Name: design and construction of an urban runoff research facility
Uploaded: 2014-08-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility at JoVE.com

लेखकों आभार इस सुविधा के लिए Scotts चमत्कार Gro कंपनी से वित्तीय सहायता स्वीकार करते हैं. हम सिंचाई नियंत्रक प्रदान करने के साथ सहायता के लिए टोरो कंपनी के लिए भी सराहना कर रहे हैं. इस परियोजना के प्रारंभिक दौर में देर डॉ क्रिस Steigler द्वारा दृष्टि और योजना भी आभार स्वीकार किया है. लेखकों को भी नमूना तैयार करने और विश्लेषण के साथ उसे तकनीकी सहायता के लिए सुश्री एन स्टेनली को धन्यवाद देना चाहूंगा.

1 साइट चयन <ol><li> एक समान 3-4% ढलान होने अबाधित मिट्टी का एक उपयुक्त आकार के क्षेत्र का पता लगाएँ. </li><li> एक स्थलाकृतिक सर्वेक्षण और एक औसत 3.7 ± 0.5% ढलान होने के लगभग 10 एमएक्स 100 मीटर एक क्षेत्र चित्रित करना. </li><li> तीन ब्...

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphorus+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory,+Office+of+research+and+development.">Determination of phosphorus by semi automated colorimetry. Environmental monitoring systems laboratory, Office of research and development.</a> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+nitrate+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of nitrate nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+ammonia+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of ammonia nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>Gobel, P., Dierkes, C., Coldewey, W. 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जल में, पर प्रवाह, और मिट्टी के माध्यम से बहुत स्थलाकृति, वनस्पति कवर, और मिट्टी भौतिक गुणों से प्रभावित है. उच्च मिट्टी सामग्री के साथ जरूरत से ज्यादा जमा मिट्टी और मिट्टी कम घुसपैठ दरों और अपवाह की वृद?...

