Name: preparation of neuronal co-cultures with single cell precision
Uploaded: 2014-05-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision at JoVE.com

Gli autori sono grati a Ulrich Marggraf (SISSA) di SU-8 fabbricazione e Maria Becker (SISSA) per l&#39;imaging SEM. La ricerca è stata sostenuta finanziariamente dalla Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG WE3737/3-1), un Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung concessione (BMBF 0101-31P6541) e dalla Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Heike Hardelauf grazie Leibniz Scuola di Dottorato Internazionale &quot;Systems Biology Lab-on-a-Chip&quot; per il sostegno finanziario.

I protocolli sono intesi per i neuroscienziati, e sono riassunte nella Figura 2. Come tale è consigliabile che microfabbricazione dei SU-8 master utilizzati per la replica PDMS è affidata a strutture commerciali o istituzionali. I due disegni maschera di livello sono liberamente disponibili come informazioni supplementari (ZIP) sul Royal Society of Chemistry sito 12. È importante sottolineare che il primo SU-8 strato deve essere fabbricato ad una profondità di 2,5-3,0 micron, e la seconda...

<ol>
	<li>Campenot, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+control+of+neurite+development+by+nerve+growth+factor.">Local control of neurite development by nerve growth factor.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 74 (10), 4516-4519 (1997).</li><li>Campenot, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+sympathetic+neurons+in+compartmentalized+cultures.+I.+Local+control+of+neurite+growth+by+nerve+growth+factor.">Development of sympathetic neurons in compartmentalized cultures. I. Local control of neurite growth by nerve growth factor.</a> Dev Biol. 93 (1), 1-12 (1982).</li><li>Taylor, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+multicompartment+device+for+neuroscience+research.">Microfluidic multicompartment device for neuroscience research.</a> Langmuir. 19, 1551-1556 (2003).</li><li>Taylor, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+culture+platform+for+CNS+axonal+injury,+regeneration+and+transport.">A microfluidic culture platform for CNS axonal injury, regeneration and transport.</a> Nat Methods. 2 (8), 559-565 (2005).</li><li>Kilinc, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wallerian-like+degeneration+of+central+neurons+after+synchronized+and+geometrically+registered+mass+axotomy+in+a+three-compartmental+microfluidic+chip.">Wallerian-like degeneration of central neurons after synchronized and geometrically registered mass axotomy in a three-compartmental microfluidic chip.</a> Neurotox. Res. 19, 149-161 (2011).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporally+controlled+and+multifactor+involved+assay+of+neuronal+regeneration+after+chemical+injury+in+an+integrated+microfluidics.">Spatiotemporally controlled and multifactor involved assay of neuronal regeneration after chemical injury in an integrated microfluidics.</a> Anal. Chem. 84 (15), 6444-6453 (2012).</li><li>Kim, Y. T., Karthikeyan, K., Chirvi, S., Dave, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuro-optical+microfluidic+platform+to+study+injury+and+regeneration+of+single+axons.">Neuro-optical microfluidic platform to study injury and regeneration of single axons.</a> Lab Chip. 9, 2576-2581 (2009).</li><li>Hellman, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+axonal+injury+and+regeneration+in+micropatterned+neuronal+culture+using+pulsed+laser+microbeam+dissection.">Examination of axonal injury and regeneration in micropatterned neuronal culture using pulsed laser microbeam dissection.</a> Lab Chip. 10 (16), 2083-2092 (2010).</li><li>Kunze, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-pathological+connected+primary+neurons+in+a+microfluidic+device+for+Alzheimer+studies.">Co-pathological connected primary neurons in a microfluidic device for Alzheimer studies.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108 (9), 2241-2245 (2011).</li><li>Liu, W. W., Goodhouse, J., Jeon, N. L., Enquist, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+chamber+for+analysis+of+neuron-to-cell+spread+and+axonal+transport+of+an+alpha-herpesvirus.">A microfluidic chamber for analysis of neuron-to-cell spread and axonal transport of an alpha-herpesvirus.</a> PLoS One. 3 (6), (2008).</li><li>Markus, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicella-Zoster+virus+(VZV)+infection+of+neurons+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells:+Direct+demonstration+of+axonal+infection,+transport+of+VZV,+and+productive+neuronal+infection.">Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) infection of neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells: Direct demonstration of axonal infection, transport of VZV, and productive neuronal infection.</a> J. Virol. 85 (13), 6220-6233 (2011).</li><li>Dinh, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+construction+of+minimalistic+neuronal+co-cultures.">Microfluidic construction of minimalistic neuronal co-cultures.</a> Lab Chip. 13 (7), 1402-1412 (2013).