Name: transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice
Uploaded: 2014-05-05T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Wir danken Xia Liu (Neron Pharmaceuticals) für zunächst lehrt uns die HGD Technik und Dr. Russell Thomson (Albert Einstein College of Medicine) für seine kontinuierliche Führung in verschiedenen Aspekten der Technologie. Diese Arbeit wurde vom Hunter College finanziert CUNY Startkapital und NSF Brot Auszeichnung IOS-1249166. Wir danken der NYULMC Histopathologie Kern NYUCI Center Support Grant, NIH / NCI 5 P30CA16087-31 für die Histologie auf Mäuselebern.

Alle hier beschriebenen Experimente wurden von der Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Ausschuss der Hunter College, City University of New York zugelassen. 1. Vorbereitung der Endotoxin-freiem Plasmid-DNA <ol><li> Wählen Sie eine einzelne Kolonie von Bakterien, die das Gen von Interesse in einer Säugetier-Expressionsvektor von einer frisch ausgestrichenen selektive Platte. </li><li> Folgen Sie den Empfehlungen im Handbuch eines handelsüblichen Endotoxin-freie Plasmid-Reinigungs-Kit...

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	<li>Liu, F., Song, Y., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamics-based+transfection+in+animals+by+systemic+administration+of+plasmid+DNA.">Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA.</a> Gene Ther. 6, 1258-1266 (1999).</li><li>Zhang, G., Budker, V., Wolff, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+levels+of+foreign+gene+expression+in+hepatocytes+after+tail+vein+injections+of+naked+plasmid+DNA.">High levels of foreign gene expression in hepatocytes after tail vein injections of naked plasmid DNA.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 10, 1735-1737 (1999).</li><li>Miao, C. H., Thompson, A. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+progress+and+prospects:+hydrodynamic+gene+delivery.">Gene therapy progress and prospects: hydrodynamic gene delivery.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 99-107 (2007).</li><li>Kobayashi, N., Nishikawa, M., Takakura, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrodynamics-based+procedure+for+controlling+the+pharmacokinetics+of+gene+medicines+at+whole+body,+organ+and+cellular+levels.">The hydrodynamics-based procedure for controlling the pharmacokinetics of gene medicines at whole body, organ and cellular levels.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57, 713-731 (2005).</li><li>Al-Dosari, M. S., Knapp, J. E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery.">Hydrodynamic delivery.</a> Adv Genet. 54, 65-82 (2005).</li><li>Bell, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+delivery+of+the+Sleeping+Beauty+transposon+system+to+livers+of+mice+by+hydrodynamic+injection.">Preferential delivery of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to livers of mice by hydrodynamic injection.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 3153-3165 (2007).</li><li>Osorio, F. G., de la Rosa, J., Freije, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luminescence-based+in+vivo+monitoring+of+NF-kappaB+activity+through+a+gene+delivery+approach.">Luminescence-based in vivo monitoring of NF-kappaB activity through a gene delivery approach.</a> Cell Commun Signal. 11, (2013).</li><li>Knapp, J. E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery+of+DNA.">Hydrodynamic delivery of DNA.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 245, 245-250 (2004).</li><li>Yang, J., Chen, S., Huang, L., Michalopoulos, G. K., Liu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+expression+of+naked+plasmid+DNA+encoding+hepatocyte+growth+factor+in+mice+promotes+liver+and+overall+body+growth.">Sustained expression of naked plasmid DNA encoding hepatocyte growth factor in mice promotes liver and overall body growth.</a> Hepatology. 33, 848-859 (2001).</li><li>Maruyama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-level+expression+of+naked+DNA+delivered+to+rat+liver+via+tail+vein+injection.">High-level expression of naked DNA delivered to rat liver via tail vein injection.</a> J Gene Med. 4, 333-341 (2002).</li><li>Hen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+foreign+genes+in+chicks+by+hydrodynamics-based+naked+plasmid+transfer+in+vivo.">Expression of foreign genes in chicks by hydrodynamics-based naked plasmid transfer in vivo.</a> Domestic animal endocrinology. 30, 135-143 (2006).</li><li>Eastman, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+catheter-based+procedures+for+transducing+the+isolated+rabbit+liver+with+plasmid+DNA.">Development of catheter-based procedures for transducing the isolated rabbit liver with plasmid DNA.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 13, 2065-2077 (2002).</li><li>Yoshino, H., Hashizume, K., Kobayashi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naked+plasmid+DNA+transfer+to+the+porcine+liver+using+rapid+injection+with+large+volume.">Naked plasmid DNA transfer to the porcine liver using rapid injection with large volume.</a> Gene Ther. 13, 1696-1702 (2006).</li><li>Vanden Bossche, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+general+aspects+of+the+distribution+and+epidemiology+of+bovine+trypanosomosis+in+southern+Africa.">Some general aspects of the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in southern Africa.</a> Int J Parasitol. 31, 592-598 (2001).</li><li>Fevre, E. 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Wenn richtig ausgeführt, ist HGD ein bemerkenswert sicheres und wirksames Mittel der Trans Lieferung. Die kritischen Schritte zur erfolgreichen HGD sind: 1) Bereitstellung der richtigen Menge von DNA in einem großen Volumen an Kochsalzträger 2) in die Schwanzvene der Maus, 3) in weniger als 8 Sekunden. Obwohl der Prozess der Injektion selbst erfordert zweifellos etwas Fingerfertigkeit, der Erfolg dieser sechs zweite Verfahren liegt oft in der sorgfältigen Vorbereitung des Experiments. Di...

