Name: live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex
Uploaded: 2014-06-04T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

저자는 NINDS / NIH, R00-NS064197 및 NINDS / NIH, R01NS083897 (DLS에 모두)에서 자금을 인정합니다.

미디어 1. 준비 (그림 1, 1 단계) <ol><li> 슬라이스 문화 매체 <ol><li> 슬라이스 배지 25 ㎖를 잘 당 2 조각을 5 유리 바닥 요리를 준비하기에 충분하다. </li><li> 50 ML 원뿔 관에서 100 배 N2 용액 250 μL와 비타민 A 22.5 ML의 볼륨에 DMEM/F12를 추가하지 않고 50 배 B27 솔루션 500 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 필터 솔루션을 살균 이후에 열 불 활성화 된 말 혈청 1.25 ㎖ 및 소 태아 혈청 1.25 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 조?...

<ol>
	<li>Gal, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+morphological+heterogeneity+of+neural+precursors+in+the+mouse+neocortical+proliferative+zones.">Molecular and morphological heterogeneity of neural precursors in the mouse neocortical proliferative zones.</a> J Neurosci. 26, 1045-1056 (2006).</li><li>Stancik, E. K., Navarro-Quiroga, I., Sellke, R., Haydar, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+ventricular+zone+neural+precursors+contributes+to+neuronal+fate+diversity+in+the+postnatal+neocortex.">Heterogeneity in ventricular zone neural precursors contributes to neuronal fate diversity in the postnatal neocortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 30, 7028-7036 (2010).</li><li>Konno, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroepithelial+progenitors+undergo+LGN-dependent+planar+divisions+to+maintain+self-renewability+during+mammalian+neurogenesis.">Neuroepithelial progenitors undergo LGN-dependent planar divisions to maintain self-renewability during mammalian neurogenesis.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10, 93-101 (2008).</li><li>LoTurco, J. J., Manent, J. -. B., Sidiqi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+improved+tools+for+in+utero+electroporation+studies+of+developing+cerebral+cortex.">New and improved tools for in utero electroporation studies of developing cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19 Suppl 1, (2009).</li><li>Shimogori, T., Ogawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+application+with+in+utero+electroporation+in+mouse+embryonic+brain.">Gene application with in utero electroporation in mouse embryonic brain.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 50, 499-506 (2008).</li><li>Lui, J. H., Hansen, D. V., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+evolution+of+the+human+neocortex.">Development and evolution of the human neocortex.</a> Cell. 146, 18-36 (2011).</li><li>Englund, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=and+Tbr1+are+expressed+sequentially+by+radial+glia,+intermediate+progenitor+cells,+and+postmitotic+neurons+in+developing+neocortex.">and Tbr1 are expressed sequentially by radial glia, intermediate progenitor cells, and postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 25, 247-251 (2005).</li><li>Noctor, S. C., Flint, A. C., Weissman, T. A., Dammerman, R. S., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+derived+from+radial+glial+cells+establish+radial+units+in+neocortex.">Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex.</a> Nature. 409, 714-720 (2001).</li><li>Wang, X., Tsai, J. -. W., Lamonica, B., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+subtype+of+progenitor+cell+in+the+mouse+embryonic+neocortex.">A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex.</a> Nat Neurosci. 14, 555-561 (2011).</li><li>Haydar, T. F., Ang, E., Rakic, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+rotation+and+mode+of+cell+division+in+the+developing+telencephalon.">Mitotic spindle rotation and mode of cell division in the developing telencephalon.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100, 2890-2895 (2003).</li><li>Takahashi, T., Nowakowski, R. S., Caviness, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+cycle+of+the+pseudostratified+ventricular+epithelium+of+the+embryonic+murine+cerebral+wall.">The cell cycle of the pseudostratified ventricular epithelium of the embryonic murine cerebral wall.</a> J Neurosci. 15, 6046-6057 (1995).</li><li>Pilaz, L. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+G1-phase+reduction+alters+mode+of+division,+neuron+number,+and+laminar+phenotype+in+the+cerebral+cortex.">Forced G1-phase reduction alters mode of division, neuron number, and laminar phenotype in the cerebral cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 21924-21929 (2009).</li><li>Calegari, F., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inhibition+of+cyclin-dependent+kinases+that+lengthens,+but+does+not+arrest,+neuroepithelial+cell+cycle+induces+premature+neurogenesis.">An inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases that lengthens, but does not arrest, neuroepithelial cell cycle induces premature neurogenesis.</a> J Cell Sci. 116, 4947-4955 (2003).</li><li>LaMonica, B. E., Lui, J. H., Hansen, D. V., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+orientation+predicts+outer+radial+glial+cell+generation+in+human+neocortex.">Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 1665 (2013).</li><li>Postiglione, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Inscuteable+Induces+Apical-Basal+Spindle+Orientation+to+Facilitate+Intermediate+Progenitor+Generation+in+the+Developing+Neocortex.">Mouse Inscuteable Induces Apical-Basal Spindle Orientation to Facilitate Intermediate Progenitor Generation in the Developing Neocortex.</a> Neuron. 72, 269-284 (2011).</li><li>Silver, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+exon+junction+complex+component+Magoh+controls+brain+size+by+regulating+neural+stem+cell+division.">The exon junction complex component Magoh controls brain size by regulating neural stem cell division.</a> Nat Neurosci. 13, 551-558 (2010).</li><li>Pulvers, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+mouse+Aspm+(abnormal+spindle-like+microcephaly+associated)+cause+not+only+microcephaly+but+also+major+defects+in+the+germline.">Mutations in mouse Aspm (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) cause not only microcephaly but also major defects in the germline.