Name: preparation of neuronal co-cultures with single cell precision
Uploaded: 2014-05-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision at JoVE.com

저자는 SEM 이미징 SU-8 제조 마리아 베커 (ISAS)에 대한 울리히 Marggraf (ISAS)에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 연구는 재정적으로 도이치 Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG WE3737/3-1), Bundesministerium FÜR Bildung 싶게 Forschung 부여 (BMBF 0101-31P6541)에 의해 Ministerium FÜR 혁신, Wissenschaft 싶게 Forschung 데 Landes의 노르 트라 인베스트 팔렌에 의해 지원되었다. 헤이 케 Hardelauf 덕분에 국제 라이프니츠 대학원 &quot;시스템 생물학 연구소 - 온 - 칩&quot;재정 지원에 대한.

프로토콜은 신경 과학자를 대상으로하고, 그림 2에 요약되어있다. 따라서 그것은 상업적 또는 기관 시설에 아웃소싱 PDMS 복제에 사용 된 SU-8 마스터의 미세을 추천합니다. 두 레이어 마스크 디자인은 화학 웹 사이트 (12)의 왕립 학회에 부가 정보 (ZIP)로 자유롭게 사용할 수 있습니다. 중요한 사실은, 제 SU-8 층은 2.5-3.0 ㎛의 깊이로 제조하고, 25 ~ 30 ㎛의 깊이까지 제되어야한다. ...

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미세 유체으로 ​​배열 기술은 최소한의 문화 구축을위한 정밀 단일 신경 세포의 처리를 가능하게 최초의 것입니다. 미세 구조와 세포의 패턴을 정렬하는 현장 생체 적합 물질 패터닝 방법에있어서, 강력한 접근 방식과 함께, 이러한 최소한의 문화가 감소 된 지역의 얽힘 높은 intercompartment 연결 수준이. 심플한 디자인 수정이 시각화 및 정량 분석​​을위한 개별 축삭을 분리 잠재?...