</li><li>Tan, W. H., Takeuchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+trap-and-release+integrated+microfluidic+system+for+dynamic+microarray+applications.">A trap-and-release integrated microfluidic system for dynamic microarray applications.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104 (4), 1146-1151 (2007).</li><li>Frimat, J. -. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+array+with+cellular+valving+for+single+cell+co-culture.">A microfluidic array with cellular valving for single cell co-culture.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (2), 231-237 (2011).</li><li>Di Carlo, D., Aghdam, N., Lee, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+enzyme+concentrations,+kinetics,+and+inhibition+analysis+using+high-density+hydrodynamic+cell+isolation+arrays.">Single-cell enzyme concentrations, kinetics, and inhibition analysis using high-density hydrodynamic cell isolation arrays.</a> Anal. Chem. 78 (14), 4925-4930 (2006).</li><li>Frimat, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+network+formation+assay:+A+spatially+standardized+neurite+outgrowth+analytical+display+for+neurotoxicity+screening.">The network formation assay: A spatially standardized neurite outgrowth analytical display for neurotoxicity screening.</a> Lab Chip. 10, 701-709 (2010).</li><li>Hardelauf, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fidelity+neuronal+networks+formed+by+plasma+masking+with+a+bilayer+membrane:+analysis+of+neurodegenerative+and+neuroprotective+processes.">High fidelity neuronal networks formed by plasma masking with a bilayer membrane: analysis of neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (16), 2763-2771 (2011).</li><li>Whitesides, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft+lithography+in+biology+and+biochemistry.">Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry.</a> Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 335-373 (2001).</li><li>Haubert, K., Drier, T., Beebe, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PDMS+bonding+by+means+of+a+portable,+low-cost+corona+system.">PDMS bonding by means of a portable, low-cost corona system.</a> Lab Chip. 6, 1548-1549 (2006).</li><li>Frimat, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+stencilling+methods+for+cell+patterning.">Plasma stencilling methods for cell patterning.</a> Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 395 (3), 601-609 (2009).</li><li>Huang, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene+glycol)+layers+on+metal+oxide+surfaces:+surface-analytical+characterization+and+resistance+to+serum+and+fibrinogen+adsorption.">Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) layers on metal oxide surfaces: surface-analytical characterization and resistance to serum and fibrinogen adsorption.</a> Langmuir. 17, 489-498 (2001).</li><li>Li, N., Folch, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+topographical+and+biochemical+cues+by+axons+during+growth+on+microfabricated+3-D+substrates.">Integration of topographical and biochemical cues by axons during growth on microfabricated 3-D substrates.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 311 (2), 307-316 (2005).</li><li>Huang, L. R., Cox, E. C., Austin, R. H., Sturm, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+particle+separation+through+deterministic+lateral+displacement.">Continuous particle separation through deterministic lateral displacement.</a> Science. 304 (5673), 987-990 (2004).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+nanoparticle+functionality+and+toxicity+on+the+central+nervous+system.">A review of nanoparticle functionality and toxicity on the central nervous system.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 7, (2010).</li><li>Brenneman, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+olfactory+transport+of+inhaled+manganese+((MnCl2)-Mn-54)+to+the+rat+brain:+Toxicokinetic+investigations+in+a+unilateral+nasal+occlusion+model.">Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese ((MnCl2)-Mn-54) to the rat brain: Toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model.</a> Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 169 (3), 238-248 (2000).</li><li>Magal&#227;es, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uptake+and+neuritic+transport+of+scrapie+prion+protein+coincident+with+infection+of+neuronal+cells.">Uptake and neuritic transport of scrapie prion protein coincident with infection of neuronal cells.</a> J. Neurosci. 25 (21), 5207-5216 (2005).</li><li>Diogenes, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+alpha-synuclein+oligomers+modulate+synaptic+transmission+and+impair+LTP+via+NMDA-receptor+activation.">Extracellular alpha-synuclein oligomers modulate synaptic transmission and impair LTP via NMDA-receptor activation.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (34), 11750-11762 (2012).</li><li>Egger, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+imaging+of+primary+neural+cell+culture+from+Drosophila.">In vitro imaging of primary neural cell culture from Drosophila.</a> Nat. Protoc. 8 (5), 958-965 (2013).</li></ol>