सबसे तेजी से बढ़ रही है, अत्यधिक आबादी वाले महानगरीय क्षेत्रों में से चार उपोष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु 1 में दक्षिणी अमेरिका में स्थित हैं. इसके अलावा, 1982 और 1997 के बीच शहरी भूमि में सबसे बड़ा प्रतिशत परिवर्तन दक्षिणी अमरीका 1 में हुई. वृद्धि हुई शहरी क्षेत्रों के साथ गर्मियों के महीनों 2 के दौरान बाहरी उपयोग के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है जिनमें से बहुत पीने के पानी के लिए एक सहवर्ती मांग आता है. नए निर्माण के साथ, प्रोग्राम में जमीन सिंचाई प्रणालियों अक्सर स्थापित कर रहे हैं. दुर्भाग्य से, इन प्रणालियों अक्सर अधिक बार और / या परिदृश्य 2 की evapotranspiration मांगों को पार करने वाले संस्करणों में शहरी भूदृश्य को सिंचाई देने के लिए प्रोग्राम किया जाता है. यह शहरी धारा सिंड्रोम 3 में कहा गया है क्या करने के लिए योगदान देता है, जो पानी प्राप्त करने के लिए शहरी भूनिर्माण से अपवाह की एक महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा में यह परिणाम है. शहरी धारा सिंड्रोम के लक्षण, थलचर प्रवाह और कटाव का प्रवाह की आवृत्ति में वृद्धि हुई Nitroge बढ़ शामिलN (एन), फास्फोरस (पी) चैनल आकृति विज्ञान, मीठे पानी के जीव विज्ञान में परिवर्तन के अलावा, विषैले पदार्थ, और तापमान, और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र 3 प्रक्रियाओं. कृषि पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों से एन और पी की हानि बड़े पैमाने पर अध्ययन किया और चार कारकों पर मुख्य रूप से निर्भर होना पाया गया है: पोषक स्रोत, आवेदन दर, आवेदन समय, और पोषक नियुक्ति 4. कम प्रकाशित आंकड़ों वर्तमान में शहरी परिदृश्य से पोषक तत्वों की बंद साइट आंदोलन पर मौजूद हैं, इन प्रिंसिपलों सीधे, Turfgrass संस्कृति के लिए लागू होम लॉन, वतन खेतों, पार्क, या अन्य हरी रिक्त स्थान में है कि क्या किया जा सकता है. साथ ही, परिदृश्य से अपवाह में परिणाम जो अनुचित सिंचाई प्रथाओं इन घाटा बढ़ा सकते हैं. पोषक तत्व नुकसान आगे सिंचाई जल की गुणवत्ता से बदला जा सकता है. दक्षिण पश्चिम अमेरिका में क्षेत्रों में अक्सर घर के लॉन और शहरी परिदृश्य 5,6 की सिंचाई के लिए अधिक खारा या sodic पानी का उपयोग. की रासायनिक संरचनासिंचाई पानी काफी अपवाह पानी के लिए कार्बन, नाइट्रोजन, कैल्शियम, और अन्य फैटायनों की रिहाई के कारण मृदा रसायन को बदल सकता है. हाल ही में काम निकालने पानी के बढ़े सोडियम अवशोषण अनुपात (एसएआर) काफी सेंट Augustinegrass कतरनों, ryegrass कतरनों, और अन्य कार्बनिक पदार्थों 7 से leached कार्बन (सी) और नाइट्रोजन (एन) की मात्रा में वृद्धि हुई है कि पता चला है. इसके अलावा, मनोरंजन Turfgrass मिट्टी से पानी निष्कर्षण मिट्टी सी, एन, पी और घाटा काफी सिंचाई पानी रासायनिक घटक 6 के साथ जोड़ा गया. Washbusch एट अल. मैडिसन, WI में शहरी अपवाह का अध्ययन किया और लॉन कुल फास्फोरस 8 का सबसे बड़ा योगदानकर्ता थे. इसके अलावा, वे भी &quot;स्ट्रीट गंदगी&quot; में कुल पी के 25% के पत्ते और घास की कतरनों से उत्पन्न पाया. एक ठेठ ग्रामीण परिवेश में, पत्ता कूड़े जमीन पर गिर जाता है और फिर एस वापस करने के लिए धीरे धीरे रिहा पोषक तत्वों मिटतातेल पर्यावरण. वे करने के लिए &quot;सड़क गंदगी&quot; योगदान जहां हालांकि, शहरी वातावरण में, पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर पत्ते और घास की कतरनों के महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा पर गिर सकता है या धोया या इस तरह के बाद सड़कों में अपनी राह बना driveways, राह चलते बगल, और रोडवेज के रूप में hardscapes पर उड़ा ले , जो की बहुत प्राप्त जलमार्ग में सीधे धोया जाता है. शहरी परिदृश्य मिट्टी अक्सर परेशान और भी कम होने के कारण घुसपैठ दरों से 9 तक की अपवाह की मात्रा बढ़ा सकते हैं जो निर्माण के दौरान अत्यधिक जमा कर रहे हैं. Kelling और पीटरसन कुल अपवाह की मात्रा और घर के लॉन से अपवाह में पोषक सांद्रता दोनों जमा कर रहे हैं या गंभीर रूप से पिछले निर्माण गतिविधियों में 10 की वजह से परेशान मिट्टी प्रोफाइल है कि लॉन से बढ़ रहे हैं कि सूचना दी. Edmondson एट अल. दूसरी ओर, शहरी मिट्टी Leic के शहरी और उपनगरीय क्षेत्र में कृषि मिट्टी आसपास के की तुलना में कम जमा हुआ पाया गया किएस्टर, ब्रिटेन 11. उन्होंने इसका इस्तेमाल भारी कृषि मशीनरी के लिए इस ठहराया, लेकिन उन्होंने यह भी लॉन घास कटाई और अधिक से अधिक मानव कुचलना के लिए जिम्मेदार ठहराया गया था जो पेड़ों और झाड़ियों के तहत मिट्टी की तुलना में एक अधिक से अधिक मिट्टी थोक घनत्व था कि उल्लेख किया. यह कई परिस्थितियों में, शहरी और उपनगरीय धारा सिंड्रोम काफी अपवाह और बिंदु स्रोत 3,12 निर्वहन से प्रभावित कर रहे हैं कि प्रतीत होता. बिंदु सूत्रों परमिट और रीसाइक्लिंग के माध्यम से चालाकी से किया जा सकता है, अतिरिक्त अनुसंधान का विकास और अपवाह के लिए पोषक तत्व घाटे को कम करने के लिए घर के लॉन स्थापना और प्रबंधन के लिए सबसे अच्छा प्रबंधन प्रक्रियाओं का परीक्षण करने की जरूरत है. इस संबंध में विगत अनुसंधान प्रयासों अक्सर वजह से तटीय जल में पोषक तत्वों का नुकसान leaching और अपवाह के प्रभावों से संबंधित चिंताओं को उच्च रेत सामग्री मिट्टी वहाँ हैं जहाँ तटीय क्षेत्रों, साथ केन्द्रित किया गया है. बहुत रेतीली मिट्टी के साथ काम हालांकि, जब एक पीढ़ी के लिए सक्षम होने के लिए खड़ी ढलान और उच्च वर्षा दर चाहिएकिसी भी अपवाह 13,14 ते. इसके विपरीत, केंद्रीय संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में मिट्टी के कई बनावट ठीक हैं और यहां तक ​​कि छोटे वर्षा घटनाओं से अपवाह के महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा में होने वाली कम घुसपैठ दर है. इस प्रकार, यह देशी मिट्टी और आवासीय परिदृश्य पर हो सकता है कि उन लोगों की विशिष्ट ढलान पर एक अपवाह सुविधा के लिए डिजाइन और निर्माण के लिए वांछित था. इस पत्र में अपेक्षाकृत छोटे अस्थायी प्रस्तावों और चयनित बड़ा या माप और मात्रा का ठहराव के लिए अस्थायी अंतराल पर अपवाह पानी subsamples के एक साथ संग्रह में कुल अपवाह संस्करणों को मापने के लिए 24 व्यक्ति 33.6 मी 2 क्षेत्र भूखंडों युक्त एक 1,000 मीटर 2 सुविधा के डिजाइन, निर्माण और समारोह का वर्णन अपवाह पानी के रासायनिक घटकों की.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="778">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Model 4230</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bubbling flow meter that measures and records water flow through flume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Portable Sampler</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Model 6712</td>
			<td>Works in conjunction with the flow meter to collect water samples at predetermined intervals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Link Software to collect data</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Ver 5.0</td>
			<td>Allows communication between flow meter and computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pre-sloped trench drain</td>
			<td>Zurn Industries, LLC</td>
			<td>Z-886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation Controller</td>
			<td>Toro Company</td>
			<td>VP Satellite</td>
			<td>Controls irrigation to each plot individually</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electric Valves</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>2.5 cm PGV</td>
			<td>Opens or closes water flow to individual plots based on signal from irrigation controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spray nozzles</td>
			<td>RainBird</td>
			<td>HE-Van 12</td>
			<td>Sprays irrigation water in predetermined pattern and rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation heads</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>Pro Spray 4</td>
			<td>4 inch pop up spray heads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch slotted drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6410100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - slotted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch plain drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6400100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - plain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Whatman GF/F</td>
			<td>1825-047</td>
			<td>47mm diameter, binder-free, glass microfiber filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>Accumet XL20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Combination pH probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automatic Temperature Compensating Probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-602-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrical conductivity probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-100</td>
			<td>Cell constant of 1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;TOC-VCSH with total nitrogen unit TMN-1</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Corp</td>
			<td>TOC-VCSH with TMN-1</td>
			<td>dissolved C and N analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Smartchem 200</td>
			<td>Unity Scientific</td>
			<td>200</td>
			<td>Discrete Analyzer for P measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Dionex</td>
			<td>ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Ion Chromatography for Ca, Mg, K and Na measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable Soil Moisture Meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">FieldScout TDR 300</td>
			<td>7.5 cm long probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Totallizing Water Meters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Badger</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3/4 inch water meters</td>
			<td>standard homeowner water meters</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and construction of an urban runoff research facility

