Name: transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice
Uploaded: 2014-05-05T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Мы благодарим Ся Лю (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals) для изначально учит нас технику HGD и д-р Рассел Томсон (Альберт Эйнштейн медицинский колледж) для его постоянного руководства по различным аспектам технологии. Эта работа финансировалась по Хантер-колледже, CUNY запуска средства и NSF Хлеб награда IOS-1249166. Мы благодарим NYULMC Гистопатология Ядро NYUCI Центр поддержки Грант, NIH / NCI 5 P30CA16087-31 для гистологии на печени мышей.

Все эксперименты, описанные здесь, были одобрены Институциональные уходу и использованию животных комитета Хантер-колледже, Городского университета Нью-Йорка. 1. Подготовка эндотоксинов ДНК плазмиды <ol><li> Выбрать одну колонию бактерий, содержащих нужный ген в экспрес?...

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+progress+and+prospects:+hydrodynamic+gene+delivery.">Gene therapy progress and prospects: hydrodynamic gene delivery.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 99-107 (2007).</li><li>Kobayashi, N., Nishikawa, M., Takakura, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrodynamics-based+procedure+for+controlling+the+pharmacokinetics+of+gene+medicines+at+whole+body,+organ+and+cellular+levels.">The hydrodynamics-based procedure for controlling the pharmacokinetics of gene medicines at whole body, organ and cellular levels.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57, 713-731 (2005).</li><li>Al-Dosari, M. S., Knapp, J. E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery.">Hydrodynamic delivery.</a> Adv Genet. 54, 65-82 (2005).</li><li>Bell, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+delivery+of+the+Sleeping+Beauty+transposon+system+to+livers+of+mice+by+hydrodynamic+injection.">Preferential delivery of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to livers of mice by hydrodynamic injection.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 3153-3165 (2007).</li><li>Osorio, F. G., de la Rosa, J., Freije, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luminescence-based+in+vivo+monitoring+of+NF-kappaB+activity+through+a+gene+delivery+approach.">Luminescence-based in vivo monitoring of NF-kappaB activity through a gene delivery approach.</a> Cell Commun Signal. 11, (2013).</li><li>Knapp, J. E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery+of+DNA.">Hydrodynamic delivery of DNA.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 245, 245-250 (2004).</li><li>Yang, J., Chen, S., Huang, L., Michalopoulos, G. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+catheter-based+procedures+for+transducing+the+isolated+rabbit+liver+with+plasmid+DNA.">Development of catheter-based procedures for transducing the isolated rabbit liver with plasmid DNA.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 13, 2065-2077 (2002).</li><li>Yoshino, H., Hashizume, K., Kobayashi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naked+plasmid+DNA+transfer+to+the+porcine+liver+using+rapid+injection+with+large+volume.">Naked plasmid DNA transfer to the porcine liver using rapid injection with large volume.</a> Gene Ther. 13, 1696-1702 (2006).</li><li>Vanden Bossche, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+general+aspects+of+the+distribution+and+epidemiology+of+bovine+trypanosomosis+in+southern+Africa.">Some general aspects of the distribution and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in southern Africa.</a> Int J Parasitol. 31, 592-598 (2001).</li><li>Fevre, E. M., Picozzi, K., Jannin, J., Welburn, S. C., Maudlin, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+African+trypanosomiasis:+Epidemiology+and+control.">Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control.</a> Adv Parasitol. 61, 167-221 (2006).</li><li>Lugli, E. B., Pouliot, M., Portela Mdel, P., Loomis, M. R., Raper, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+primate+trypanosome+lytic+factors.">Characterization of primate trypanosome lytic factors.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 138, 9-20 (2004).</li><li>Pays, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+trypanolytic+factor+of+human+serum.">The trypanolytic factor of human serum.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 4, 477-486 (2006).</li><li>Raper, J., Fung, R., Ghiso, J., Nussenzweig, V., Tomlinson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+novel+trypanosome+lytic+factor+from+human+serum.">Characterization of a novel trypanosome lytic factor from human serum.</a> Infect Immun. 67, 1910-1916 (1999).</li><li>Vanhamme, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apolipoprotein+L-I+is+the+trypanosome+lytic+factor+of+human+serum.">Apolipoprotein L-I is the trypanosome lytic factor of human serum.</a> Nature. 422, 83-87 (2003).</li><li>Nielsen, M. 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B., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+impact+of+hydrodynamic+injection+on+mouse+liver.">Structural impact of hydrodynamic injection on mouse liver.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 129-137 (2007).</li></ol>

При правильном выполнении HGD является чрезвычайно безопасным и эффективным средством доставки трансгенов. Критические шагов к успешному HGD являются: 1) поставлять нужное количество ДНК в большом объеме физиологического транспортного средства 2) в хвостовую вену мыши 3) менее чем 8 сек. </...

