Name: design and construction of an urban runoff research facility
Uploaded: 2014-08-08T13:00:00
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作者非常感谢来自该斯科茨奇迹格罗公司在该设施的资金支持。我们也欣赏到托罗有限公司与提供灌溉控制器的援助。在这个项目的早期阶段的愿景和规划由已故博士克里斯Steigler也表示感谢。作者还要感谢北斯坦利女士的样品制备和分析技术援助。

1，选址<ol><li>找到具有均匀3-4％的坡度原状土的适宜尺寸的区域。 </li><li>进行地形测量，并划定一个区域，其平均3.7±0.5％坡度约10米×百米。 </li><li>除以10米x百米面积为三部分，每个大约为10米×33.3米（ 图1）。 </li><li>细分每个块到8场图，宽各4.1米8.2米长。 </li><li>识别和记录土系目前在研究领域。注：此位置有博纳维尔系列精细的沙壤土，但其他土系和纹理都可以使用。 </li></ol>...

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+suburban+stream+syndrome:+Evaluating+land+use+and+stream+impairments+in+the+suburbs.">The suburban stream syndrome: Evaluating land use and stream impairments in the suburbs.</a> Phys. Geogr. 30, 269-284 (2009).</li><li>Erickson, J. E., Cisar, J. L., Volin, J. C., Snyder, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+nitrogen+runoff+and+leaching+between+newly+established+St.+Augustinegrass+turf+and+an+alternative+residential+landscape.">Comparing nitrogen runoff and leaching between newly established St. Augustinegrass turf and an alternative residential landscape.</a> Crop Sci. 41, 1889-1895 (2001).</li><li>Morton, T. G., Gold, A. J., Sullivan, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+overwatering+and+fertilization+on+nitrogen+losses+from+home+lawns.">Influence of overwatering and fertilization on nitrogen losses from home lawns.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 17, 124-130 (1988).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+415.1+Organic+carbon,+total+(combustion+or+oxidation).">Method 415.1 Organic carbon, total (combustion or oxidation).</a> Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. , 415.1-415.3 (1983).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphorus+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory,+Office+of+research+and+development.">Determination of phosphorus by semi automated colorimetry. Environmental monitoring systems laboratory, Office of research and development.</a> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+nitrate+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of nitrate nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+ammonia+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of ammonia nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>Gobel, P., Dierkes, C., Coldewey, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Storm+water+runoff+concentration+matrix+for+urban+areas.">Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas.</a> J. Contam. Hydrol. 91, 26-42 (2007).</li><li>Vietor, D. M., Provin, T. L., White, R. H., Munster, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Runoff+losses+of+phosphorus+and+nitrogen+imported+in+sod+or+composted+manure+for+turf+establishment.">Runoff losses of phosphorus and nitrogen imported in sod or composted manure for turf establishment.</a> J. Env. Qual. 33, 358-366 (2004).</li></ol>

水流过，成，并通过土壤影响很大地形，植被，土壤的物理性质。过分压实土壤和土壤具有较高的粘土含量将展出减渗率和径流增加量。因此，建立这种性质的设施时，应尽一切努力作出使用均匀斜坡原生的土壤，并从所有类型的流量在施工期间，实验区减少压实。另外，从交建筑维护活动压实应最小。这些因素还需要解释从一个给定的实验中的数据，并将它们进行比较，以从其他网站的内容时?...