शहरी जनसंख्या बढ़ जाती है, इसलिए सिंचित शहरी परिदृश्य का क्षेत्र है. शहरी क्षेत्रों में गर्मी में पानी के उपयोग के कारण परिदृश्य सिंचाई के लिए वृद्धि की मांग को 2-3x सर्दियों बेस लाइन पानी का उपयोग किया जा सकता है. अनुचित सिंचाई पद्धतियों और बड़े वर्षा घटनाओं वे eutrophication के लिए योगदान कर सकते हैं जहां स्थानीय नदियों और झीलों में पोषक तत्वों और अवसादों ले जाने की क्षमता है, जो शहरी परिदृश्य से अपवाह में परिणाम कर सकते हैं. 1,000 मीटर 2 सुविधा 24 व्यक्ति 33.6 मी 2 क्षेत्र भूखंडों, नकली शहरी परिदृश्य से अपवाह पानी में रासायनिक घटकों की मात्रा का ठहराव के लिए चयनित अंतराल पर समय और अपवाह subsamples के संग्रह के साथ कुल अपवाह संस्करणों को मापने के लिए सुसज्जित प्रत्येक के होते हैं जो निर्माण किया गया था. पहले और दूसरे परीक्षणों से अपवाह मात्रा में क्रमश: 38.2 और 28.7% के मूल्यों परिवर्तनशीलता (सीवी) के गुणांक था. दोनों परीक्षणों के लिए अपवाह पीएच, चुनाव आयोग, और ना एकाग्रता के लिए CV मूल्यों सभी 10% के नीचे थे. Concentratioडॉक्टर के एनएस, TDN, डॉन, पीओ 4 -P, + K, 2 मिलीग्राम +, और सीए 2 + दोनों परीक्षणों में 50% से सीवी मूल्यों कम था. कुल मिलाकर, सुविधा पर वतन स्थापना के बाद प्रदर्शन के परीक्षण के परिणामों के अपवाह की मात्रा और रासायनिक घटकों के लिए भूखंडों के बीच अच्छा एकरूपता संकेत दिया. बड़े प्लॉट का आकार प्राकृतिक परिवर्तनशीलता के ज्यादा शामिल करने के लिए पर्याप्त है और इसलिए शहरी परिदृश्य पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों के बेहतर अनुकरण प्रदान करता है.