La tecnica per formare gli array microfluidica è il primo del suo genere che permette precisione un&#39;unica movimentazione neurone per stabilire le culture minimalista. Accoppiato con il metodo in situ patterning biomateriale, un approccio efficace per allineare i modelli di cellulari con le strutture microfluidica, queste culture minimalista hanno livelli di connettività ad alta intercompartment con ridotta entanglement locale. Queste funzioni possono essere utilizzate per lo studio efficace di trasmission...

<html> Tessuto neuronale è molto complesso; una miscela cellulare eterogenea che è spazialmente ordinato entro livelli e comparti definiti e con connettività di plastica tramite contatti cellulari e soprattutto tramite assoni e dendriti escrescenze. Nuove tecniche sono tenuti a conferire una maggiore libertà di sperimentazione per acquisire conoscenze più profonde e meccanismi a svelare centrali per malattia, lo sviluppo e la funzione sana. La camera Campenot 1,2 e più recentemente microfabricated realizzazioni 3,4 possono essere utilizzati per la preparazione di ex vivo neuronali co-colture in rete con la capacità di perturbare selettivamente le diverse popolazioni somatiche e anche loro escrescenze neuriti. Questi dispositivi microfluidici sono per esempio stati utilizzati per studiare assonale degenerazione e rigenerazione seguenti sostanze chimiche 5,6 o laser assotomia 6-8, tauopathy 9, la diffusione virale 10,11, e mRNA localizzazione in assoni 4. ent &quot;&gt; Per estendere la portata dei neurobiologi, gli sviluppi tecnologici sono tenute a redigere neuronali co-culture minimalista. Ciò consente disentanglement della rete neuronale per la ricerca del sistema con singola cella e precisione sub-cellulare. Il requisito per il numero di cellule minime apre la possibilità di analizzare tipi di cellule rare, comprese dopaminergici della substantia nigra cellule pertinenti alla malattia di Parkinson, gangli spirale dall&#39;orecchio, neuroni periferici, e cellule staminali. Al di là di questo, economia cellulare è rilevante per l&#39;iniziativa 3R. Utilizzando queste piattaforme microfluidica, schermi di tossicità su larga scala o altro throughput elevato, i dati ricca serie sperimentali che richiedono neuroni di animali può essere considerato. In questo documento sono descritti protocolli per la fabbricazione e l&#39;uso di un dispositivo microfluidica. Arraying microfluidica in combinazione con un in situ biomateripatterning al metodo può essere utilizzato per la registrazione di co-colture neuronali altamente interconnesse utilizzando il numero di cellule minime. Arraying microfluidica è basato su un approccio differenziale di flusso 12-15, in cui trappole microstrutturata sono posizionati all&#39;interno di un circuito fluidico (illustrato con immagini SEM di Figura 1). Il percorso 0 → 1 ha la resistenza fluida inferiore (R 2&gt; R 1) per il trasporto di neuroni di una schiera lineare di aperture microstrutturati - le insenature ai canali crescita dei neuriti. Occupazione della trappola da una singola cellula impedisce localmente il flusso per deviare le linee di corrente per la cattura di celle successive in trappole vicini. Occupazione completa delle trappole nella matrice commuta il rapporto fluidico (R 1&gt; R 2) per deviare le linee di flusso nel percorso a serpentina (0 → 2) per produrre un bypass di operazione per la rimozione dei neuroni in eccesso. Figura 1. Microfluidic Circuit. A) Il circuito di resistenza differenziale di fluido per formare gli array singolo neurone, con accompagnamento camere di coltura collegati tra loro da canali crescita dei neuriti. B, immagini C) SEM del doppio strato neurone compartimenti matrice co-coltura con menisco pinning micropillars. Con questo progetto, le strutture neurone di cattura a forma di tridente sono stati utilizzati per promuovere la fascicolazione delle escrescenze neuriti. Figure e leggenda riprodotta con il permesso della Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 12. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51389/51389fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere l&#39;immagine ingrandita.</a> La preparazione delle reti neuronali micropatterned su substrati planari può facilmente essere ottenuto (per exampl<html> es dal nostro gruppo, vedere Frimat et al. 16 e Heike et al. 17). Tuttavia, incapsulando materiale modelli bioattive all&#39;interno dei dispositivi PDMS e con l&#39;esigenza di allineamento micrometro scala di questi per i canali microfluidica rappresenta una grande sfida tecnica. Nella sezione 3.1 un protocollo per la a-chip, o in situ, preparazione di modelli biomateriale è presentato. Questi modelli consentono la registrazione dei neuroni durante tempi lunghi della cultura e promuovere escrescenze tra i compartimenti. Microstrutture menisco-pinning sono usati per allineare una cosiddetta maschera acqua con il neurone arraying siti e canali crescita dei neuriti. La maschera d&#39;acqua