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 107-16595 (2010).</li><li>Feng, Y., Walsh, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+regulation+by+Nde1+controls+cerebral+cortical+size.">Mitotic spindle regulation by Nde1 controls cerebral cortical size.</a> Neuron. 44, 279-293 (2004).</li><li>Megraw, T. L., Sharkey, J. T., Nowakowski, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdk5rap2+exposes+the+centrosomal+root+of+microcephaly+syndromes.">Cdk5rap2 exposes the centrosomal root of microcephaly syndromes.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 21, 1-11 (2011).</li><li>Bond, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+centrosomal+mechanism+involving+CDK5RAP2+and+CENPJ+controls+brain+size.">A centrosomal mechanism involving CDK5RAP2 and CENPJ controls brain size.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 353-355 (2005).</li><li>Shu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doublecortin-like+kinase+controls+neurogenesis+by+regulating+mitotic+spindles+and+M+phase+progression.">Doublecortin-like kinase controls neurogenesis by regulating mitotic spindles and M phase progression.</a> Neuron. 49, 25-39 (2006).</li><li>Nelson, B. R., Hodge, R. D., Bedogni, F., Hevner, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Interactions+between+Intermediate+Neurogenic+Progenitors+and+Radial+Glia+in+Embryonic+Mouse+Neocortex:+Potential+Role+in+Dll1-Notch+Signaling.">Dynamic Interactions between Intermediate Neurogenic Progenitors and Radial Glia in Embryonic Mouse Neocortex: Potential Role in Dll1-Notch Signaling.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 9122-9139 (2013).</li><li>Hu, D. J. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynein+recruitment+to+nuclear+pores+activates+apical+nuclear+migration+and+mitotic+entry+in+brain+progenitor+cells.">Dynein recruitment to nuclear pores activates apical nuclear migration and mitotic entry in brain progenitor cells.</a> Cell. 154, 1300-1313 (2013).</li><li>Noctor, S. C., Mart&#237;nez-Cerde&#241;o, V., Ivic, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+arise+in+symmetric+and+asymmetric+division+zones+and+migrate+through+specific+phases.">Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.</a> Nature Publishing Group. 7, 136-144 (2004).</li><li>Tyler, W. A., Haydar, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+Genetic+Fate+Mapping+Reveals+a+Novel+Route+of+Neocortical+Neurogenesis,+Which+Is+Altered+in+the+Ts65Dn+Mouse+Model+of+Down+Syndrome.">Multiplex Genetic Fate Mapping Reveals a Novel Route of Neocortical Neurogenesis, Which Is Altered in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33, 5106-5119 (2013).</li><li>Noctor, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-Lapse+Imaging+of+Fluorescently+Labeled+Live+Cells+in+the+Embryonic+Mammalian+Forebrain.">Time-Lapse Imaging of Fluorescently Labeled Live Cells in the Embryonic Mammalian Forebrain.</a> CSH Protoc. , (2011).</li><li>Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+culture+of+E18+rat+brains.">Organotypic slice culture of E18 rat brains.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2007).</li><li>Shitamukai, A., Konno, D., Matsuzaki, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oblique+radial+glial+divisions+in+the+developing+mouse+neocortex+induce+self-renewing+progenitors+outside+the+germinal+zone+that+resemble+primate+outer+subventricular+zone+progenitors.">Oblique radial glial divisions in the developing mouse neocortex induce self-renewing progenitors outside the germinal zone that resemble primate outer subventricular zone progenitors.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 31, 3683-3695 (2011).</li><li>Hadjantonakis, A. -. K., Papaioannou, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+in+vivo+imaging+and+cell+tracking+using+a+histone+fluorescent+protein+fusion+in+mice.">Dynamic in vivo imaging and cell tracking using a histone fluorescent protein fusion in mice.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 4, 33 (2004).</li><li>Higginbotham, H., Bielas, S., Tanaka, T., Gleeson, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mouse+line+with+green-fluorescent+protein-labeled+Centrin+2+allows+visualization+of+the+centrosome+in+living+cells.">Transgenic mouse line with green-fluorescent protein-labeled Centrin 2 allows visualization of the centrosome in living cells.</a> Transgenic Res. 13, 155-164 (2004).</li><li>Walantus, W., Castaneda, D., Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+intraventricular+injection+and+electroporation+of+E15+mouse+embryos.">In utero intraventricular injection and electroporation of E15 mouse embryos.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , (2007).</li><li>Saito, T., Nakatsuji, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+embryonic+mouse+brain+using+in+vivo+electroporation.">Efficient gene transfer into the embryonic mouse brain using in vivo electroporation.</a> Dev Biol. 240, 237-246 (2001).</li><li>Yang, Y. -. T., Wang, C. -. L., Van Aelst, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOCK7+interacts+with+TACC3+to+regulate+interkinetic+nuclear+migration+and+cortical+neurogenesis.">DOCK7 interacts with TACC3 to regulate interkinetic nuclear migration and cortical neurogenesis.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15, (2012).</li><li>Siegenthaler, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+Acid+from+the+meninges+regulates+cortical+neuron+generation.">Retinoic Acid from the meninges regulates cortical neuron generation.</a> Cell. 139, 597-609 (2009).</li><li>Schenk, J., Wilsch-Br&#228;uninger, M., Calegari, F., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+II+is+required+for+interkinetic+nuclear+migration+of+neural+progenitors.">Myosin II is required for interkinetic nuclear migration of neural progenitors.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106, 16487-16492 (2009).</li></ol>