四个最快速增长，人口密集的都会区都位于美国南部的亚热带气候1。此外，在1982年至1997年间城市化土地的最大百分比变化发生在美国南部1。随着增加市区自带饮用水，其中大部分在夏季2用于户外使用的伴随需求。随着新的建筑，可编程的地面灌溉系统通常安装。不幸的是，这些系统往往编程更加频繁和/或体积超过景观2蒸散量的需求提供灌溉城市园林绿化。这导致显著量由城市园林绿化径流对受纳水体，这有助于内被称为城市流综合征3。城市流综合征的症状包括增加地表径流和侵蚀流动频率，增加nitrogeN（N），磷（P），毒物，和温度除了改变信道的形态，淡水生物和生态系统的处理3。 的氮和磷从农业生态系统中的损失进行了广泛研究，发现为主要依赖于四个因素：营养源，应用速率，施加定时和养分放置4。而较少公布的数据从城市景观的营养场外运动目前存在的，这些校长可直接应用于草坪文化，无论是在家里的草坪，草皮农场，公园或其他绿地。此外，从景观造成径流灌溉不当做法会加剧这些损失。 营养损失可以通过灌溉水质量得到进一步改变。在美国西南部地区往往更多地利用盐水或苏打水为家的草坪和城市景观5,6灌溉。的化学组成灌溉水可显著改变土壤化学引起的碳，氮，钙，和其它阳离子的释放到径流水。最近的工作表明，在提取的水的增加的吸收钠比（SAR）的碳（C）和氮（N），从圣Augustinegrass剪辑，黑麦草草屑和其它有机材料7浸出的量显著增加。此外，从休闲草坪土壤中提取水的土壤碳，氮，磷损失显著与灌溉水的化学成分6相关。 Washbusch 等 。研究城市径流的麦迪逊，威斯康星，发现草坪是总磷8的最大贡献者。此外，他们还发现，在“土街”的总磷的25％来源于树叶和草屑。在典型的农村环境，叶屑落到地上，然后慢慢分解释放营养物质返回到S油的环境。然而，在城市环境中，显著大量营养丰富的树叶和草屑的可能下降或要洗手或吹向hardscapes，如车道，人行道和车行道，然后使他们的方式走上街头，他们贡献“街头污垢” ，其中大部分被直接冲成接收水道。 城市景观的土壤往往是不安和建设，这也可以提高径流量减少导致入渗率9时非常密实。克林和彼得森报道，双方的总径流量和家庭草坪径流营养盐的浓度从草坪是压实，或有严重由于以前施工活动10扰动土壤剖面增加。埃德蒙森等 。另一方面，发现，相对于周围农业土壤中Leic的都市和郊区区域城市土壤较少压实酯，英国11。他们将此归因于用于重型农业机械，但他们也指出，草坪产生了较大的土壤容重比下的树木和灌木的土壤这是由于草刈割和更大的人践踏。 这样看来，在很多情况下，城市和郊区流综合征是显著通过径流和点源排放3,12影响。而点源可以通过许可证和回收进行操作，需要更多的研究，开发和测试的最佳管理方法用于家庭草坪的建立和管理，以减少营养损失径流。在这方面，过去的研究工作往往被沿海地区，那里有高含砂量的土壤中，由于涉及到淋溶和径流营养物质损失沿海水域的影响的关注中心。然而，很沙质土壤中工作时，必须有陡坡和高降雨率，能够属忒任何径流13,14。与此相反，许多在美国中部的土壤是织纹细腻，并有导致从哪怕是很小的降雨事件显著金额径流低渗透率。因此，它被期望的设计和建造上的原生土壤和坡度典型的住宅景观中可能出现的的径流设施。 本文介绍了一个1000 平方米的设施包括24个独立33.6米2场地块为在比较小的时间分辨率，并同时收集径流水子样本在选择的体积或时间间隔测量和定量测量总径流量的设计，结构和功能的径流水的化学成分。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="778">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Model 4230</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bubbling flow meter that measures and records water flow through flume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Portable Sampler</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Model 6712</td>
			<td>Works in conjunction with the flow meter to collect water samples at predetermined intervals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Link Software to collect data</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Ver 5.0</td>
			<td>Allows communication between flow meter and computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pre-sloped trench drain</td>
			<td>Zurn Industries, LLC</td>
			<td>Z-886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation Controller</td>
			<td>Toro Company</td>
			<td>VP Satellite</td>
			<td>Controls irrigation to each plot individually</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electric Valves</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>2.5 cm PGV</td>
			<td>Opens or closes water flow to individual plots based on signal from irrigation controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spray nozzles</td>
			<td>RainBird</td>
			<td>HE-Van 12</td>
			<td>Sprays irrigation water in predetermined pattern and rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation heads</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>Pro Spray 4</td>
			<td>4 inch pop up spray heads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch slotted drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6410100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - slotted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch plain drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6400100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - plain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Whatman GF/F</td>
			<td>1825-047</td>
			<td>47mm diameter, binder-free, glass microfiber filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>Accumet XL20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Combination pH probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automatic Temperature Compensating Probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-602-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrical conductivity probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-100</td>
			<td>Cell constant of 1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;TOC-VCSH with total nitrogen unit TMN-1</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Corp</td>
			<td>TOC-VCSH with TMN-1</td>
			<td>dissolved C and N analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Smartchem 200</td>
			<td>Unity Scientific</td>
			<td>200</td>
			<td>Discrete Analyzer for P measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Dionex</td>
			<td>ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Ion Chromatography for Ca, Mg, K and Na measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable Soil Moisture Meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">FieldScout TDR 300</td>
			<td>7.5 cm long probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Totallizing Water Meters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Badger</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3/4 inch water meters</td>
			<td>standard homeowner water meters</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and construction of an urban runoff research facility

随着城市人口的增加，所以确实灌溉城市园林绿化的面积。在市区夏季用水可以2-3倍的冬季底线用水由于对园林灌溉需求增加。不当的灌溉方法，大降水事件可能造成的城市景观具有潜力进行营养物和沉积物进入当地溪流和湖泊，他们可能会导致水体富营养化径流。 1000 平方米设施构建了由24个独立33.6米2场图，每个配备用于测量总径流量随着时间的推移和收藏径流子样本的选取时间间隔从模拟城市景观的径流水化学成分的定量分析。从所述第一和第二试验的径流体积过的变异性（CV）的系数为38.2和28.7％的值，分别为。均小于10％，径流pH值，EC和两个试验钠浓度的CV值。 Concentratio商务部的NS，TDN，唐，PO4-P，K +，Mg 2 +的 ，和钙有CV值小于这两项试验的50％。总体而言，在该设施草皮安装之后进行测试的结果表明：重复对径流体积和化学成分之间的良好的均匀性。大地块大小足以包含许多自然变化，因此提供了更好的模拟城市景观生态系统。

情节特点 在所有24个地块的平均坡度为3.7％，并从小区17低3.2％至4.1％，为2地块（ 表1）高。平均耕层厚度为36公分，从25.0公分，24地块的低范围到51.5厘米积10（ 表1）高。 径流量 从2012年8月9日一审径流量的均值为213.5 L和从95.6升的低到高的391Ł不等，变异系数为38.2％（简历）（ 表2）。但是应当指出的是，以该死的前，这些图已?...

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Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

本文介绍了一个1000 平方米的设施包括配备从测量总径流量随着时间的推移和收藏径流子样本的选取时间间隔为化学成分的定量分析在径流水24个人33.6米2场图的设计，建设和功能模拟家庭草坪。

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

通过他们的足迹识别个体：合模猎豹

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

研究性学习的Eristalis 管Hoverflies 的饲养和长期维护

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

海上双壳贝类悬浮饲料定量装置的设计与应用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

建造供野外和实验室使用的低成本移动孵化器

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

将眼动追踪数据与从自由观看城市公园环境中的步行视频中获得的视频内容进行分析

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...