<html> 신경 조직은 매우 복잡합니다; 공간적 세포 연락처 및 특히 축삭과 수상 돌기의 outgrowths를 통해 통해 정의 층과 구획 내에서 플라스틱 연결과 함께 주문 이종 세포 혼합물. 새로운 기술은 깊은 통찰력과 질병, 개발, 건강 기능 중심 해명 메커니즘을 얻기 위해 더 많은 실험적인 자유를 부여해야합니다. Campenot 챔버 1,2 그리고 더 최근의 마이크로 제조 실시 예 3,4는 선택적으로 다른 체세포 인구 느려지고 또한 신경 돌기의 outgrowths하는 기능과 네트워크의 연결 공동 배양의 생체 외 제조에 사용될 수있다. 이러한 마이크로 유체 장치는 예를 들어 화학 5,6 또는 레이저 axotomy 6-8, 타우 병증 9, 바이러스 전파 10, 11, 및 축삭 4 mRNA의 현지화 다음 축삭의 변성과 재생을 연구하는 데 사용되었습니다. 엔트 &quot;&gt; 신경 생물학의 범위를 확장하기 위해, 기술 개발은 최소한의 신경 세포의 공동 문화를 준비해야합니다. 이것은 하나의 세포 및 서브 셀룰러 정밀 시스템의 조사를 위해 신경 네트워크의 풀림을 할 수 있습니다. 최소한의 세포 수에 대한 요구 사항은 파킨슨 병, 귀에서 나선형 신경절, 말초 신경 관련된 도파민 흑질 세포를 포함한 희귀 세포 유형을 분석하고, 줄기 세포를 수있는 가능성을 연다. 이 외에도, 휴대 경제는 3RS 사업에 관련이 있습니다. 이러한 미세 유체 플랫폼 대규모 독성 스크린 또는 다른 높은 처리량을 이용하여 동물의 신경 세포가 필요한 데이터 풍부한 일련의 실험은 이제 고려 될 수있다. 본 논문에서는 마이크로 유체 장치의 제조 및 사용을위한 프로토콜이 설명되어 있습니다. 현장 biomateri에와 함께 마이크로 유체으로 배열알 패터닝 방법은 최소한의 세포 수를 높게하여 상호 연결을 공동 배양의 등록을 위해 사용될 수있다. 미세 유체으로 배열은 차동 흐름 할인 모형의 미세 트랩 유체 회로 (그림 1의 SEM 이미지와 함께 설명) 내에 위치되어있다 12 ~ 15을 기반으로합니다. 신경 돌기 가지의 채널 입구 - 경로 0 → 1은 미세 구멍의 선형 배열에 신경을 운반 낮은 유체 저항 (R 2&gt; R 1)가 있습니다. 하나의 셀에 의해 트랩의 인원은 로컬 이웃 트랩 이후의 세포를 포집 유선을 전환하는 흐름을 방해한다. 배열 트랩의 전체 점유 과잉 뉴런의 제거 동작의 바이 패스 모드를 생성하기 위하여 사문석 경로 (0 → 2)에 유선을 전환하는 유체 비율 (R 1&gt; R 2)를 전환한다. 그림 1. 미세 유체 회로. 신경 돌기 가지 채널에 의해 상호 문화 실의 측면에있는 하나의 뉴런으로 배열에 대한 A) 차동 저항 유체 회로,. B, 메 니스 커스 (meniscus) 고정 micropillars와 이중층 구획 된 신경 세포의 공동 문화 배열의 C) SEM 이미지. 이 디자인으로, 삼지창 모양의 신경 세포 트래핑 구조는 신경 돌기의 outgrowths의 fasciculation을 촉진하는 데 사용되었습니다. 그림과 화학의 왕립 학회 (RSC)의 허가를 재현 전설 12. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51389/51389fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">더 큰 이미지를 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 평면 기판 상에 마이크로 패턴 신경 네트워크의 제조는 용이 exampl 위해 (달성 될 수있다<html> 우리 그룹에서 ES는, Frimat 등. (16)와 헤이 케 등. 17)을 참조하십시오. 그러나, PDMS 장치 내부와 미세 유체 채널이의 마이크로 미터 크기의 정렬의 요구 사항과 생리 활성 물질의 패턴을 캡슐화하는 주요 기술적 인 도전을 포즈. 3.1 절에 대한 프로토콜에 칩, 또는 현장에서, 생체 적합 물질 패턴의 준비가 표시됩니다. 이러한 패턴은 긴 문화 척도 동안 신경 세포의 등록을 활성화하고 구획 사이의 outgrowths을 촉진합니다. 메 니스 커스 고정 마이크로는 신경이 사이트와 신경 돌기 가지 채널을으로 배열과 소위 물 마스크를 정렬하는 데 사용됩니다. 노출 된 표면은 생체 재료 패턴을 정의하기 위해 분해되는 반면, 물 마스크는, 플라즈마 처리 동안에 접착 분자 코팅을 보호한다. 또한, 프로토콜은 세포 배양과 다양한 공동 문화 구획의 선택적인 치료에 필요한 유체 격리를 위해 제공됩니다. ve_content &quot;&gt; 프로토콜은 이와 유사하게, 현장 생체 재료의 패턴 증발 및 표면 장력 현상을 이용, 간단합니다. 폴리의 복제 (디메틸 실록산) (PDMS) 미세 유체 장치를 18 일 소프트 리소그래피의 사용자 친화적 인 원리를 활용하도록 설계되어 있습니다 만 저렴한 휴대용 플라즈마 소스를 필요로. 미세 유체 회로는 이러한 동작을 만들기 효과적으로 프로그램 셀 로딩 및 구획 구체적인 치료는 단순히 올바른 하단 포트에 재료를 분배하고 위에서 흡입의 문제. 이러한 방식으로,이 신경 생물 학자에게 제공하기위한 것이다 자신의 실험실에서 미세 유체 장치를 준비하고 사용할 수있는 자유.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="857">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">PDMS Sylgard 184</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PDMS Elastosil RT 601</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Wacker</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR</td>
			<td>630-1590</td>
			<td>130-160 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">3 mm Biopsy Punches</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Kai Medical</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>Handle with care - extremely sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S-50-HL</td>
			<td>1.65 mm ID; 3.35 mm OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL Syringe (Inkjekt and Omnifix)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">6064204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">4-Way Tubing Connector</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">VWR or Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">722645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">0.5 mm Pins</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Dressmaking Departments</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">PLL-g-PEG</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">SuSoS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">PLL(20)-g[3.5]-PEG(5)</td>
			<td>Stability in storage can be an issue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P6407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-lysine-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P3069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">poly-ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">F2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">laminin</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Inverted Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Example Aspiration Pump</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KNF Neuberger, Laboport</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">N811KVP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:235px;">Hand Held Corona Discharge Device</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Leybold-Heraeus, USA</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VP23</td>
			<td>May not comply with your country&#39;s safety standards</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Femto Plasma Oven</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Diener Electronic</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:235px;">Vacuum Dessicator or Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of neuronal co-cultures with single cell precision

