Name: transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice
Uploaded: 2014-05-05T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Vi tackar Xia Liu (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals) för initialt att lära oss den HGD tekniken och Dr Russell Thomson (Albert Einstein College of Medicine) för hans ständiga vägledning i olika aspekter av tekniken. Detta arbete har finansierats av Hunter College, CUNY starta fonder och NSF Bröd utmärkelse IOS-1.249.166. Vi tackar NYULMC Histopatologi Kärna NYUCI Center Support Grant, NIH / NCI 5 P30CA16087-31 för histologi på muslevrar.

Alla experiment som beskrivs här har godkänts av Institutional Animal Care och användning kommittén av Hunter College, City University i New York. 1. Framställning av endotoxinfritt plasmid-DNA <ol><li> Plocka en enda koloni av bakterier innehållande genen av intresse i en däggdjursexpressionsvektor från en nyligen streaked selektiv platta. </li><li> Följ rekommendationerna i handboken för en kommersiellt tillgänglig endotoxin-fria plasmidrening kit för att odla och skörda bak...

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E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery.">Hydrodynamic delivery.</a> Adv Genet. 54, 65-82 (2005).</li><li>Bell, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+delivery+of+the+Sleeping+Beauty+transposon+system+to+livers+of+mice+by+hydrodynamic+injection.">Preferential delivery of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to livers of mice by hydrodynamic injection.</a> Nat Protoc. 2, 3153-3165 (2007).</li><li>Osorio, F. G., de la Rosa, J., Freije, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luminescence-based+in+vivo+monitoring+of+NF-kappaB+activity+through+a+gene+delivery+approach.">Luminescence-based in vivo monitoring of NF-kappaB activity through a gene delivery approach.</a> Cell Commun Signal. 11, (2013).</li><li>Knapp, J. E., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+delivery+of+DNA.">Hydrodynamic delivery of DNA.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 245, 245-250 (2004).</li><li>Yang, J., Chen, S., Huang, L., Michalopoulos, G. K., Liu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+expression+of+naked+plasmid+DNA+encoding+hepatocyte+growth+factor+in+mice+promotes+liver+and+overall+body+growth.">Sustained expression of naked plasmid DNA encoding hepatocyte growth factor in mice promotes liver and overall body growth.</a> Hepatology. 33, 848-859 (2001).</li><li>Maruyama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-level+expression+of+naked+DNA+delivered+to+rat+liver+via+tail+vein+injection.">High-level expression of naked DNA delivered to rat liver via tail vein injection.</a> J Gene Med. 4, 333-341 (2002).</li><li>Hen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+foreign+genes+in+chicks+by+hydrodynamics-based+naked+plasmid+transfer+in+vivo.">Expression of foreign genes in chicks by hydrodynamics-based naked plasmid transfer in vivo.</a> Domestic animal endocrinology. 30, 135-143 (2006).</li><li>Eastman, S. 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När de utförs på rätt sätt, är HGD ett anmärkningsvärt säker och effektiv sätt att transgen leverans. De kritiska stegen till lyckad HGD är: 1) att leverera rätt mängd DNA i en stor volym av saltlösning fordon 2) i svansvenen av musen 3) på mindre än 8 sekunder. Även om processen med injektionen själv kräver onekligen en del fingerfärdighet, framgången för denna sex andra förfarandet ofta ligger i noggranna förberedelser av experimentet. Mängden pDNA nödvändigt fö...