Seit der ersten Beschreibung von Liu et al. Und Zhang et al., Hydrodynamische Gentransfer (HGD) hat sich ein unschätzbares Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Genfunktion in Nagetier-Modellsysteme 1, 2. Die Technik beinhaltet die schnelle Injektion (5-7 sec) von einem großen Volumen (8-12% des Körpergewichts) der Lösung in die Schwanzvene von Mäusen, die Aufnahme von Plasmid-DNA durch die Zellen des Zielorganen 1, 2 zu erleichtern. Diese Bedingungen führen zu robusten Genexpression in der Leber und weniger Gen-Expression in der Niere, Milz, Lunge und Herz. Injektion von 10 ug pCMV-LacZ-Plasmid kann so viel wie 40% der Leberzellen zu transfizieren, so dass HGD die effizienteste, nicht-viralen, in vivo Genübertragung Verfahren Beginn 1. Anders als Virusträger, ist pDNA einfach zuzubereiten, ist eine Immunantwort in der Nagetier-Host 3 nicht zu entlocken ist und nicht ein Gesundheitsrisiko darstellen durch Rekombination mit Endeexogenen Viren. Zusätzlich kann, da die DNA-Moleküle durch HGD geliefert brauchen nicht Verpackung, eignet sich dieses Verfahren für die Bereitstellung von künstlichen Bakterienchromosomen (BAC) so groß wie 150 4 kb. Andere Arten von Molekülen, die durch ein hydrodynamisches Verfahren geliefert worden sind, umfassen RNA 5-10, 11 Morpholinos, Proteine ​​12, 13 und andere kleine Moleküle 12, 14. Die Vor-und Nachteile der HGD gegenüber anderen Versandmethoden sind in sehr guten Bewertungen in der Literatur 15-20 diskutiert und eine Reihe von Autoren haben eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Vorgehensweise 21 bis 23 vorgesehen. Einführen von Transgenen in Mäusen durch HGD ist sicher und wirksam 1-3, 24 und das Verfahren wurde bei Ratten mit vergleichbarem Erfolg 25 verwendet. Mit gewissen Modifikationen, Proof-of-Concept-Experimente wurden in 26 Hühner, Kaninchen durchgeführtBits 27 und 28 Schweine, obwohl die in vivo Anwendung dieser Technik bei größeren Tieren bleibt eine Herausforderung. Bei Verwendung dieses Verfahrens ist eine weitere gemeinsame Einschränkung, dass viele der verfügbaren Säugetierexpressionsvektoren nicht über die Komponenten, um eine anhaltende, hohe Genexpression zu erreichen. Mit einem pCMV-Luc-Plasmid, die Genexpression in den Zielorganen ist offensichtlich so früh wie zehn Minuten nach HGD fällt jedoch die anfängliche, hohe Expressionsniveau stark in der ersten Woche nach der Injektion ein. Langzeit-Expression des Transgens ist möglich, je nach dem Promotor und Intron in Plasmid-Design 3, 24 jedoch, Wartung von High-Level-Genexpression erfordert häufig wiederholte Injektionen verwendet. Aus diesem Grund könnte HGD weniger geeignet, um chronische Krankheiten, die eine Folge der langfristigen Exposition gegenüber schädlichen Proteine ​​oder Proteinprodukte sind zu studieren. Mit diesen Einschränkungen ist HGD ein außergewöhnlich leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der pozial Rolle des Gens und die Wirkung davon Mutanten in vivo, als auch die therapeutischen Wirkungen und Regulation von Proteinen und für die Festlegung von Tiermodellen der Erkrankung (für eine Übersicht siehe 15). Zum Beispiel kann verwendet werden, um Funktion HGD, Domains und Aminosäuren von Proteinen durch Einbringen individuell verschiedene Genkonstrukte in Mäusen, wurden die entsprechenden Gene ausgeknockt zuzuweisen. Darüber hinaus kann diese Technik in jedem Mausstamm verwendet werden. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt HGD bei Mäusen mit einem Fokus auf die technischen Aspekte notwendig, um eine erfolgreiche Transfektion zu erreichen: Die richtige Nadeleinführung in die Vene, Einspritzmenge und die Geschwindigkeit der Lieferung. Die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens ist in einem Mausmodell der afrikanischen Trypanosomiasis, einer tödlichen Erkrankung von Mensch und Vieh 29, 30 gezeigt. Während einige Arten der Trypanosomen verursachen Krankheit in Nutztiere, können die meisten nicht-Krankheit beim Menschen durch Immunkomplexe in b angeborenen verursachenlood genannt Trypanosomen lytische Faktoren (Tlfs) 29, 31, 32. Diese porenbildenden, hochdichten Lipoproteinen (HDL) enthält zwei einzigartige, Primaten-spezifischen Proteinen:. HPR, die Liganden, die die Aufnahme von Tlfs in Trypanosomen erleichtert und APOL-I, die lytische Komponente 31, 33-38 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense der Lage ist, Menschen aufgrund der Expression eines mit Serumresistenz assoziierten Proteins (SRA), das bindet und neutralisiert menschliche APOL-I 34, 39 zu infizieren. Baboon TLF wird nicht von SRA aufgrund ihrer divergierenden APOL-I-Protein 40 neutralisiert. Wie bereits berichtet, mit einem Säugetier-Expressionsvektor (pRG977), transgenen Expression von Pavian TLF-Komponenten in Mäusen einen Schutz gegen die Menscheninfektiösen Trypanosomen 40. Die hier präsentierten Daten demonstrieren, wie repräsentativ hydrodynamischen Genübertragung angewendet werden, um die therapeutischen Wirkungen des Proteins zu untersuchen.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alcohol Prep Wipe</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Webcol</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6818</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AST kit, Amplite Colorimetric</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AAT Bioquest</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">13801</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conical Tube, 50 ml</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12362</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">KIMTECH</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">34120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Mouse Tail Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MTI RST</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 20 Gx 1 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305175</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 27 Gx 1/2 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">pRG977 (mammalian expression vector)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Material Transfer Agreement required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride, 0.9% INJ USP 10 ml, Hospira&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9054335</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Syringe, 3ml, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309657</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Luer Lock necessary to withstand pressure from HGD</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice

Effiziente Expression von Transgenen in vivo ist von entscheidender Bedeutung bei der Untersuchung der Genfunktion und der Entwicklung von Behandlungen für Krankheiten. In den letzten Jahren hat hydrodynamische Gentransfer (HGD) als eine einfache, schnelle, sichere und effektive Methode für die Bereitstellung von Transgenen in Nagetiere entstanden. Diese Technik beruht auf der von der schnellen Injektion einer großen Menge einer physiologischen Lösung, um die Durchlässigkeit der Zellmembranen des perfundierten Organen erhöhen erzeugte Kraft und liefern somit DNA in Zellen. Einer der Hauptvorteile der HGD ist die Fähigkeit, Transgene in Säugerzellen unter Verwendung nackter Plasmid-DNA (pDNA) einzuführen. Einführen eines exogenen Gens unter Verwendung eines Plasmids ist minimal aufwendig, sehr leistungsfähig und im Gegensatz zu viralen Träger, bemerkenswert sicher. HGD wurde ursprünglich verwendet, um Gene in Mäuse zu liefern, wird nun verwendet, um eine Vielzahl von Stoffen, einschließlich Oligonukleotide, künstliche Chromosomen, RNA, Proteine ​​und kleine Moleküle in Mäuse, Ratten liefernund bis zu einem begrenzten Grad, andere Tiere. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt HGD bei Mäusen und konzentriert sich auf drei zentrale Aspekte der Methode, die entscheidend für den erfolgreichen Durchführung des Verfahrens sind: richtige Einführen der Nadel in die Vene, das Injektionsvolumen und die Geschwindigkeit der Lieferung. Beispiele werden gegeben, um die Anwendung dieser Methode auf die transiente Expression von zwei Genen, die abgesondert wird, Primaten-spezifische Proteine ​​kodieren zeigen, Apolipoprotein LI (APOL-I) und Haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

