Name: assessment of vascular regeneration in the cns using the mouse retina
Uploaded: 2014-06-23T18:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

PS hält einen Canada Research Chair in Retinal Zellbiologie und die Alcon Research Institute New Investigator Award. Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus den Canadian Institutes of Health Research (221478) unterstützt, der kanadischen Diabetes Association (OG-3-11-3329-PS), die Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (418.637) und der Foundation Fighting Blindness Kanada. Unterstützung wurde auch von der Reseau de Recherche en Santé de la Vision-du Québec ist.

Ethik-Erklärung: Alle Tierversuche hält die Tierpflege Richtlinien der Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Erklärung für die Nutzung von Tieren in Ophthalmic und Vision Research und der kanadischen Rat der Tierpflege etabliert. 1. Sauerstoff induzierte Retinopathie (ÖIR) <ol><li> Rekord Geburtsdatum der Maus Welpen als P0. </li><li> Notieren Sie alle Gewicht der Tiere bei der Einreise in O 2, um eine ausreichende Gewichtsbereich zu g...

<ol>
	<li>Carmeliet, P., Tessier-Lavigne, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+mechanisms+of+nerve+and+blood+vessel+wiring.">Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring.</a> Nature. 436, 193-200 (2005).</li><li>Eichmann, A., Thomas, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Parallels+between+Neural+and+Vascular+Development.">Molecular Parallels between Neural and Vascular Development.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 3, (2012).</li><li>Larrivee, B., Freitas, C., Suchting, S., Brunet, I., Eichmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidance+of+vascular+development:+lessons+from+the+nervous+system.">Guidance of vascular development: lessons from the nervous system.</a> Circ Res. 104, 428-441 (2009).</li><li>Stefater Iii, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+angiogenesis+by+a+non-canonical+Wnt-Flt1+pathway+in+myeloid+cells.">Regulation of angiogenesis by a non-canonical Wnt-Flt1 pathway in myeloid cells.</a> Nature. 474, 511-515 (2011).</li><li>Checchin, D., Sennlaub, F., Levavasseur, E., Leduc, M., Chemtob, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+role+of+microglia+in+retinal+blood+vessel+formation.">Potential role of microglia in retinal blood vessel formation.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47, 3595-3602 (2006).</li><li>Quaegebeur, A., Lange, C., Carmeliet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurovascular+link+in+health+and+disease:+molecular+mechanisms+and+therapeutic+implications.">The neurovascular link in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.</a> Neuron. 71, 406-424 (2011).</li><li>Yamamoto, Y., Craggs, L., Baumann, M., Kalimo, H., Kalaria, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+molecular+genetics+and+pathology+of+hereditary+small+vessel+diseases+of+the+brain.">Review: molecular genetics and pathology of hereditary small vessel diseases of the brain.</a> Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 37, 94-113 (2011).</li><li>Brun, A., Englund, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+white+matter+disorder+in+dementia+of+the+Alzheimer+type:+a+pathoanatomical+study.">A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study.</a> Ann Neurol. 19, 253-262 (1986).</li><li>Prat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+of+multiple+sclerosis+lymphocytes+through+brain+endothelium.">Migration of multiple sclerosis lymphocytes through brain endothelium.</a> Arch Neurol. 59, 391-397 (2002).</li><li>Rule, R. R., Schuff, N., Miller, R. G., Weiner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gray+matter+perfusion+correlates+with+disease+severity+in+ALS.">Gray matter perfusion correlates with disease severity in ALS.</a> Neurology. 74, 821-827 (2010).</li><li>Antonetti, D. A., Klein, R., Gardner, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetic+retinopathy.">Diabetic retinopathy.</a> N Engl J Med. 366, 1227-1239 (2012).</li><li>Hartnett, M. E., Penn, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+and+management+of+retinopathy+of+prematurity.">Mechanisms and management of retinopathy of prematurity.</a> N Engl J Med. 367, 2515-2526 (2012).</li><li>Sapieha, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinopathy+of+prematurity:+understanding+ischemic+retinal+vasculopathies+at+an+extreme+of+life.">Retinopathy of prematurity: understanding ischemic retinal vasculopathies at an extreme of life.</a> J Clin Invest. 