Sedan den första beskrivningen av Liu et al. Och Zhang et al., Har hydrodynamisk genleverans (HGD) blivit ett ovärderligt verktyg för att studera geners funktion i gnagare modellsystem 1, 2. Tekniken innebär att en snabb injektion (5-7 sek) av en stor volym (8-12% kroppsvikt) av lösning i svansvenen hos möss för att underlätta upptag av plasmid-DNA från cellerna av målorganen 1, 2. Dessa förhållanden leder till stabil genexpression i levern och mindre genuttryck i njure, mjälte, lungor och hjärta. Injektion av 10 ug pCMV-LacZ plasmiden kan transfektion av så mycket som 40% av leverceller, vilket gör HGD det mest effektiva, icke-virala, in vivo-gen leveransmetod hittills 1. Till skillnad från virusbärare, är lätt att förbereda pDNA, inte framkalla ett immunsvar i gnagare värd 3 och inte utgör en hälsorisk genom rekombination med slutetogenous virus. Dessutom, eftersom de DNA-molekyler som levereras av HGD inte behöver förpackningar, är denna metod lämplig för leverans av bakteriella artificiella kromosomer (BAC) är så stora som 150 kb 4. Andra typer av molekyler som har levererats av en hydrodynamisk metod inkluderar RNA 5-10, morpholinos 11, proteiner 12, 13 och andra små molekyler 12, 14. Fördelarna och nackdelarna med höggradig dysplasi under andra leveransmetoder har diskuterats i utmärkta recensioner i litteraturen 15-20 och ett antal författare har gett en detaljerad beskrivning av förfarandet 21-23. Att införa transgener i möss med höggradig dysplasi är säker och effektiv 1-3, 24 och metoden har använts i råttor med jämförbar framgång 25. Med vissa modifieringar, har proof-of-concept experiment genomförts i kycklingar 26, rabbits 27 och grisar 28, även om den vivo ansökan om denna teknik i större djur är fortfarande en utmaning. Vid användning av denna metod, är en annan vanlig begränsning att många av de tillgängliga däggdjursexpressionsvektorer saknar de komponenter för att uppnå en ihållande, hög nivå av genuttryck. Med hjälp av en pCMV-Luc plasmid, genuttryck i målorganen är tydlig redan efter tio minuter efter höggradig dysplasi, men tappar den ursprungliga, höga uttrycksnivån kraftigt under den första veckan efter injektion 1. Långsiktig transgen uttryck är möjliga beroende på promotorn och intron som används i plasmid konstruktion 3, 24 dock upprätthålla hög nivå genuttryck ofta kräver upprepade injektioner. Därför kan HGD vara mindre lämpligt att studera kroniska sjukdomar som är en följd av långvarig exponering för skadliga proteiner eller proteinprodukter. Med dessa begränsningar, är HGD ett ovanligt kraftfullt verktyg för att studera potial rollen av en gen och effekten av det mutanter in vivo, såväl som de terapeutiska effekterna och regleringen av proteiner och för att etablera djurmodeller av sjukdomen (för översikt, se 15). Exempelvis kan HGD användas för att tilldela funktionen till domäner och aminosyrorna i proteiner genom att individuellt införa olika genkonstruktioner in i möss som har respektive gener slås ut. Vidare kan denna teknik användas i varje musstam. Detta protokoll beskriver höggradig dysplasi i möss med fokus på de tekniska aspekter som är nödvändiga för att uppnå framgångsrik transfektion: nålens insättning i venen, injektionsvolym och snabb leverans. Tillämpningen av denna metod demonstreras i en musmodell av afrikansk trypanosomiasis, en dödlig sjukdom hos människor och boskap 29, 30. Även om flera arter av trypanosomer orsakar sjukdom hos djur, de flesta kan inte orsaka sjukdom hos människor på grund av medfödda immunkomplex i b.Lood kallade trypanosominfekterade lytiska faktorer (TLFs) 29, 31, 32. Dessa por-bildande, lipoproteiner med hög densitet (HDL) innehåller två unika, primat-specifika proteiner:. HPR, den ligand, vilket underlättar upptaget av TLFs in trypanosomer, och APOL-I, den lytiska komponent 31, 33-38 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense kan smitta människor på grund av uttryck av ett serum motstånd-associerat protein (SRA) som binder till och neutraliserar human APOL-I 34, 39. Babian TLF neutraliseras inte av SRA på grund av dess divergerande APOL-I-protein 40. Som tidigare rapporterats, med hjälp av en däggdjursexpressionsvektor (pRG977), transgent uttryck av babian TLF komponenter i möss ger skydd mot de mänskliga infektioner trypanosomer 40. De representativa data som presenteras här visar hur hydrodynamiska gen leverans kan tillämpas för att studera de terapeutiska effekterna av ett protein.