protegge i rivestimenti molecole di adesione durante il trattamento al plasma, mentre le superfici esposte sono disintegrati per definire il modello di biomateriale. Inoltre, sono disponibili protocolli per colture cellulari e per l&#39;isolamento fluidico necessaria per il trattamento selettivo dei vari comparti co-coltura. ve_content &quot;&gt; I protocolli sono progettati per sfruttare i principi user-friendly di litografia soft per la replica di poli (dimetilsilossano) (PDMS) dispositivi microfluidici 18. Allo stesso modo, in situ biomateriale patterning è semplice, sfruttando evaporazione e superficiali fenomeni di tensione, e solo richiede una sorgente di plasma portatile poco costoso. Il circuito microfluidica efficace i programmi di carico e vano cella trattamenti specifici che queste operazioni semplicemente di erogazione di materiali nella porta inferiore corretta ed aspirando dall&#39;alto. In questo modo, si intende dare le neurobiologists la libertà di preparare e utilizzare i dispositivi microfluidici nei propri laboratori.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="857">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">PDMS Sylgard 184</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PDMS Elastosil RT 601</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Wacker</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR</td>
			<td>630-1590</td>
			<td>130-160 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">3 mm Biopsy Punches</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Kai Medical</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>Handle with care - extremely sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S-50-HL</td>
			<td>1.65 mm ID; 3.35 mm OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL Syringe (Inkjekt and Omnifix)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">6064204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">4-Way Tubing Connector</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR or Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">722645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">0.5 mm Pins</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Dressmaking Departments</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">PLL-g-PEG</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">SuSoS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">PLL(20)-g[3.5]-PEG(5)</td>
			<td>Stability in storage can be an issue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P6407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-lysine-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P3069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">F2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">laminin</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Inverted Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Example Aspiration Pump</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KNF Neuberger, Laboport</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">N811KVP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Hand Held Corona Discharge Device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Leybold-Heraeus, USA</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VP23</td>
			<td>May not comply with your country&#39;s safety standards</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Femto Plasma Oven</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Diener Electronic</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Vacuum Dessicator or Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of neuronal co-cultures with single cell precision

Realizzazioni microfluidica della camera Campenot hanno suscitato un grande interesse da parte della comunità neuroscienze. Queste piattaforme di co-coltura interconnessi possono essere utilizzati per indagare su una serie di domande, che coprono neurobiologia dello sviluppo e funzionale alle infezioni e la propagazione della malattia. Tuttavia, i sistemi tradizionali richiedono input significativi cellulari (molte migliaia per compartimento), inadeguati per lo studio delle cellule poco abbondanti, come primaria nigra dopaminergici della substantia, gangli spirale, e Drosophilia neuroni melanogaster, e poco pratico per un throughput elevato sperimentazione. Le colture dense sono impigliati molto localmente, con poche escrescenze (&lt;10%) che interconnettono i due culture. In questo documento sono descritti semplici protocolli di microfluidica e patterning che affrontare tali sfide: (i) una microfluidica singolo neurone metodo arraying, e (ii) un metodo di mascheramento acqua per rivestimenti biomateriale patterning plasma Register neuroni e promuovere conseguenza tra i compartimenti. Neuronali co-colture minimalista sono stati preparati con alto livello (&gt; 85%), la connettività intercompartment e possono essere utilizzati per esperimenti di neurobiologia ad alto rendimento con precisione singola cellula.

