Name: transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice
Uploaded: 2014-05-05T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Biz başlangıçta bize teknolojinin çeşitli alanlarında yaptığı sürekli rehberlik HGD tekniği ve Dr Russell Thomson (Albert Einstein Tıp Koleji) öğretim için Xia Liu (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals) teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışma Hunter Koleji tarafından finanse edildi, CUNY fonları kurmak ve NSF Ekmek ödül IOS-1249166. Biz fare karaciğerleri üzerinde histoloji için NYULMC Histopathology Çekirdek NYUCI Merkezi Destek Grant, NIH / NCI 5 P30CA16087-31 teşekkür ederim.

Burada anlatılan deneyler Hunter College Kurumsal Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi, New York Şehir Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır. Endotoksin serbest plazmid DNA &#39;sının 1. Hazırlanması <ol><li> Yeni boyanmış bir seçici levhasından bir memeli ifade vektörü içinde, ilgi konusu geni içeren bir bakteri tek bir koloni seçin. </li><li> Bakterilerin büyüyen ve hasat için bir ticari olarak temin edilebilir, endotoksin içermeyen plazmid saflaştırma kitini...

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S., Gao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonviral+gene+delivery:+principle,+limitations,+and+recent+progress.">Nonviral gene delivery: principle, limitations, and recent progress.</a> Aaps J. 11, 671-681 (2009).</li><li>Gao, X., Kim, K. S., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonviral+gene+delivery:+what+we+know+and+what+is+next.">Nonviral gene delivery: what we know and what is next.</a> Aaps J. 9, (2007).</li><li>Herweijer, H., Wolff, J. 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B., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+impact+of+hydrodynamic+injection+on+mouse+liver.">Structural impact of hydrodynamic injection on mouse liver.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 129-137 (2007).</li></ol>

Doğru yapıldığında, HGD transgen teslim derece güvenli ve etkili yoludur. Başarılı HGD için kritik adım vardır: 1) en az 8 saniye içinde fare 3) kuyruk damarına) tuzlu su taşıtı 2 büyük bir hacim içinde DNA doğru miktarda da sunmaktadır. Enjeksiyon kendisinin işlem inkar edilemez bir el becerisi gerektirir, bu altı ikinci prosedürün başarısı genellikle Deneyin dikkatli bir hazırlık yatmaktadır. Maksimal gen ekspresyonunu elde etmek için gerekli pDNA miktarı,...