प्लॉट विशेषताओं सभी 24 भूखंडों के लिए औसत ढलान 3.7% थी और प्लाट 2 (1 टेबल) के लिए 4.1% की एक उच्च करने के लिए साजिश 17 के लिए 3.2% की कम से बताया गया. औसत topsoil मोटाई 36 सेमी था और साजिश 10 (1 टेबल) के लिए 51.5 सेमी की ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

इस पत्र से अपवाह पानी में रासायनिक घटकों की मात्रा का ठहराव के लिए चयनित अंतराल पर समय और अपवाह subsamples के संग्रह के साथ कुल अपवाह संस्करणों को मापने के लिए सुसज्जित 24 व्यक्ति 33.6 मी 2 क्षेत्र भूखंडों युक्त एक 1,000 मीटर 2 सुविधा के डिजाइन, निर्माण, और समारोह का वर्णन नकली होम लॉन.

एक शहरी अपवाह अनुसंधान सुविधा का डिजाइन और निर्माण

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

design-and-construction-of-an-urban-runoff-research-facility

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

एक सतत के डिजाइन और ऑपरेशन<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; सी और<sup&gt; 15</supवर्दी या अंतर के लिए&gt; एन लेबल चैंबर, मेटाबोलिक और स्ट्रक्चरल, संयंत्र आइसोटोप लेबल

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

मृदा अपवाह अध्ययन करने के लिए वर्षा सिमुलेशन संचालन के लिए एक प्रोटोकॉल

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

एक कं<sub&gt; 2</subपरीक्षण सीओ के लिए&gt; एकाग्रता ढाल सुविधा<sub&gt; 2</subग्रासलैंड पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र समारोह पर&gt; संवर्धन और मिट्टी प्रभाव