우리가 기술 한 프로토콜의 주요 장점은 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 동적 시간 해상도를 제공하는 것입니다. 일반적으로, 두뇌 개발에 유사 분열을 시각화 분석은 고정 된 조직 절편의 면역을 사용하여 수행됩니다. 그러나이 방법은 한 시점에서 유사 분열의 스냅 샷을 제공한다. 뇌 조각의 유사 분열 이미징을위한 가장 중요한 몇 가지 단계가 있습니다 : 1) 뇌 조각은 전송...

이 프로토콜의 전반적인 목표는 배아 뇌 조각에 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 라이브 영상을 수행하는 방법을 설명하는 것입니다. 문화 뇌 조각의 라이브 영상을 사용하여,이 프로토콜은 생체 설정에 매우 유사한 환경에서 신경 전구 세포에서 유사 분열의 여러 측면을 검정하는 간단한 방법을 제공한다. 그것은) 자궁 일렉트로에 1-5을 조작 한 돌연변이 동물 및 / 또는 뇌의 두뇌에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 단순히 배지에 제를 첨가함으로써, 신경 전구체 &#39;에 유사 분열되는 약물의 효과를 시험하는 것이 이상적이다. 결론적으로,이 문서가 신경을 공부하는 사람들에게 기술적으로 도전적인 프로토콜에 액세스 할 수 있도록합니다. 신경 동안 별개의 신경 전구 인구는 결국 6-8 신피질 성인의 여섯 대뇌 피질의 층에 기여하는 신경 세포를 생성하는 정확한 분열을 받다. neuroepithelial (NE) 세포가 자기 갱신에 대칭 적 분할로 초기 대뇌 피질의 개발, 신경 전구체 풀을 확장합니다. NE 세포는 레이디 얼 glial 세포 (망막 신경절)로 변환합니다. 초기 망막 신경절 그러나 신경의 대부분 동안, 분열의 망막 신경절의 주요 모드 비대칭, 두 개의 새로운 망막 신경절을 생산하기 위해 대칭 적으로 나눕니다. 비대칭 부문에서 1 RGC는 새로운 RGC와 하나 후 유사 분열 신경 세포, 또는보다 전문적인 전구 (하나 짧은 신경 전구체 (SNP), 바깥 지​​름의 아교 (ORG), 또는 중간 전구 (INP)에 상승을 제공합니다 2,3,7,9. INPS, SNP를, 그리고 개 기관은 다음 하위 심실, 심실에 신경을 생성 할 수 있고, 대뇌 피질의 기초 영역은 각각. 따라서, 전구 세포의 세포 분열은의 신경 세포를 생성하는 기본 과정이다 신피질. 많은 연구는 특정 유사 분열 망막 신경절의 특성과 딸 세포의 운명 사이의 상관 관계를 가리 킵니다. 하이다르 등.와 다카하시 외 여러분.RGC의 유사 분열의 기간과 신경이 진행됨에 따라 세포주기의 길이 증가, 발견은 연구 10-13를 따라있는 에코 것으로 나타났습니다. 연구의 수는 심실에 방추사 방향의 상대는 각각 뇌에서 생성 된 신경 세포의 종류와 자손의 위치, 3,10,14-16 등의 신경과 corticogenesis의 측면을, 영향을 미치는 것을 제안했습니다. 절단 평면 방향이 직접 세포의 운명에 영향을 미치는 여부는 논란의 여지가 있지만, 결론은이 유사 분열 매개 변수의 영향을 신경 남아있다. 또한 유사 분열의 중요성을 강조하는 것은 유사 분열의 메커니즘에 관련된 많은 유전자가 신경에 대한 적절한 뇌 발달에 중요한 17-20 있다는 관측이다. 유사 분열은 역동적 인 과정입니다, 아직 날짜에 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열을 자세히 대부분의 연구는 체외 세포 배양을 통해 고정 된 조직 절편 또는 신경 전구 세포의 이미지 분석을 이용. 따라서, 유사 분열을 평가하는 주류의 방법은이 프로세스의 스냅 샷을 제공하고 세포 조직에서 행동하는 방법을 발견하지 못한다. 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 라이브 영상은 점점 더 신경 전구의 기능을 이해하기위한 중요한 도구가되고있다. 예를 들어 이러한 참조를 참조하십시오 4,8,10,21-25. 몇 가지 눈에 띄는 프로토콜은 준비와 뇌 조각 (26, 27)의 영상에 발표되었다. 그러나 현재까지, 이미징 및 유사 분열의 분석을위한 포괄적 인 프로토콜은 설명되지도 비디오에서 보여 주었다. 이 기술은 뇌 부분의 고정 분석을 통해 몇 가지 중요한 이점을 제공합니다. 뇌 조각의 시간 경과 분석은 유연한 방식으로 분석 할 수있는 훨씬 더 많은 데이터 포인트의 생성을 가능하게한다. 첫째, 데이터는 몇 분 또는 몇 시간의 과정을 통해 각각의 시점에서 수집됩니다. 하나는 각각의 시점 (정적 몽타주를 만들려면) 또는 분석 할 수 있습니다영화로 서로 다른 시간의 포인트를 결합 할 수 있습니다. 둘째, 조각 공 촛점 이미징은 뇌 조각의 다른 Z 섹션에서 데이터의 생성을 가능하게한다. 결과적으로, 각각의 섹션은 분석 될 수있다. 또한, 개별 섹션의 스택은 최대 강도 투사로 결합 할 수 있습니다. 셋째, 분석 세포는 이웃 세포와 구조를 기준으로 분할하는 방법을 공개, 조직의 맥락에서 이루어집니다. 넷째, 이상적으로 유사 분열 결함의 증거를 보여 돌연변이의 분석에 적합합니다. 함께이 프로토콜은 자신의 실험실에서 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 라이브 영상을 수행하고자하는 연구자를 지원하기 위해 중요한 단계를 명확히하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:739px;" width="738">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100X N2</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50X B27 without vitamin A</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1138-500ml</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heat-inactivated calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Sytems</td>
			<td>3139-FB-025</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X HBSS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14065-056</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes Free Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;H4034</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dilute to 1M (pH7.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2.5M D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.9M NaHC03</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for the dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">low-melting agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP165-25</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Loctite 404 glue</td>
			<td>Loctite 404</td>
			<td>46551</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">keep at 4&#730;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">syto11</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>S7573</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Make 5&#181;l aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mg/ml collagen type I&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>A1048301</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for culturing slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for dissection of the embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">digital thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to measure the temperature of the agarose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paintbrush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">alternative to transfer brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">for generating slices</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">dissecting out embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">imaging microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:261px;">A confocal microscope is required, it needs to be equipped with an incubation chamber</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live imaging of mitosis in the developing mouse embryonic cortex