Korrekte Positionierung der Nadel in die Schwanzvene der Maus (wie in Fig. 1 dargestellt) ist eine Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Abgabe eines Transgens durch die Hydrodynamik basierende Transfektion. Oft der schwierigste Teil der Technik ist jedoch die Beibehaltung der Nadel in die Schwanzvene ohne Bewegung, so daß das gesamte Volumen der Injektion innerhalb 6-8 s geliefert werden. Kleinere Fehler beim Einspritzvorgang kann in beträchtlichem Ausmaß verringert Transfektionseffizienz und Protein...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

In-vivo-Transfektion von nackter DNA durch hydrodynamische Genübertragung führt Gene in das Gewebe eines Tieres mit minimalen Entzündungsreaktion. Ausreichende Mengen an Genprodukt erzeugt werden, so dass Genfunktionen und Regelung sowie die Proteinstruktur und Funktion untersucht werden.

Transiente Expression von Proteinen durch Hydrodynamische Gentransfer in Mäusen

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

transient-expression-of-proteins-by-hydrodynamic-gene-delivery-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Die Herstellung von primären hämatopoetischen Zellkulturen aus Knochenmark der Maus für die Elektroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Forschung

Biologie

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Färbung von Proteinen in Gelen mit Coomassie G-250 ohne organische Lösungsmittel und Essigsäure

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Mit dem Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System zur Primary Cells mit hohem Wirkungsgrad zu transfizieren

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Verwendung eines automatisierten Cell Counter zu Genexpressionsstudien Simplify: siRNA Knockdown von IL-4 abhängige Genexpression in Namalwalzellen

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Paraffin-Embedded-und Gefrierschnitte von Drosophila Adult Muskeln

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

In vitro Rekonstitution der Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Effiziente Agroinfiltration von Pflanzen für High-Level-Transient Expression von rekombinanten Proteinen

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Analyse der globalen RNA-Synthese auf der Einzelzellebene folgende Hypoxie

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

Messung der Stoffwechselrate in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Mit Respirationstest

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.