Campenot 실의 미세 유체 실시 예는 신경 과학 사회에서 큰 관심을 받고있다. 이러한 상호 공동 문화 플랫폼은 감염 및 질병 전파에 발달 및 기능 신경 생물학에 걸쳐, 다양한 질문을 조사하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 기존의 시스템은 중요한 세포와 같은 기본 도파민 흑색질, 나선 신경절 및 Drosophilia melanogaster의 뉴런의 낮은 풍부 세포 연구에 대한 불충분 한 입력 (구획 당 수천), 및 높은 처리량 실험에 대한 허무가 필요합니다. 조밀 한 문화는 매우 로컬 두 문화를 상호 몇의 outgrowths (&lt;10 %)과 얽혀있다. (I) 미세 유체 하나의 신경 세포는 방법으로 배열하고, 플라즈마 패터닝 생체 재료의 코팅 REGI을위한 (II) 물 마스킹 방법 :이 논문에서는 간단 미세 패터닝 프로토콜은 이러한 문제를 해결하는 설명되어 있습니다신경을 STER과 구획 사이의 파생물을 촉진합니다. 최소한의 신경 세포 공동 배양은 높은 수준 (&gt; 85 %) intercompartment 연결로 제조 된 단일 셀 정밀도 높은 처리량 신경 생물학 실험에 사용될 수있다.

물 마스킹 공격은 표면 장력. 공기 - 액체 계면에서의 압력 공차는 곡률 [반경 반비례 비늘 <img fo:content-width="1in" src="files/ftp_upload/51389/51389eq1.jpg" width="113" /> , 미세 유체 차원에서 매우 안정적인 인터페이스를 생성. micropillars 효과적으로 대신 물 마스크 앵커. 워터 마스크 형성은 가열에 의해 증가 된 속도로, 마이크로 유체 포트에서 증발에 의해 구동된다. 낮은 배율 (4X - 10X)에서 열을 사용하여 현?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision at JoVE.com

Preparation of Neuronal Co-cultures with Single Cell Precision

하나의 신경 세포의 미세 유체의으로 배열 및 생체 적합 물질 코팅의 칩 플라즈마 패턴 물 마스킹을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 고도로 상호 공동 배양은 최소 셀 입력을 사용하여 제조 될 수있다.

단일 셀의 정밀도와의 연결을 공동 문화의 준비

Microfluidic embodiments of the Campenot chamber have attracted great interest from the neuroscience community. These interconnected co-culture platforms ...