120, 3022-3032 (2010).</li><li>Chen, J., Smith, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinopathy+of+prematurity.">Retinopathy of prematurity.</a> Angiogenesis. 10, 133-140 (2007).</li><li>Cheung, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetic+retinopathy+and+systemic+vascular+complications.">Diabetic retinopathy and systemic vascular complications.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 27, 161-176 (2008).</li><li>Smith, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Through+the+eyes+of+a+child:+understanding+retinopathy+through+ROP+the+Friedenwald+lecture.">Through the eyes of a child: understanding retinopathy through ROP the Friedenwald lecture.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 49, 5177-5182 (2008).</li><li>Caballero, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemic+vascular+damage+can+be+repaired+by+healthy,+but+not+diabetic,+endothelial+progenitor+cells.">Ischemic vascular damage can be repaired by healthy, but not diabetic, endothelial progenitor cells.</a> Diabetes. 56, 960-967 (2007).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGF-mediated+STAT3+activation+inhibits+retinal+vascularization+by+down-regulating+local+erythropoietin+expression.">VEGF-mediated STAT3 activation inhibits retinal vascularization by down-regulating local erythropoietin expression.</a> Am J Pathol. 180, 1243-1253 (2012).</li><li>Ritter, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloid+progenitors+differentiate+into+microglia+and+promote+vascular+repair+in+a+model+of+ischemic+retinopathy.">Myeloid progenitors differentiate into microglia and promote vascular repair in a model of ischemic retinopathy.</a> J Clin Invest. 116, 3266-3276 (2006).</li><li>Saito, Y., Geisen, P., Uppal, A., Hartnett, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+NAD(P)H+oxidase+reduces+apoptosis+and+avascular+retina+in+an+animal+model+of+retinopathy+of+prematurity.">Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase reduces apoptosis and avascular retina in an animal model of retinopathy of prematurity.</a> Mol Vis. 13, 840-853 (2007).</li><li>Connor, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+dietary+intake+of+omega-3-polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+reduces+pathological+retinal+angiogenesis.">Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis.</a> Nat Med. 13, 868-873 (2007).</li><li>Banin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T2-TrpRS+inhibits+preretinal+neovascularization+and+enhances+physiological+vascular+regrowth+in+OIR+as+assessed+by+a+new+method+of+quantification.">T2-TrpRS inhibits preretinal neovascularization and enhances physiological vascular regrowth in OIR as assessed by a new method of quantification.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47, 2125-2134 (2006).</li><li>Dorrell, M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+retinal+astrocytes+normalizes+revascularization+and+prevents+vascular+pathology+associated+with+oxygen-induced+retinopathy.">Maintaining retinal astrocytes normalizes revascularization and prevents vascular pathology associated with oxygen-induced retinopathy.</a> Glia. 58, 43-54 (2010).</li><li>Joyal, J. -. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemic+neurons+prevent+vascular+regeneration+of+neural+tissue+by+secreting+semaphorin+3A.">Ischemic neurons prevent vascular regeneration of neural tissue by secreting semaphorin 3A.</a> Blood. 117, 6024-6035 (2011).</li><li>Binet, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+ER+Stress+Impedes+Myeloid-Cell-Induced+Vascular+Regeneration+through+IRE1alpha+Degradation+of+Netrin-1.">Neuronal ER Stress Impedes Myeloid-Cell-Induced Vascular Regeneration through IRE1alpha Degradation of Netrin-1.</a> Cell Metab. 17, 353-371 (2013).</li><li>Fukushima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sema3E-PlexinD1+signaling+selectively+suppresses+disoriented+angiogenesis+in+ischemic+retinopathy+in+mice.">Sema3E-PlexinD1 signaling selectively suppresses disoriented angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathy in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 121, 1974-1985 (2011).</li><li>Smith, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-induced+retinopathy+in+the+mouse.">Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35, 101-111 (1994).</li><li>Lange, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+retinal+vaso-obliteration+and+neovascularisation+in+the+oxygen-induced+retinopathy+(OIR)+mouse+model.">Kinetics of retinal vaso-obliteration and neovascularisation in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 247, 1205-1211 (2009).