Exploit di mascheramento delle acque superficiali tensione. La tolleranza di pressione all&#39;interfaccia aria-liquido scale inversamente con il raggio di curvatura [ <img fo:content-width="1in" src="files/ftp_upload/51389/51389eq1.jpg" width="113" /> , Producendo interfacce altamente stabili a dimensioni microfluidici. I micropillars ancorano efficacemente l&#39;acqua maschera in luogo. Formazione di acqua maschera è guidato per evaporazione dai porti microfluidica, con il tasso aumentato di riscaldamento. Usando il ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision at JoVE.com

Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision

Sono descritti protocolli per singolo neurone microfluidica arraying e mascheramento acqua per il patterning plasma in-chip di rivestimenti biomateriale. Co-colture altamente interconnessi possono essere preparati utilizzando gli ingressi di cellule minimali.

Preparazione della neuronali Co-culture con precisione singola cella

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms ...

preparation-of-neuronal-co-cultures-with-single-cell-precision

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry

After its release into the synaptic cleft, dopamine exerts its biological properties via its pre- and post-synaptic targets1. The dopamine signal is terminated by diffusion2-3, extracellular enzymes4, and membrane transporters5. The dopamine transporter, located in the peri-synaptic cleft of dopamine neurons clears the released amines through an inward dopamine flux (uptake). The dopamine transporter can also work in reverse direction to release amines from inside to outside in a process called outward transport or efflux of dopamine5. More than 20 years ago Sulzer et al. reported the dopamine transporter can operate in two modes of activity: forward (uptake) and reverse (efflux)5. The neurotransmitter released via efflux through the transporter can move a large amount of dopamine to the extracellular space, and has been shown to play a major regulatory role in extracellular dopamine homeostasis6. Here we describe how simultaneous patch clamp and amperometry recording can be used to measure released dopamine via the efflux mechanism with millisecond time resolution when the membrane potential is controlled. For this, whole-cell current and oxidative (amperometric) signals are measured simultaneously using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, with a low-pass Bessel filter set at 1,000 Hz for whole-cell current recording). For amperometry recording a carbon fiber electrode is connected to a second amplifier (Axopatch 200B) and is placed adjacent to the plasma membrane and held at +700 mV. The whole-cell and oxidative (amperometric) currents can be recorded and the current-voltage relationship can be generated using a voltage step protocol. Unlike the usual amperometric calibration, which requires conversion to concentration, the current is reported directly without considering the effective volume7. Thus, the resulting data represent a lower limit to dopamine efflux because some transmitter is lost to the bulk solution.

The amperometric technique measures dopamine release from a single cell by detecting the oxidative current produced by spontaneous dopamine oxidization. Simultaneous voltage clamp and amperometry methodology reveal the mechanistic relationship between the overall "activity" of dopamine transporter and the regulatory role of this activity on the reverse transport of dopamine.

Cella di misura singola di rilascio di dopamina con simultanea di tensione-clamp e Amperometria

After its release into the synaptic cleft, dopamine exerts its biological properties via its pre- and post-synaptic targets1. The dopamine signal is ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

Registrazione ottica di attività neurale suprathreshold con risoluzione singola cellula e single-picco

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

Simultanea di pre-e post-sinaptica registrazione elettrofisiologica da<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Nervo-muscolo Co-colture

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

Una procedura per l&#39;impianto Array organizzata di microfili per Recordings singola unità di Awake, Comportarsi Animali

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

Indurre Plasticità di astrociti recettori per manipolazione del neuronali di cottura Prezzi

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Investigating Functional Regeneration in Organotypic Spinal Cord Co-cultures Grown on Multi-electrode Arrays