preparation-of-neuronal-co-cultures-with-single-cell-precision

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry

After its release into the synaptic cleft, dopamine exerts its biological properties via its pre- and post-synaptic targets1. The dopamine signal is terminated by diffusion2-3, extracellular enzymes4, and membrane transporters5. The dopamine transporter, located in the peri-synaptic cleft of dopamine neurons clears the released amines through an inward dopamine flux (uptake). The dopamine transporter can also work in reverse direction to release amines from inside to outside in a process called outward transport or efflux of dopamine5. More than 20 years ago Sulzer et al. reported the dopamine transporter can operate in two modes of activity: forward (uptake) and reverse (efflux)5. The neurotransmitter released via efflux through the transporter can move a large amount of dopamine to the extracellular space, and has been shown to play a major regulatory role in extracellular dopamine homeostasis6. Here we describe how simultaneous patch clamp and amperometry recording can be used to measure released dopamine via the efflux mechanism with millisecond time resolution when the membrane potential is controlled. For this, whole-cell current and oxidative (amperometric) signals are measured simultaneously using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, with a low-pass Bessel filter set at 1,000 Hz for whole-cell current recording). For amperometry recording a carbon fiber electrode is connected to a second amplifier (Axopatch 200B) and is placed adjacent to the plasma membrane and held at +700 mV. The whole-cell and oxidative (amperometric) currents can be recorded and the current-voltage relationship can be generated using a voltage step protocol. Unlike the usual amperometric calibration, which requires conversion to concentration, the current is reported directly without considering the effective volume7. Thus, the resulting data represent a lower limit to dopamine efflux because some transmitter is lost to the bulk solution.

The amperometric technique measures dopamine release from a single cell by detecting the oxidative current produced by spontaneous dopamine oxidization. Simultaneous voltage clamp and amperometry methodology reveal the mechanistic relationship between the overall "activity" of dopamine transporter and the regulatory role of this activity on the reverse transport of dopamine.

동시 전압 클램프 및 Amperometry과 도파민 릴리스의 단일 세포 측정

After its release into the synaptic cleft, dopamine exerts its biological properties via its pre- and post-synaptic targets1. The dopamine signal is ...

연구

신경과학

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

단일 셀 및 단일 스파이크 해상도 suprathreshold 신경 활동의 광 기록

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

동시 사전 및 사후 신경 Electrophysiological 녹화에서<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; 신경 근육 공동 문화

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

동물 행동하자, 깨어있는 단일 단위 레코딩을위한 Microwires의 조직 된 배열을 주입하기위한 절차

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

신경 발사 환율의 조작에 의해 성상 세포 수용체의 가소성을 유도

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Investigating Functional Regeneration in Organotypic Spinal Cord Co-cultures Grown on Multi-electrode Arrays

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a promising target for intervention to improve functional regeneration. So far, no in vitro model exists that grants the possibility to examine functional recovery of propriospinal fibers. Therefore, a representative model that is based on two organotypic spinal cord sections of embryonic rat, cultured next to each other on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) was developed. These slices grow and, within a few days in vitro, fuse along the sides facing each other. The design of the used MEAs permits the performance of lesions with a scalpel blade through this fusion site without inflicting damage on the MEAs. The slices show spontaneous activity, usually organized in network activity bursts, and spatial and temporal activity parameters such as the location of burst origins, speed and direction of their propagation and latencies between bursts can be characterized. Using these features, it is also possible to assess functional connection of the slices by calculating the amount of synchronized bursts between the two sides. Furthermore, the slices can be morphologically analyzed by performing immunohistochemical stainings after the recordings. 
Several advantages of the used techniques are combined in this model: the slices largely preserve the original tissue architecture with intact local synaptic circuitry, the tissue is easily and repeatedly accessible and neuronal activity can be detected simultaneously and non-invasively in a large number of spots at high temporal resolution. These features allow the investigation of functional regeneration of intraspinal connections in isolation in vitro in a sophisticated and efficient way.

Here we present a protocol that is based on spinal cord slices cultured on multi-electrode arrays to study functional regeneration of propriospinal connections in vitro.