</li><li>Connor, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+oxygen-induced+retinopathy+in+the+mouse:+a+model+of+vessel+loss,+vessel+regrowth+and+pathological+angiogenesis.">Quantification of oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse: a model of vessel loss, vessel regrowth and pathological angiogenesis.</a> Nature Protocols. 4, 1565-1573 (2009).</li><li>Stahl, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+retina+as+an+angiogenesis+model.">The mouse retina as an angiogenesis model.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51, 2813-2826 (2010).</li><li>Stahl, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+quantification+of+retinal+neovascularization.">Computer-aided quantification of retinal neovascularization.</a> Angiogenesis. 12, 297-301 (2009).</li><li>Stahl, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+Weight+Gain+Modifies+Severity+and+Functional+Outcome+of+Oxygen-Induced+Proliferative+Retinopathy.">Postnatal Weight Gain Modifies Severity and Functional Outcome of Oxygen-Induced Proliferative Retinopathy.</a> Am J Pathol. 177, 2715-2723 (2010).</li><li>Cerani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuron-Derived+Semaphorin+3A+is+an+Early+Inducer+of+Vascular+Permeability+in+Diabetic+Retinopathy+via+Neuropilin-1.">Neuron-Derived Semaphorin 3A is an Early Inducer of Vascular Permeability in Diabetic Retinopathy via Neuropilin-1.</a> Cell Metabolism. 18, 505-518 (2013).</li><li>Sapieha, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eyeing+central+neurons+in+vascular+growth+and+reparative+angiogenesis.">Eyeing central neurons in vascular growth and reparative angiogenesis.</a> Blood. 120, 2182-2194 (2012).</li><li>Dorfman, A., Dembinska, O., Chemtob, S., Lachapelle, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+manifestations+of+postnatal+hyperoxia+on+the+retinal+structure+and+function+of+the+neonatal+rat.">Early manifestations of postnatal hyperoxia on the retinal structure and function of the neonatal rat.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 49, 458-466 (2008).</li><li>Dorfman, A. L., Joly, S., Hardy, P., Chemtob, S., Lachapelle, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+oxygen+and+light+on+the+structure+and+function+of+the+neonatal+rat+retina.">The effect of oxygen and light on the structure and function of the neonatal rat retina.</a> Doc Ophthalmol. 118, 37-54 (2009).</li><li>Chopp, M., Zhang, Z. G., Jiang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenesis,+angiogenesis,+and+MRI+indices+of+functional+recovery+from+stroke.">Neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and MRI indices of functional recovery from stroke.</a> Stroke. 38, 827-831 (2007).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+and+improved+cerebral+blood+flow+in+the+ischemic+boundary+area+detected+by+MRI+after+administration+of+sildenafil+to+rats+with+embolic+stroke.">Angiogenesis and improved cerebral blood flow in the ischemic boundary area detected by MRI after administration of sildenafil to rats with embolic stroke.</a> Brain Res. 1132, 185-192 (2007).</li><li>Robinson, R., Barathi, V. A., Chaurasia, S. S., Wong, T. Y., Kern, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+animal+models+of+diabetic+retinopathy:+from+molecular+approaches+to+mice+and+higher+mammals.">Update on animal models of diabetic retinopathy: from molecular approaches to mice and higher mammals.</a> Dis Model Mech. 5, 444-456 (2012).</li><li>Chia, R., Achilli, F., Festing, M. F., Fisher, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origins+and+uses+of+mouse+outbred+stocks.">The origins and uses of mouse outbred stocks.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 1181-1186 (2005).</li><li>Jenuth, J. P., Peterson, A. C., Shoubridge, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-specific+selection+for+different+mtDNA+genotypes+in+heteroplasmic+mice.">Tissue-specific selection for different mtDNA genotypes in heteroplasmic mice.</a> Nat Genet. 16, 93-95 (1997).</li><li>Mattapallil, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Rd8+mutation+of+the+Crb1+gene+is+present+in+vendor+lines+of+C57BL/6N+mice+and+embryonic+stem+cells,+and+confounds+ocular+induced+mutant+phenotypes.">The Rd8 mutation of the Crb1 gene is present in vendor lines of C57BL/6N mice and embryonic stem cells, and confounds ocular induced mutant phenotypes.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual science. 53, 2921-2927 (2012).</li></ol>