짧은 기간이지만, 유사 분열은 뇌를 포함한 장기의 개발을위한 기초 복잡하고 역동적 인 여러 단계의 프로세스입니다. 개발 대뇌 피질에서 신경 전구 세포의 비정상적인 분열이 뇌의 크기와 기능에 결함을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 따라서, 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 메커니즘을 이해하는 도구를위한 중요한 필요가있다. 쥐의 대뇌 피질의 발달 과정을 연구하기위한 뛰어난 모델입니다. 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열은 일반적으로 고정 된 뇌 부분에서 검토된다. 이 프로토콜은 자세히 생체 배아 뇌 조각의 유사 분열의 라이브 영상에 대한 접근 방법을 설명합니다. 뇌 추출, 뇌 매립, 뇌 조각의 vibratome 절편, 염색과 조각의 배양 및 시간 경과 영상 : 우리는 포함하는이 절차의 중요한 단계를 설명합니다. 우리는 그 입증하고 유사 분열의 취득 후 분석을 수행하는 방법에 대해 자세히 설명합니다. 우리는 대표적인 결과의 fr을톰 중요한 염료 Syto11, 형질 전환 마우스 (히스톤 H2B-EGFP와 centrin-EGFP), 및 자궁 일렉트로에 (mCherry-α-튜 불린)를 사용하여이 분석. 우리는이 방법이 가장 최적화 할 수있는 방법과 유사 분열의 유전자 규제의 연구를 위해 수정하는 방법을 설명합니다. 뇌 조각에서 유사 분열의 라이브 영상은 제어 된 환경에서 연령, 해부학 적 및 유전 적 교란의 영향을 평가하기 위해, 높은 공간적 해상도를 가진 많은 양의 데이터를 생성하는 유연한 방법이다. 따라서이 프로토콜은 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열의 분석을 위해 기존 도구를 보완합니다.

이 분석의 성공과 하나의 라이브 영상 세션 동안 여러 유사 분열 세포의 관찰은 크게 무결성 및 인수가 만든 조각의 해부학 적 수준의 양에 따라 다릅니다. 아래에 설명 된 바와 같이, 슬라이스의 해부학 적 수준은 중요한 요소입니다. 그림 3a는 rostro - 꼬리를 보여줍니다 내측 - 외측 우리가 가장 성공적이었다 위치. 이 주제의 자세한 설명은 Noctor 26를 참조하십시오. 슬라이스?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex at JoVE.com

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열은 신경의 중요한 매개 변수입니다. 신경 전구 세포의 유사 분열에 대한 우리의 이해의 대부분은 고정 된 조직의 분석을 기반으로합니다. 배아 뇌 조각의 라이브 영상은 통제 된 환경에서 높은 공간적 해상도로 유사 분열을 평가하기 위해 다양한 기술입니다.

개발 마우스 배아의 피질 유사 분열의 라이브 영상

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

live-imaging-of-mitosis-in-the-developing-mouse-embryonic-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The technique presented here allows the imaging of the same area of the brain at several time points (chronic imaging) with microscopic resolution allowing the tracking of dendritic spines which are the small structures that represent the majority of postsynaptic excitatory sites in the CNS. The ability to clearly resolve fine cortical structures over several time points has many advantages, specifically in the study of brain plasticity in which morphological changes at synapses and circuit remodeling may help explain underlying mechanisms. In this video and supplementary material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation. The thinned-skull preparation is a minimally invasive approach, which avoids potential damage to the dura and/or cortex, thus reducing the onset of an inflammatory response. When this protocol is performed correctly, it is possible to clearly monitor changes in dendritic spine characteristics in the intact brain over a prolonged period of time.

In this video and supplemental material, we show a protocol for chronic in vivo imaging of the intact brain using a thinned-skull preparation.