다중 전극 배열에 성장의 Organotypic 척수 공동 문화 기능 재생 조사

Adult higher vertebrates have a limited potential to recover from spinal cord injury. Recently, evidence emerged that propriospinal connections are a ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

깨어 마우스의 신경 활성 물질의 Microiontophoretic 응용 프로그램과 결합하여 신경 활동의 세포 외 기록

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, their distinct dendritic morphologies, their specific patterns of axonal connectivity, and their selective firing responses. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these aspects of differentiation during development are still poorly understood.
Here, we describe combined protocols for labeling and characterizing the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons. Modification of the in utero electroporation (IUE) protocol allows the labeling of a sparse population of neurons. This, in turn, enables the identification and tracking of the dendrites and axons of individual neurons, the precise characterization of the laminar location of axonal projections, and morphometric analysis. IUE can also be used to investigate changes in the excitability of wild-type (WT) or genetically modified neurons by combining it with whole-cell recording from acute slices of electroporated brains. These two techniques contribute to a better understanding of the coupling of structural and functional connectivity and of the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal diversity during development. These developmental processes have important implications on axonal wiring, the functional diversity of neurons, and the biology of cognitive disorders.

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

This manuscript provides protocols that use in utero electroporation (IUE) to describe the structural connectivity of neurons at the single-cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons. Histology is used to characterize dendritic and axonal projections. Whole-cell recording in acute slices is used to investigate excitability.

자궁 내 일렉트로는 신경 세포의 부분 집단의 흥분 및 단일 세포의 연결을 연구에 접근

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

Neuron-Macrophage Co-cultures to Activate Macrophages Secreting Molecular Factors with Neurite Outgrowth Activity

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which macrophages are induced to produce conditioned medium (CM) that promotes neurite outgrowth. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are acutely dissociated and plated. After the neurons are stably attached, peritoneal macrophages are co-cultured on a cell culture insert overlaid on the same well. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) is applied to the co-cultures for 24 h, after which the cell culture insert containing the macrophages is moved to another well to collect CM for 72 h. The CM from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP, when applied to a separate adult DRG neuron culture, exhibits robust neurite outgrowth activity. The CM obtained from the db-cAMP-treated cultures consisting of single cell type alone, either DRG neuron or peritoneal macrophage, did not exhibit neurite outgrowth activity. This indicates that the interaction between neurons and macrophages is indispensable for the activation of macrophages secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity into CM. Thus, our co-culture paradigm will also be useful to study intercellular signaling in the neuron-macrophage interaction to stimulate the macrophages to be endowed with a pro-regenerative phenotype.

The current protocol presents experimental procedures to stimulate cultured macrophages to be endowed with capacity to release molecular factors that promote neurite outgrowth. Treatment of cAMP to the neuron-macrophage co-cultures induces the macrophages to produce conditioned medium that possesses strong neurite outgrowth activity.

신경 대 식 세포 공동 문화 Neurite 결과 활동 분자 요소를 은닉 하는 세포를 활성화 하

There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which ...

GM-Free Generation of Blood-Derived Neuronal Cells

Many human&#160;neurological disorders are caused by degeneration of neurons and glial cells in the brain. Due to limitations in pharmacological and other therapeutic strategies, there is currently no cure available for the injured or diseased brain. Cell replacement appears as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative conditions. To this day, neural stem cells (NSCs) have been successfully generated from fetal tissues, human embryonic cells (ES) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). A process of dedifferentiation was initiated by activation of the novel human GPI-linked glycoprotein, which leads to generation of pluripotent stem cells. These blood-derived pluripotent stem cells (BD-PSCs) differentiate in vitro into cells with a neural phenotype as shown by brightfield and immunofluorescence microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of these cells by means of electron microscopy confirms their primitive structure as well as neuronal-like morphology and subcellular characteristics.

We present a genetically modified-free (GM-free) method to obtain cells with a neuronal phenotype from reprogrammed peripheral blood cells. Activation of a signaling pathway linked to novel human GPI-linked protein reveals an efficient GM-free method for obtaining human pluripotent stem cells.

혈액 유래 신경 세포의 GM 무료 생성

Many human&#160;neurological disorders are caused by degeneration of neurons and glial cells in the brain. Due to limitations in pharmacological and other ...