Was ist der effektivste Weg, um das Wachstum neuer Gefäße gesund zu ischämischen Nervengewebe stimulieren? Ist es therapeutisch gültig zu stören und zu beschleunigen, natürlich vorkommenden Gefäß Nachwachsen? In neuro-ischämischen Erkrankungen wie ischämische Retinopathie oder Schlaganfall, Gefäßdegeneration wird mit reduzierten neuronalen Funktion 35-38 verbunden. So früh Verletzungen zu begegnen, Wieder regionalen Mikrozirkulation in der unmittelbaren / frühen Segment der Krankheit kann sich a...

Während ZNS-Entwicklung, Nerven, Immunzellen und Blutgefäße zu etablieren bemerkens Netzwerke gekoppelt, um eine ausreichende Gewebedurchblutung zu gewährleisten und damit die Übertragung von sensorischen Informationen 5.1. Die Aufschlüsselung der Gefäßsysteme führt zu einer unzureichenden Sauerstoffversorgung des Gewebes und Stoffwechselversorgung gefährdet und wird zunehmend als wichtiger Faktor für die Pathogenese von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen 6 anerkannt. Gefäß Dropout und die Verschlechterung der neurovaskuläre Einheit innerhalb des Gehirns, beispielsweise mit vaskulärer Demenz, vaskuläre Läsionen der weißen Substanz des Gehirns 7 und der Alzheimer-Krankheit mit einer Stenose von Arteriolen und kleinen Gefäße 8 verbunden. Darüber hinaus beeinträchtigt vaskulären Barrierefunktion gedacht, Multiple Sklerose 9 und amyotropher Lateralsklerose 10 beitragen. Von unmittelbarer Relevanz für die in diesem Protokoll beschrieben, blendendes NetzhautmodellKrankheiten wie diabetischer Retinopathie und 11 Frühgeborenen-Retinopathie 12, 13 sind durch eine Phase der frühen vaskulären Degeneration ist. Die anschließende ischämische Belastung der Gefäß-Nerven-Netzhaut löst eine zweite Phase der übermäßigen und pathologische Gefäßneubildung, die wahrscheinlich stammt als kompensatorische Reaktion auf die wieder einzusetzen Sauerstoff-und Energieversorgung 14-16. Eine attraktive Strategie, um den ischämischen Stress, der zentrale Fortschreiten der Krankheit ist, zu überwinden, ist funktionelle Gefäßnetze insbesondere in den ischämischen Zonen des Neuronetzhaut (Fig. 2 und 3) wiederherzustellen. Eine kontrollierte Provokation angiogene Reaktion kann über so unlogisch für einen Zustand, in dem anti-angiogenen Therapien wie Anti-VEGF-Behandlungen werden als angepasst betrachtet kommen. Doch Beweise für die Gültigkeit dieses Ansatzes ist die Montage. Zum Beispiel, Verbesserung der &quot;physiologischen-like&quot; Gefäß Nachwachsen in ischemic Retinopathien wurde elegant durch die Einführung von endothelialen Vorläuferzellen 17, Hemmung der Müller-Zelle exprimiert VEGF induzierte Herunterregulation der anderen angiogenen Faktoren 18, Injektion von myeloischen Vorläuferzellen 19, Hemmung der NADPH-Oxidase-induzierte Apoptose 20, zunehmende Nahrungs ω-3 mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren nachgewiesen Säurezufuhr 21, die Behandlung mit einer Carboxy-terminale Fragment von Tryptophan tRNA-Synthetase 22 und die direkte Verabreichung von VEGF oder FGF-2 zum Schutz der Gliazellen 23. Darüber hinaus haben wir gezeigt, dass die Modulation der neuronalen klassischen Führungssignale wie Semaphorine oder netrins bei ischämischen Retinopathien beschleunigt vaskuläre Regeneration gesunder Gefäße in der Netzhaut und reduziert pathologische Angiogenese 24, 25. Der direkte klinische Relevanz, mehrere der genannten Tierstudien belegen, dass die Förderung der GefäßwiederGeneration in der frühen Phase der ischämischen Retinopathien deutlich reduzieren kann visusbedrohenden Pre-Netzhaut-Neovaskularisation 19, 23, 24, 26, wahrscheinlich durch die Reduktion von ischämischen Belastung. Erarbeitung von therapeutischen Strategien, die Regeneration von Gefäßen anregen Funktions bleibt eine große Herausforderung für Gefäßbiologen. Hier beschreiben wir ein experimentelles System, das die Maus-Modell der Sauerstoff-induzierten Retinopathie (ÖIR), um Strategien zu erkunden, um das Nachwachsen der Gefäß in der Netzhaut zu modulieren beschäftigt. Entwickelt von Smith et al. Im Jahr 1994 27, dient dieses Modell als Proxy für den menschlichen proliferative Retinopathie und besteht aus frei P7 Maus Welpen zu 75% O 2 bis P12 und anschließend wieder die Einführung der Welpen auf Umgebungs Raum O 2-Spannung (Abbildung 1). Dieses Paradigma lose imitiert ein Szenario, wo ein Frühgeborenen ist belüftetmit O 2. Die Belichtung der Maus Welpen Hyperoxie provoziert Degeneration der Netzhaut-Kapillaren und Mikrogefäße und führt zu einem reproduzierbaren Bereich der Vaso-Verödung (VO), die typischerweise beim Austritt aus O 2 bei P12 beurteilt, obwohl maximal VO Bereich bei 48 h (P9) nach Erreichen Exposition gegenüber O 2 28. In der Maus, die avaskuläre Zonen VO spontan im Laufe der Woche zu regenerieren folgenden Wiedereinführung der Raumluft und schließlich VO Zonen sind komplett neu vaskularisiert (Abbildung 2). Wiedereinführung der Raumluft von Mäusen OIR unterworfen provoziert auch vorge retinale Neovaskularisation (NV) (maximal bei P17), die normalerweise beurteilt wird, um die Wirksamkeit von anti-angiogenen Behandlung Paradigmen bestimmen. In seiner reinsten Form stellt die OIR Modell eine hoch reproduzierbare und quantifizierbare Werkzeug, um Sauerstoff-induzierten vaskulären Degeneration bewerten und bestimmen das Ausmaß der zerstörerischen Pre-Netzhaut-Neovaskularisation 29-31. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Verschiedene explorative Behandlung Paradigmen, die vaskuläre Regeneration ZNS modulieren kann mit dem Modell OIR einschließlich der Verwendung von pharmakologischen Verbindungen, Gentherapie, Gen-Deletion und mehr untersucht werden. Die Neigung eines bestimmten Ansatz zur Gefäß Nachwachsen beeinflussen bewertet wird schrittweise in das Fenster zwischen P12 (maximal VO nach dem Austritt aus Hyperoxie) und P17 (maximal NV). Auswertung der Behandlungsergebnisse auf pathologische NV kann schnell und einfach ermittelt werden parallel und gründlich von Stahl und Kollegen 30, 31 beschrieben. Hier bieten wir Ihnen einen einfachen Schritt-für-Schritt-Verfahren, um die Modulation der physiologischen Revaskularisierung innerhalb der neuronalen Netzhaut durch pharmakologische Verbindungen, prospektive Therapeutika, virale Vektoren zu untersuchen oder um den Einfluss von Kandidatengenen in transgenen oder Knockout-Mäusen zu studieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1224">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">C57Bl/6 mice ((Other strains may be used; angiogenic response varies from one strain to the other)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;"></td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:639px;">CD1 nursing mothers</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Vendor of choice</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Operating Scissors straight</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">14192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Dissecting Scissors straight</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">14393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Vannas Eye Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">72-8483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Iris Forceps, curved, serrated</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">15915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Brushes 362R size 0</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Dynasty</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Dumont Forceps #3; straight</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">500338</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Surgical Blade, size 10</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Bard-Parker</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">371110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Rhodamine Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia Lectin I</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Vector Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">RL-1102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">16004-368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Fluoromount G</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">17984-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 Inverted Phase and Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="42" rowspan="2" style="height:42px;width:639px;">Leica MZ9.5 Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:181px;">Leica</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:639px;">Fluorescein isothicyanate-dextran, 70000</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">46945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of vascular regeneration in the cns using the mouse retina