Thinned - 해골 준비를 사용하여 마우스 시각 피질의 만성 이미징

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

연구

신경과학

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

여러 마우스 Neuroanatomical 자기 공명 영상

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

개발 Neuroepithelium의 세포 문제의 고해상도 라이브 영상

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as addition/removal of synapses, occur in an experience-dependent manner, providing the structural foundation of neuronal plasticity. As postsynaptic components of the most excitatory synapses in the cortex, dendritic spines are considered to be a good proxy of synapses. Taking advantages of mouse genetics and fluorescent labeling techniques, individual neurons and their synaptic structures can be labeled in the intact brain. Here we introduce a transcranial imaging protocol using two-photon laser scanning microscopy to follow fluorescently labeled postsynaptic dendritic spines over time in vivo. This protocol utilizes a thinned-skull preparation, which keeps the skull intact and avoids inflammatory effects caused by exposure of the meninges and the cortex. Therefore, images can be acquired immediately after surgery is performed. The experimental procedure can be performed repetitively over various time intervals ranging from hours to years. The application of this preparation can also be expanded to investigate different cortical regions and layers, as well as other cell types, under physiological and pathological conditions.

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Time-lapse imaging in the living animal provides valuable information on structural reorganization in the intact brain. Here, we introduce a thinned-skull preparation that allows transcranial imaging of fluorescently labeled synaptic structures in the living mouse cortex by two-photon microscopy.

두 광자<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 시닝 두개골 준비를 사용하여 마우스 피질 돌기 쪽의 영상

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

마우스 뇌의 좌우 심실의 뇌실막 섬모의 라이브 영상

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic mouse line. This approach creates a possibility to investigate the correlation of behavioural manipulations with changes in neuronal morphology in vivo.
The cranial window implantation procedure was considered to be limited only to the easily accessible cortex regions such as the barrel field. Our approach allows visualization of neurons in the highly vascularized RSC. RSC is an important element of the brain circuit responsible for spatial memory, previously deemed to be problematic for in vivo two-photon imaging.
The cranial window implantation over the RSC is combined with an injection of mCherry-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAVmCherry) into the dorsal hippocampus. The expressed mCherry spreads out to axonal projections from the hippocampus to RSC, enabling the visualization of changes in both presynaptic axonal boutons and postsynaptic dendritic spines in the cortex. 
This technique allows long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in mouse retrosplenial cortex using in vivo two photon microscopy in Thy1-GFP transgenic line. This approach is combined with injection of mCherry-expressing adeno-associated virus into dorsal hippocampus. These techniques allow long-term monitoring of experience-dependent structural plasticity in RSC.

동시에 두 광자<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 마우스 Retrosplenial 코어 텍스에서 시냅틱 입력의 이미징 및 시냅스 대상

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Live Imaging of Primary Cerebral Cortex Cells Using a 2D Culture System

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or postmitotic neurons. Later, some progenitors switch to a gliogenic fate, adding to the astrocyte and oligodendrocyte populations. Using time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cell cultures, it is possible to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the mode of cell division and cell cycle parameters of progenitor cells. Similarly, the fate of postmitotic cells can be examined using cell-specific fluorescent reporter proteins or post-imaging immunocytochemistry. More importantly, all these features can be analyzed at the single-cell level, allowing the identification of progenitors committed to the generation of specific cell types. Manipulation of gene expression can also be performed using viral-mediated transfection, allowing the study of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous phenomena. Finally, the use of fusion fluorescent proteins allows the study of symmetric and asymmetric distribution of selected proteins during division and the correlation with daughter cells fate. Here, we describe the time-lapse video-microscopy method to image primary cerebral cortex murine cells for up to several days and analyze the mode of cell division, cell cycle length and fate of newly generated cells. We also describe a simple method to transfect progenitor cells, which can be applied to manipulate genes of interest or simply label cells with reporter proteins.

Live imaging is a powerful tool to study cellular behaviors in real time. Here, we describe a protocol for time-lapse video-microscopy of primary cerebral cortex cells that allows a detailed examination of the phases enacted during the lineage progression from primary neural stem cells to differentiated neurons and glia.

2D 문화 시스템을 사용 하 여 기본 대뇌 피 질 세포의 영상 라이브

During cerebral cortex development, progenitor cells undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to generate new progenitors or ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

전 Utero Electroporation 및 마이그레이션 GABAergic 수의 라이브 이미징 배아 마우스 두뇌의 Organotypic 조각 문화

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

개발 뇌에서 모터 피질의 비 침습적 변조 및 로봇 매핑

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...