Tarafından ilk tanımlanmasından bu yana Liu ve ark. Ve Zhang ve diğ., Hidrodinamik gen teslimi (HGD) kemirgen model sistemleri 1, 2 gen fonksiyonunu incelemek için paha biçilmez bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu teknik, hedef organ 1, 2 hücreleri tarafından plazmid DNA alımını kolaylaştırmak için farelerin kuyruk venine çözeltinin büyük bir miktarda (% 8-12 vücut ağırlığı) hızla enjeksiyon (5-7 saniye) içerir. Bu koşullar, böbrek, dalak, akciğer ve kalp, karaciğer ve daha az gen ifadesinde sağlam gen ekspresyonuna yol açar. 10 ug pCMV-LacZ plazmid enjeksiyonu HGD tarihinden 1 en verimli, viral olmayan, in vivo gen dağıtım yöntemi yapma, hepatositlerin 40&#39;a kadar% transfect olabilir. Viral taşıyıcılar farklı olarak, pDNA hazırlanması kolaydır, kemirgen ana 3 bir bağışıklık tepkisi ortaya çıkarmak yoktur ve sonu ile tekrar birleştirme ile bir sağlık riski teşkil etmezogenous virüsler. HGD tarafından sağlanan DNA molekülleri paketleme gerekmez çünkü ek olarak, bu yöntem, 150 kb 4 kadar büyük bakteriyel yapay kromozom (BAC) verilmesi için uygundur. Bir hidrodinamik yöntem ile teslim edilmiştir moleküllerinin diğer tür RNA 5-10, morpholinos 11, proteinler 12, 13, ve diğer küçük moleküller 12, 14 içerir. Diğer dağıtım yöntemlerine göre HGD avantajları ve dezavantajları literatürde 15-20 mükemmel incelemelerde tartışılmış ve yazarların bir dizi prosedür 21-23 ayrıntılı bir açıklamasını sağladı. HGD ile farelere transgenleri güvenli ve 1-3, 24 etkilidir ve yöntem, benzer başarılar 25 sıçanlarda kullanılmıştır. Bazı değişikliklerle birlikte, proof-of-concept deneyleri tavuk 26, rab olarak yürütülmüştürDaha büyük hayvanlarda, bu tekniğin in vivo uygulama için bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir, her ne kadar, 27, domuz ve 28 bit. Bu yöntemi kullanılırken, başka bir ortak sınırlama mevcut memeli ekspresyon vektörleri çok gen ekspresyonunun bir kalıcı, yüksek düzeyde elde etmek için bileşenleri eksikliği olmasıdır. Hedef organlarda bir plasmid pCMV-Luc, gen ekspresyonunu kullanarak ancak başlangıç ​​yüksek ifade seviyesi enjeksiyondan 1 sonraki ilk hafta içinde keskin bir şekilde düşmektedir, HGD on dakika sonra kadar erken belirgindir. Uzun vadeli bir transgen sentezleme plasmidi tasarım 3, 24. Bununla birlikte, yüksek düzeyde gen ifadesinin bakım gerektirir sık sık tekrarlanan enjeksiyonu kullanılan promoteri ve intron bağlı olarak değişiklik mümkündür. Bu nedenle, HGD zarar proteinler veya protein ürünlerine uzun süreli maruz kalmanın bir sonucu olan kronik hastalıklar incelemek için daha az uygun olabilir. Bu sınırlamalar, HGD po eğitim için son derece güçlü bir araçtırbir gen ve bunun etkisinin aşamasında potansiyel rolü (inceleme için, bakınız 15), in vivo, hem de tedavi edici etkileri ve proteinlerin düzenlenmesinde ve hastalığın hayvan modellerinde kurulması için mutantlarımn. Örneğin, tek tek HGD ilgili genlerin nakavt olan farelere çeşitli gen konstruktları getirerek etki ve proteinlerin amino asitlerine işlev atamak için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, bu teknik, bir fare türünde kullanılabilir. Teslim ven, enjeksiyon hacmi ve hız içine doğru iğne ekleme: Bu protokol, başarılı transfeksiyonunu ulaşmak için gerekli teknik yönleri odaklanarak farelerde HGD açıklanır. Bu yöntemin uygulanması Afrika trypanosomiasis, insan ölümcül bir hastalık ve çiftlik hayvanları 29, 30 sahip bir fare modelinde gösterilmiştir. Trypanosom birkaç tür hayvan hastalığa neden olsa da, çoğu b immün komplekslerin doğuştansa nedeniyle insanlarda hastalığa neden olmazlood adı tripanosom litik faktörleri (TLFs) 29, 31, 32. Bu gözenek oluşturucu, yüksek yoğunluklu lipoproteinler (HDL) iki eşsiz, primat özgü protein içerir:. Trypanosom TLFs içine alınmasını kolaylaştıran HPR, ligand, ve APOL-I, litik bileşen 31, 33-38 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense nedeniyle bağlanan ve insan APOL I-34, 39 nötralize eden bir serum direnci ile ilişkili protein (SRA) sentezlenmesi için insanları enfekte edebilmektedir. Babun TLF nedeniyle farklı APOL-I protein 40 SRA ile nötralize edilmez. Bir memeli ifade vektörü (pRG977), farelerde babun TLF bileşenlerinin transgenik ekspresyonunu kullanarak, daha önce belirtildiği gibi bir insan-enfektif trypanosom 40 karşı koruma sağlamaktadır. Burada sunulan veriler için temsili hidrodinamik gen verici bir proteinin tedavi edici etkilerini incelemek için nasıl uygulanabileceğini göstermektedir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="615">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alcohol Prep Wipe</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Webcol</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">6818</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AST kit, Amplite Colorimetric</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">AAT Bioquest</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">13801</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conical Tube, 50 ml</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12362</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">KIMTECH</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">34120</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Mouse Tail Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MTI RST</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 20 Gx 1 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305175</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Needle, 27 Gx 1/2 (0.9mmx25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">pRG977 (mammalian expression vector)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Material Transfer Agreement required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride, 0.9% INJ USP 10 ml, Hospira&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9054335</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Syringe, 3ml, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309657</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Luer Lock necessary to withstand pressure from HGD</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transient expression of proteins by hydrodynamic gene delivery in mice