Das Nagetier Retina ist vielleicht die am besten zugänglichen Säugetiersystem in dem Gefäßnervenzusammenspiel innerhalb des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) zu untersuchen. Es wird zunehmend erkannt, dass neurodegenerative Erkrankungen wie Alzheimer, Multiple Sklerose und amyotrophe Lateralsklerose vorliegenden Elemente Blutungsstörungen. Darüber hinaus sind die prominentesten Ursachen von Blindheit bei Kindern und erwerbsfähigen Alter Populationen (Frühgeborenen-Retinopathie und diabetische Retinopathie, respectively) durch vaskuläre Degeneration und Versagen physiologischer Gefäß Nachwachsen aus. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, technische ein ausführliches Protokoll zu bieten CNS vaskuläre Regeneration in der Netzhaut zu untersuchen. Das Verfahren kann eingesetzt werden, um die molekularen Mechanismen, die zum Ausfall von Gefäßwachstum nach der ischämischen Schädigung führen aufzuklären. Darüber hinaus können potentielle therapeutische Modalitäten zu beschleunigen und Wiederherstellung gesunder Gefäßgeflechte erkundet werden. Würdigung obtained mit dem beschriebenen Ansatz kann therapeutische Wege für ischämische Retinopathien wie die von Diabetes oder Frühgeburten stellen und möglicherweise profitieren andere vaskuläre Erkrankungen des ZNS.