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a promising target for intervention to improve functional regeneration. So far, no in vitro model exists that grants the possibility to examine functional recovery of propriospinal fibers. Therefore, a representative model that is based on two organotypic spinal cord sections of embryonic rat, cultured next to each other on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) was developed. These slices grow and, within a few days in vitro, fuse along the sides facing each other. The design of the used MEAs permits the performance of lesions with a scalpel blade through this fusion site without inflicting damage on the MEAs. The slices show spontaneous activity, usually organized in network activity bursts, and spatial and temporal activity parameters such as the location of burst origins, speed and direction of their propagation and latencies between bursts can be characterized. Using these features, it is also possible to assess functional connection of the slices by calculating the amount of synchronized bursts between the two sides. Furthermore, the slices can be morphologically analyzed by performing immunohistochemical stainings after the recordings. 
Several advantages of the used techniques are combined in this model: the slices largely preserve the original tissue architecture with intact local synaptic circuitry, the tissue is easily and repeatedly accessible and neuronal activity can be detected simultaneously and non-invasively in a large number of spots at high temporal resolution. These features allow the investigation of functional regeneration of intraspinal connections in isolation in vitro in a sophisticated and efficient way.

Here we present a protocol that is based on spinal cord slices cultured on multi-electrode arrays to study functional regeneration of propriospinal connections in vitro.

Indagare rigenerazione funzionale in organotipiche midollo spinale Co-culture Grown in array multi-elettrodo

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

Extracellulare La registrazione di un neurone attività combinata con Microiontophoretic applicazione di sostanze neuroattivi nei topi Awake

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

Elettroporazione in utero approcci per studiare l&#39;eccitabilità neuronale sottopopolazioni e connettività single-cell

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

Neuron-Macrophage Co-cultures to Activate Macrophages Secreting Molecular Factors with Neurite Outgrowth Activity

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which macrophages are induced to produce conditioned medium (CM) that promotes neurite outgrowth. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are acutely dissociated and plated. After the neurons are stably attached, peritoneal macrophages are co-cultured on a cell culture insert overlaid on the same well. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) is applied to the co-cultures for 24 h, after which the cell culture insert containing the macrophages is moved to another well to collect CM for 72 h. The CM from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP, when applied to a separate adult DRG neuron culture, exhibits robust neurite outgrowth activity. The CM obtained from the db-cAMP-treated cultures consisting of single cell type alone, either DRG neuron or peritoneal macrophage, did not exhibit neurite outgrowth activity. This indicates that the interaction between neurons and macrophages is indispensable for the activation of macrophages secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity into CM. Thus, our co-culture paradigm will also be useful to study intercellular signaling in the neuron-macrophage interaction to stimulate the macrophages to be endowed with a pro-regenerative phenotype.

The current protocol presents experimental procedures to stimulate cultured macrophages to be endowed with capacity to release molecular factors that promote neurite outgrowth. Treatment of cAMP to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures induces the macrophages to produce conditioned medium that possesses strong neurite outgrowth activity.

Neurone-macrofago co-colture per attivare i macrofagi che secernono fattori molecolari con attività di neuriti

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which ...

GM-Free Generation of Blood-Derived Neuronal Cells

Many human&#160;neurological disorders are caused by degeneration of neurons and glial cells in the brain. Due to limitations in pharmacological and other therapeutic strategies, there is currently no cure available for the injured or diseased brain. Cell replacement appears as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative conditions. To this day, neural stem cells (NSCs) have been successfully generated from fetal tissues, human embryonic cells (ES) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). A process of dedifferentiation was initiated by activation of the novel human GPI-linked glycoprotein, which leads to generation of pluripotent stem cells. These blood-derived pluripotent stem cells (BD-PSCs) differentiate in vitro into cells with a neural phenotype as shown by brightfield and immunofluorescence microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of these cells by means of electron microscopy confirms their primitive structure as well as neuronal-like morphology and subcellular characteristics.

We present a genetically modified-free (GM-free) method to obtain cells with a neuronal phenotype from reprogrammed peripheral blood cells. Activation of a signaling pathway linked to novel human GPI-linked protein reveals an efficient GM-free method for obtaining human pluripotent stem cells.

Generazione priva di OGM di cellule neuronali derivate dal sangue

Many human&#160;neurological disorders are caused by degeneration of neurons and glial cells in the brain. Due to limitations in pharmacological and other ...