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			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6818</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AST kit, Amplite Colorimetric</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AAT Bioquest</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">13801</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conical Tube, 50 ml</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12362</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">KIMTECH</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">34120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Mouse Tail Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MTI RST</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 20 Gx 1 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305175</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 27 Gx 1/2 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">pRG977 (mammalian expression vector)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Material Transfer Agreement required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride, 0.9% INJ USP 10 ml, Hospira&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9054335</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Syringe, 3ml, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309657</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Luer Lock necessary to withstand pressure from HGD</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice

Effektiv expression av transgener in vivo är av kritisk betydelse för att studera genfunktion och utveckla behandlingar för sjukdomar. Under de senaste åren har hydrodynamisk genleverans (HGD) dykt upp som en enkel, snabb, säker och effektiv metod för att leverera transgener i gnagare. Denna teknik är beroende av den kraft som genereras av en snabb injektion av en stor volym av fysiologisk lösning för att öka permeabiliteten av cellmembranen i perfunderade organ och därmed leverera DNA in i celler. En av de viktigaste fördelarna med höggradig dysplasi är möjligheten att införa transgener i däggdjursceller med hjälp av naket plasmid-DNA (pDNA). Introduktion av en exogen gen med användning av en plasmid som är minimalt mödosamt, mycket effektiv och, i motsats till virusbärare, anmärkningsvärt säker. HGD användes ursprungligen för att leverera gener i möss, är det nu används för att leverera ett brett spektrum av ämnen, inklusive oligonukleotider, artificiella kromosomer, RNA, proteiner och små molekyler i möss, råttoroch, i begränsad utsträckning, andra djur. Detta protokoll beskriver höggradig dysplasi hos möss och fokuserar på tre viktiga aspekter av den metod som är avgörande för att utföra proceduren framgångsrikt: korrekt insättning av nålen i venen, volymen av injektionen och den snabba leveransen. Exempel ges för att visa tillämpningen av denna metod för att övergående uttryck av två gener som kodar för utsöndrade, primat-specifika proteiner, apolipoprotein LI (APOL-I) och haptoglobin relaterat protein (HPR).

Korrekt placering av nålen i svansvenen av musen (som visas i figur 1) är en förutsättning för att kunna ge en transgen av hydrodynamik-baserade transfektion. Ofta den mest utmanande delen av tekniken, däremot, är bibehållandet av nålen i svansvenen utan rörelse så att hela volymen av injektionen kan levereras inom 6-8 ar. Mindre fel under insprutningsprocessen kan leda till kraftigt minskade transfektion effektivitet och proteinuttryck. Därför är det absolut nödvändigt att övervaka fra...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

In vivo-transfektion av naket DNA av hydrodynamiskt genleverans införs gener in i vävnaden av ett djur med minimal inflammatorisk reaktion. Tillräckliga mängder av genprodukt genereras så att genfunktion och reglering samt protein struktur och funktion kan analyseras.

Transient Expression av proteiner från Hydrodynamisk Gene Delivery hos möss

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

transient-expression-of-proteins-by-hydrodynamic-gene-delivery-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Beredningen av primära hematopoietisk cell kulturer från Murine Bone Marrow för elektroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Färgning av proteinerna i geler med Coomassie G-250 utan organiska lösningsmedel och ättiksyra

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Använda Gene Pulser MXcell elektroporation System till transfektera primärceller med hög verkningsgrad

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Hjälp av ett automatiserat celltalsräknare att förenkla Studier Gene Expression: siRNA Knockdown av IL-4 beroende genuttryck i Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Paraffininbäddade och frysta snitt av Drosophila Vuxen Muskler

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

In vitro Beredning av Active T. castaneum Telomeras

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Effektiv Agroinfiltration av växter för hög nivå Transient Expression av rekombinanta proteiner

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Analys av global RNA syntes vid den inre cellnivå efter Hypoxi

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

Mätning av ämnesomsättning i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Med respiration

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.