Die OIR Modell wird häufig zur Sauerstoff-induzierten vaskulären Degeneration und Ischämie-induzierten pathologischen Gefäßneubildung in der Netzhaut zu studieren und war maßgeblich an der Entwicklung der derzeit eingesetzten anti-angiogenen Therapien für Augenkrankheiten 27, 29, 30. Die Ergebnisse unter Verwendung dieses Modells erhalten wird, kann locker mit ischämischen Netzhauterkrankungen wie die proliferative diabetische Retinopathie und Frühgeborenen-Retinopathie 30 hochgerechnet we...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina at JoVE.com

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

Das Nagetier Retina wurde lange als eine zugängliche Fenster zum Gehirn erkannt. In diesem Fachbeitrag stellen wir ein Protokoll, das die Maus-Modell der Sauerstoff-induzierten Retinopathie, die Mechanismen, die zum Versagen der vaskulären Regeneration im zentralen Nervensystem nach einem ischämischen Verletzungen führen studieren beschäftigt. Das beschriebene System kann auch genutzt werden, um Strategien zu erkunden, um das Nachwachsen der funktionellen Blutgefäße in der Netzhaut und ZNS zu fördern.

Beurteilung der Gefäß Regeneration im ZNS Verwenden der Maus Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

assessment-of-vascular-regeneration-in-the-cns-using-the-mouse-retina

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Transcription factors within cellular gene networks control the spatiotemporal pattern and levels of expression of their target genes by binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs), short (&tilde;300-600 bp) stretches of genomic DNA which can lie upstream, downstream, or within the introns of the genes they control. CREs (i.e., enhancers/promoters) typically consist of multiple clustered binding sites for both transcriptional activators and repressors1-3. They serve as logical integrators of transcriptional input giving a unitary output in the form of spatiotemporally precise and quantitatively exact promoter activity. Most studies of mammalian cis-regulation to date have relied on mouse transgenesis as a means of assaying the enhancer function of CREs4-5. This technique is time-consuming, costly and, on account of insertion site effects, largely non-quantitative. On the other hand, quantitative assays for mammalian CRE function have been developed in tissue culture systems (e.g., dual luciferase assays), but the in vivo relevance of these results is often uncertain. 
Electroporation offers an excellent alternative to traditional mouse transgenesis in that it permits both spatiotemporal and quantitative assessment of cis-regulatory activity in living mammalian tissue. This technique has been particularly useful in the analysis of cis-regulation in the central nervous system, especially in the cerebral cortex and the retina6-8. While mouse retinal electroporation, both in vivo and ex vivo, has been developed and extensively described by Matsuda and Cepko6-7,9, we have recently developed a simple approach to quantify the activity of photoreceptor-specific CREs in electroporated mouse retinas10. Given that the amount of DNA that is introduced into the retina by electroporation can vary from experiment to experiment, it is necessary to include a co-electroporated 'loading control' in all experiments. In this respect, the technique is very similar to the dual luciferase assay used to quantify promoter activity in cultured cells. 
When assaying photoreceptor cis-regulatory activity, electroporation is usually performed in newborn mice (postnatal day 0, P0) which is the time of peak rod production11-12. Once retinal cell types become post-mitotic, electroporation is much less efficient. Given the high rate of rod birth in newborn mice and the fact that rods constitute more than 70% of the cells in the adult mouse retina, the majority of cells that are electroporated at P0 are rods. For this reason, rod photoreceptors are the easiest retinal cell type to study via electroporation. The technique we describe here is primarily useful for quantifying the activity of photoreceptor CREs.

