investigate the correlation of behavioural manipulations with changes in neuronal morphology in vivo.
The cranial window implantation procedure was considered to be limited only to the easily accessible cortex regions such as the barrel field. Our approach allows visualization of neurons in the highly vascularized RSC. RSC is an important element of the brain circuit responsible for spatial memory, previously deemed to be problematic for in vivo two-photon imaging.
The cranial window implantation over the RSC is combined with an injection of mCherry-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVmCherry) into the dorsal hippocampus. The expressed mCherry spreads out to axonal projections from the hippocampus to RSC, enabling the visualization of changes in both presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines in the cortex. 
This technique allows long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex using in vivo two photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic line. This approach is combined with injection of mCherry-expressing adeno-associated virus into dorsal hippocampus. These techniques allow long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

同時2光子<em&gt;インビボ</emマウス脳梁膨大後部皮質におけるシナプス入力とシナプス後ターゲットの&gt;イメージング

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Live Imaging of Primary Cerebral Cortex Cells Using a 2D Culture System

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or postmitotic neurons. Later, some progenitors switch to a gliogenic fate, adding to the astrocyte and oligodendrocyte populations. Using time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cell cultures, it is possible to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the mode of cell division and cell cycle parameters of progenitor cells. Similarly, the fate of postmitotic cells can be examined using cell-specific fluorescent reporter proteins or post-imaging immunocytochemistry. More importantly, all these features can be analyzed at the single-cell level, allowing the identification of progenitors committed to the generation of specific cell types. Manipulation of gene expression can also be performed using viral-mediated transfection, allowing the study of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous phenomena. Finally, the use of fusion fluorescent proteins allows the study of symmetric and asymmetric distribution of selected proteins during division and the correlation with daughter cells fate. Here, we describe the time-lapse video-microscopy method to image primary cerebral cortex murine cells for up to several days and analyze the mode of cell division, cell cycle length and fate of newly generated cells. We also describe a simple method to transfect progenitor cells, which can be applied to manipulate genes of interest or simply label cells with reporter proteins.

Live imaging is a powerful tool to study cellular behaviors in real time. Here, we describe a protocol for time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cells that allows a detailed examination of the phases enacted during the lineage progression from primary neural stem cells to differentiated neurons and glia.

2次元培養系を用いた主な大脳皮質細胞のイメージングをライブします。

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex 子宮エレクトロポレーションと gaba 作動性介在ニューロンの移行のライブ イメージング用マウス萌芽期の脳の脊髄スライス培養

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

発達中の脳における運動皮質の非侵襲的変調とロボットマッピング

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...