In vivo olarak etkin transgenlerin ifadesi gen fonksiyonu çalışmalarında ve hastalıklar için tedavi geliştirilmesinde kritik bir önem taşımaktadır. Geçtiğimiz yıllarda, hidrodinamik gen teslimi (HGD) kemirgenler transgenlerin sunmak için, basit, hızlı, güvenli ve etkili bir yöntem olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu teknik, perfüze edilmiş organ, hücre membran geçirgenliğini artırmak için fizyolojik bir solüsyon büyük hacimde hızla enjeksiyon ile oluşturulan kuvvetin dayanır ve böylece hücrelere DNA sağlar. HGD en önemli avantajlarından biri, çıplak plazmid DNA (pDNA) kullanılarak memeli hücrelerine, transgenlerin sokulması için yeteneğidir. Bir plazmid kullanılarak bir dışsal gen tanıtan son derece güvenli, minimal yüksek verimli, zahmetli ve viral taşıyıcılar aykırıdır. HGD Başlangıçta farelere gen teslim etmek için kullanılmıştır, artık oligonükleotitlerin, yapay kromozomlar, RNA, protein ve farelere küçük moleküller dahil olmak üzere, maddeler, geniş bir yelpazede, fare teslim etmek için kullanılırve sınırlı bir dereceye kadar, diğer hayvanlar. Bu protokol farelerde HGD açıklar ve başarılı bir işlemi gerçekleştirmeden için kritik olan yönteminin üç önemli yönleri üzerinde duruluyor: damara iğne doğru yerleştirilmesi, enjeksiyon hacmi ve teslimat hızı. Örnek olarak, salgılanan, primat özgü proteinleri kodlayan iki genin geçici ifadesi için, bu yöntemin uygulanmasını göstermek için verilmiş olup, apolipoprotein LI (APOL-I) ve haptoglobin-ilişkili protein (HPR).

Fare kuyruk venine iğnenin doğru pozisyonu (Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi) başarılı bir hidrodinamik bazlı transfeksiyon ile bir transgen sağlanması için bir ön koşuldur. Enjeksiyon hacmi tüm bir 6-8 s bir süre içinde teslim edilebilir, böylece genellikle tekniğin en zor parçası, ancak hareket olmadan kuyruk damarı içinde iğnenin tutma olduğunu. , Enjeksiyon işlemi sırasında küçük hatalar çok düşük transfeksiyon verimi ve protein ekspresyonu neden olabilir. Bu nede...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice at JoVE.com

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Hidrodinamik gen aktarımı ile çıplak DNA vivo transfeksiyonu minimal bir enflamatuar cevap ile hayvanın doku içine genleri getirmektedir. Gen ürününün yeterli miktarda gen fonksiyonu ve düzenleme hem de protein yapısı ve fonksiyonu analiz edilebilir şekilde oluşturulur.

Farelerde Hidrodinamik Gen Taşıyıcı Proteinlerin Geçici İfadesi

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

transient-expression-of-proteins-by-hydrodynamic-gene-delivery-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Hazırlık Elektroporasyon murin Kemik İliği itibaren İlköğretim Hematopoetik Hücre Kültürleri

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Biyoloji

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

Organik Solvent ve Asetik Asit olmadan Jeller Coomassie G-250 ile Proteinlerin Boyama

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Gen İfadesi Çalışmaları basitleştirin Otomatik Hücre Sayıcı kullanma: Namalwa Hücreler IL-4 Bağımlı Gen İfadesi siRNA demonte

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

Parafin ve Dondurulmuş Bölüm Drosophila Yetişkin Kaslar

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Active T. in vitro Sulandırma castaneum Telomeraz

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Rekombinant Proteinlerin Yüksek-düzey Geçici İfade için Bitkiler Verimli Agroinfiltration

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

Ününüz Aşağıdaki Tek Hücre Düzeyinde Küresel RNA Sentezi Analizi

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

Metabolik Oranı Ölçümü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Respirometrik kullanarak

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.