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive way to quantify the activity of cis-regulatory elements (i.e., enhancer/promoters) in living mouse retinas via explant electroporation. DNA preparation, retinal dissection, electroporation, retinal explant culture, and post-fixation analysis and quantification are described.

Die Quantifizierung der Aktivität von Cis-Regulatorische Elemente in der Maus Retina durch Explantation Elektroporation

Transcription factors within cellular gene networks control the spatiotemporal pattern and levels of expression of their target genes by binding to ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

In-vivo-Elektroporation von Entwicklung Maus Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Angiogenesis is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. Angiogenesis plays a key role not only in normal development of organs and tissues, but also in many diseases in which blood vessel formation is dysregulated, such as cancer, blindness and ischemic diseases. In adult life, blood vessels are generally quiescent so angiogenesis is an important target for novel drug development to try and regulate new vessel formation specifically in disease. In order to better understand angiogenesis and to develop appropriate strategies to regulate it, models are required that accurately reflect the different biological steps that are involved. The mouse neonatal retina provides an excellent model of angiogenesis because arteries, veins and capillaries develop to form a vascular plexus during the first week after birth. This model also has the advantage of having a two-dimensional (2D) structure making analysis straightforward compared with the complex 3D anatomy of other vascular networks. By analyzing the retinal vascular plexus at different times after birth, it is possible to observe the various stages of angiogenesis under the microscope. This article demonstrates a straightforward procedure for analyzing the vasculature of a mouse retina using fluorescent staining with isolectin and vascular specific antibodies.

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

The neonatal murine retina provides a well characterized physiological model of angiogenesis, which permits investigations of the roles of different genes or drugs that modulate angiogenesis in an in vivo context. Immunofluorescent staining to accurately visualize the vascular plexus is pivotal to the success of these types of studies.

Ganze Berge Immunfluoreszenzfärbung der Neonatal Maus Retina zu untersuchen Angiogenese<em&gt; In vivo</em

Angiogenesis  is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting  of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

Schnelle Micro-Iontophorese von Glutamat und GABA: Ein nützliches Tool, um Synaptic Integration Untersuchen

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets containing specific growth factors that trigger blood vessel growth throughout the naturally avascular cornea, angiogenesis can be measured and quantified. In this assay the angiogenic response is generated over the course of several days, depending on the type and dose of growth factor used. The induction of neovascularization is commonly triggered by either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By combining these growth factors with sucralfate and hydron (poly-HEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))) and casting the mixture into pellets, they can be surgically implanted in the mouse eye. These uniform pellets slowly-release the growth factors over five or six days (bFGF or VEGF respectively) enabling sufficient angiogenic response required for vessel area quantification using a slit lamp. This assay can be used for different applications, including the evaluation of angiogenic modulator drugs or treatments as well as comparison between different genetic backgrounds affecting angiogenesis. A skilled investigator after practicing this assay can implant a pellet in less than 5 min per eye.

The protocol describes the corneal micropocket assay as developed in mice.