С момента своего первого описания по Лю и др.., И Чжан и др.., Доставка гидродинамическая ген (HGD) стала бесценным инструментом для изучения функции генов в грызунов модельных систем 1, 2. Методика включает в быстрой инъекции (5-7 сек) большого объема (8-12% массы тела) раствора в хвостовую вену мышей, чтобы облегчить поглощение плазмидной ДНК на клетках органов-мишеней 1, 2. Эти условия приводят к надежной экспрессии генов в печени и менее экспрессии генов в почках, селезенке, легких и сердце. Инъекция 10 мкг PCMV-LacZ плазмиды могут трансфекции целых 40% гепатоцитов, что делает HGD наиболее эффективным, невирусный, в естественных условиях способ доставки гена на сегодняшний день 1. В отличие от вирусных носителей, пДНК легко приготовить, не вызывает иммунного ответа у хозяина грызунов 3 и не представляют опасности для здоровья по рекомбинации с концаogenous вирусы. Кроме того, поскольку молекулы ДНК, поставляемые HGD не нужно упаковывать, этот метод подходит для доставки бактериальных искусственных хромосом (BAC) такого размера, как 150 кб 4. Другие типы молекул, которые были завезены гидродинамического способа включают РНК 5-10, Morpholinos 11, белки, 12, 13 и другие малые молекулы 12, 14. Преимущества и недостатки HGD по сравнению с другими методами доставки были обсуждены в превосходных отзывов в литературе 15-20 и ряд авторов предоставили подробное описание процедуры 21-23. Представляя трансгены в мышах HGD является безопасным и эффективным 1-3, 24 и метод был использован у крыс с сопоставимой успеха 25. С некоторыми изменениями, доказательство правильности концепции эксперименты были проведены в кур 26, Раббиты 27 и свиней 28, хотя, естественных применение в этой техники в более крупных животных остается проблемой. При использовании этого метода, еще одним распространенным ограничением является то, многие из доступных векторов экспрессии млекопитающих не хватает компонентов для достижения постоянного, высокий уровень экспрессии генов. Использование плазмиды экспрессии генов, PCMV-Luc в органы-мишени, очевидно еще в десять минут после HGD, однако, первоначальный, высокий уровень экспрессии резко падает в течение первой недели после инъекции 1. Долгосрочный трансгенная экспрессия можно в зависимости от промоутера и интрона, используемого в плазмиды конструкции 3, 24 однако, поддержание экспрессии генов высокого уровня часто требует повторных инъекций. По этой причине, HGD может быть менее пригодны для изучения хронических заболеваний, которые являются результатом долгосрочного воздействия повреждающих белки или белковые продукты. С учетом этих ограничений, HGD является исключительно мощным инструментом для изучения роциала роль гена и эффект от него мутантов в естественных условиях, а также терапевтических эффектов и регулирования белков и для установления животных моделях болезни (для обзора см. 15). Например, HGD могут быть использованы, чтобы назначить функцию для доменов и аминокислот белков по отдельности введения различных генных конструкций в мышей, которые имеют соответствующие гены нокаут. Кроме того, этот метод может быть использован в любой штамм мыши. Этот протокол описывает HGD у мышей с акцентом на технических аспектах, необходимых для достижения успешного трансфекции: правильно введения иглы в вену, объем впрыска и скорости доставки. Применение этого метода продемонстрирована на мышиной модели африканского трипаносомоза, смертельной болезни людей и скота 29, 30. В то время как несколько видов трипаносом вызывают заболевания у скота, большинство из них не может вызвать заболевание у человека в связи с врожденной иммунной комплексы в бLOOD называемые трипаносомная литические факторы (ФЦН) 29, 31, 32. Эти порообразующие, липопротеины высокой плотности (HDL) содержат два уникальных, приматов-специфических белков. HPR, лиганд, который облегчает поглощение ФЦН в трипаносом, и APOL-I, литический компонент 31, 33-38 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense способен инфицировать людей в связи с выражением сопротивления связанных сывороточного белка (SRA), который связывается с и нейтрализует человеческий APOL-I 34, 39. Бабуин TLF не нейтрализуется SRA из-за его расходящихся APOL-I белка 40. Как сообщалось ранее, с использованием вектора экспрессии млекопитающих (pRG977), трансгенных выражение павиана компонентов TLF у мышей обеспечивает защиту против человека-инфекционный трипаносом 40. Представительные данные, представленные здесь продемонстрировать, как доставка гидродинамическая ген может быть применен для изучения терапевтические эффекты белка.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="615">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alcohol Prep Wipe</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Webcol</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6818</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AST kit, Amplite Colorimetric</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AAT Bioquest</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">13801</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conical Tube, 50 ml</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12362</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">KIMTECH</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">34120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Mouse Tail Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MTI RST</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 20 Gx 1 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305175</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 27 Gx 1/2 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">pRG977 (mammalian expression vector)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Material Transfer Agreement required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride, 0.9% INJ USP 10 ml, Hospira&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9054335</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Syringe, 3ml, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309657</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Luer Lock necessary to withstand pressure from HGD</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice

Эффективное выражение трансгенов в естественных условиях имеет решающее значение в изучении функции генов и разработке методов лечения заболеваний. За последние годы, доставка гидродинамическая ген (HGD) стала простым, быстрым, безопасным и эффективным методом для доставки трансгенов в грызунов. Этот метод основан на силы, создаваемой быстрой инъекции большого объема физиологического раствора, чтобы увеличить проницаемость клеточных мембран перфузии органов и, таким образом доставки ДНК в клетки. Одним из основных преимуществ HGD является возможность вводить трансгенов в клетках млекопитающих с использованием обнаженной плазмидной ДНК (плазмидной). Представляя экзогенный ген с помощью плазмиды, минимально трудоемким, высокой эффективностью и, в отличие от вирусных носителей, удивительно безопасным. HGD изначально предназначался для доставки генов в организм мышей, в настоящее время используется для доставки широкого спектра веществ, в том числе олигонуклеотидов, искусственных хромосом, РНК, белков и малых молекул в мышей, крыси, в ограниченной степени, другие животные. Этот протокол описывает HGD у мышей и фокусируется на трех ключевых аспектах метода, имеют решающее значение для выполнения процедуры успешно: правильно введения иглы в вену, объем инъекции и скорость доставки. Приведены примеры, чтобы показать применение этого метода к временной экспрессии двух генов, которые кодируют секретируемые, приматов-специфических белков, аполипопротеина Л.И. (APOL-я) и гаптоглобина, связанных белка (HPR).

Правильное позиционирование иглы в хвостовую вену мыши (как показано на рисунке 1) является необходимым условием для успешного предоставления трансген по гидродинамике основе трансфекции. Часто наиболее сложной частью техники, однако, является сохранение иглы в хвостовую ве...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

В естественных условиях трансфекции голой ДНК по доставке гидродинамического гена вводит генов в ткани животного с минимальными воспалительной реакции. Достаточное количество продукта гена генерируются таким образом, что функция гена и регулирование, а также структура и функции белка могут быть проанализированы.

Кратковременная экспрессия белков гидродинамическими доставки генов у мышей

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

transient-expression-of-proteins-by-hydrodynamic-gene-delivery-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Подготовка первичных гемопоэтических клеточных культур из костного мозга мышей для Электропорация

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Окрашивание белков в гелях Кумасси G-250 без органических растворителей и уксусной кислоты

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Использование генной Pulser MXcell Электропорация системы для трансфекции первичных элементов с высоким КПД

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Использование автоматизированных счетчиков сотовый для упрощения исследования экспрессии генов: миРНК Нокдаун ИЛ-4 зависимости экспрессии генов в клетках Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Парафин и замороженные Разделы Drosophila Мышцы взрослых

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

В пробирке восстановление активность Т. castaneum Теломераза

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Эффективное Агроинфильтрация растений для высокого уровня переходных Экспрессия рекомбинантных белков

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Анализ глобальной РНК синтеза на уровне одной клетки следующем Гипоксия

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

Измерение скорости обмена веществ в<em&gt; Дрозофилы</em&gt; С помощью респирометрии

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.