Die Hornhaut-Mikrotest: Ein Modell der Angiogenese bei der Maus Augen

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

Imaging Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Dynamik in Cone Photorezeptor Axonterminalen des Maus-Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the retina. The ERG is a sensitive measure of changes in retinal function that are pan-retinal, but is less effective for detecting damage confined to a small area of retina. In the present work we describe how to record the &#8216;flash&#8217; ERG, which is the potential generated when the retina is exposed to a brief light flash. We describe methods of anaesthesia, mydriasis and corneal management during recording; how to keep the retina dark adapted; electrode materials and placement; the range and calibration of stimulus energy; recording parameters and the extraction of data. We also describe a method of inducing ischemia in one limb, and how to use the ERG to assess the effects of this remote-from-the-retina ischemia on retinal function after light damage. A two-flash protocol is described which allows isolation of the cone-driven component of the dark-adapted ERG, and thereby the separation of the rod and cone components. Because it can be recorded with techniques that are minimally invasive, the ERG has been widely used in studies of the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of the retina. We describe one example of this usefulness, in which the ERG is used to assess the function of the light-damaged retina, with and without a neuroprotective intervention; preconditioning by remote ischemia.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

Verwenden der Funktion zur Elektroretinogramm im Nager Retina und die schützende Wirkung des Fern Limb ischämischen Präkonditionierung bewerten

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) extends a single axon with two branches. One branch goes to the peripheral nerve (peripheral branch), and the other branch enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root (central branch). After the neural injury, the peripheral branch regenerates robustly whereas the central branch does not regenerate. Due to the high regenerative capacity, sensory axon regeneration has been widely used as a model system to study mammalian axon regeneration in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe a previously established approach protocol to manipulate gene expression in mature sensory neurons in vivo via electroporation. Based on transfection with plasmids or small RNA oligos (siRNAs or microRNAs), the approach allows for both loss- and gain-of-function experiments to study the roles of genes-of-interests or microRNAs in regulation of axon regeneration in vivo. In addition, the manipulation of gene expression in vivo can be controlled both spatially and temporally within a relatively short time course. This model system provides a unique tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated in vivo.

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an effective approach to deliver genes of interests into cells. By applying this approach in vivo on the neurons of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we describe a model to study axon regeneration in vivo.

Ermittelnden Säugetier-Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Elektroporation von Erwachsenen Maus Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

Die Macht der Interstimulus Intervall für die Beurteilung der zeitlichen Verarbeitung bei Nagern

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Horizontal Hippocampal Slices of the Mouse Brain

The hippocampus is a highly organized structure in the brain that is a part of the limbic system and is involved in memory formation and consolidation as well as the manifestation of severe brain disorders, including Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and epilepsy. The hippocampus receives a high degree of intra- and inter-connectivity, securing a proper communication with internal and external brain structures. This connectivity is accomplished via different informational flows in the form of fiber pathways. Brain slices are a frequently used methodology when exploring neurophysiological functions of the hippocampus. Hippocampal brain slices can be used for several different applications, including electrophysiological recordings, light microscopic measurements as well as several molecular biological and histochemical techniques. Therefore, brain slices represent an ideal model system to assess protein functions, to investigate pathophysiological processes involved in neurological disorders as well as for drug discovery purposes.
There exist several different ways of slice preparations. Brain slice preparations with a vibratome allow a better preservation of the tissue structure and guarantee a sufficient oxygen supply during slicing, which present advantages over the traditional use of a tissue chopper. Moreover, different cutting planes can be applied for vibratome brain slice preparations. Here, a detailed protocol for a successful preparation of vibratome-cut horizontal hippocampal slices of mouse brains is provided. In contrast to other slice preparations, horizontal slicing allows to keep the fibers of the hippocampal input path (perforant path) in a fully intact state within a slice, which facilitates the investigation of entorhinal-hippocampal interactions. Here, we provide a thorough protocol for the dissection, extraction, and acute horizontal slicing of the murine brain, and discuss challenges and potential pitfalls of this technique. Finally, we will show some examples for the use of brain slices in further applications.

This article aims to describe a systematic protocol to obtain horizontal hippocampal brain slices in mice. The objective of this methodology is to preserve the integrity of hippocampal fiber pathways, such as the perforant path and the mossy fiber tract to assess dentate gyrus related neurological processes.

Horizontale Hippocampal Scheiben der Maus Gehirn

The hippocampus is a highly organized structure in the brain that is a part of the limbic system and is involved in memory formation and consolidation as ...