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges widely over sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East. Cheetah conservationists face two major challenges, conflict with landowners over the killing of domestic livestock, and concern over range contraction. Understanding of the latter remains particularly poor2. Namibia is believed to support the largest number of cheetahs of any range country, around 30%, but estimates range from 2,9053 to 13,5204. The disparity is likely a result of the different techniques used in monitoring.
Current techniques, including invasive tagging with VHF or satellite/GPS collars, can be costly and unreliable. The footprint identification technique5 is a new tool accessible to both field scientists and also citizens with smartphones, who could potentially augment data collection. The footprint identification technique analyzes digital images of footprints captured according to a standardized protocol. Images are optimized and measured in data visualization software. Measurements of distances, angles, and areas of the footprint images are analyzed using a robust cross-validated pairwise discriminant analysis based on a customized model. The final output is in the form of a Ward's cluster dendrogram. A user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user immediate access and clear interpretation of classification results.
The footprint identification technique algorithms are species specific because each species has a unique anatomy. The technique runs in a data visualization software, using its own scripting language (jsl) that can be customized for the footprint anatomy of any species. An initial classification algorithm is built from a training database of footprints from that species, collected from individuals of known identity. An algorithm derived from a cheetah of known identity is then able to classify free-ranging cheetahs of unknown identity. The footprint identification technique predicts individual cheetah identity with an accuracy of &gt;90%.

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an iconic, endangered species, but conservation efforts are challenged by habitat shrinkage and conflict with commercial farmers. The footprint identification technique, a robust, accurate and cost-effective image classification system, is a new approach to monitoring cheetahs.

उनके पैरों के निशान से पहचान व्यक्तियों: चीता खोलना

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

कृषि और शहरी भागो में सतह जल विषाक्तता के साथ जुड़े कंटेनर को हटाने के लिए वनस्पति उपचार प्रणालियां

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

डिजाइन और समुद्र में Bivalve झूला खिलाने के लिए एक उपकरण का उपयोग

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

Construction of a Compact Low-Cost Radiation Shield for Air-Temperature Sensors in Ecological Field Studies

Low cost temperature sensors are increasingly used by ecologists to assess climatic variation and change on ecologically relevant scales. Although cost-effective, if not deployed with proper solar radiation shielding, the observations recorded from these sensors will be biased and inaccurate. Manufactured radiation shields are effective at minimizing this bias, but are expensive compared to the cost of these sensors. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom fabricated radiation shield, which is more accurate than other published shielding methods that attempt to minimize shield size or construction costs. The method requires very little material: corrugated plastic sheets, aluminum foil duct tape, and cable ties. One 15 cm and two 10 cm squares of corrugated plastic are used for each shield. After cutting, scoring, taping and stapling of the sheets, the 10 cm squares form the bottom two layers of the solar radiation shield, while the 15 cm square forms the top layer. The three sheets are held together with cable ties. This compact solar radiation shield can be suspended, or placed against any flat surface. Care must be taken to ensure that the shield is completely parallel to the ground to prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the sensor, possibly causing increased warm biases in sun-exposed sites in the morning and afternoon relative to the original, larger design. Even so, differences in recorded temperatures between the smaller, compact shield design and the original design were small (mean daytime bias = 0.06 &#176;C). Construction costs are less than half of the original shield design, and the new design results in a less conspicuous instrument that may be advantageous in many field ecology settings.

With the advent of small, low-cost environmental sensors, it is now possible to deploy high-density networks of sensors to measure hyper localized temperature variation. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom-fabricated radiation shield for use with inexpensive thermochrons.

पारिस्थितिकी क्षेत्र अध्ययन में हवा तापमान सेंसर के लिए एक कॉंपैक्ट कम लागत विकिरण ढाल का निर्माण

Low cost temperature sensors are increasingly used by ecologists to assess climatic variation and change on ecologically relevant scales. Although ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water quality. However, commercially available incubators are often costly, difficult to transport, not flexible in terms of volume, and/or poorly adapted to local field conditions where access to electricity is unreliable. The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator that can be constructed using readily available components. The electronic core of the incubator was first developed. These components were then tested under a range of ambient temperature conditions (3.5 &#176;C - 39 &#176;C) using three types of incubator shells (polystyrene foam box, hard cooler box, and cardboard box covered with a survival blanket). The electronic core showed comparable performance to a standard laboratory incubator in terms of the time required to reach the set temperature, inner temperature stability and spatial dispersion, power consumption, and microbial growth. The incubator set-ups were also effective at moderate and low ambient temperatures (between 3.5 &#176;C and 27 &#176;C), and at high temperatures (39 &#176;C) when the incubator set temperature was higher. This incubator prototype is low-cost (&lt; 300 USD) and adaptable to a variety of materials and volumes. Its demountable structure makes it easy to transport. It can be used in both established laboratories with grid power or in remote settings powered by solar energy or a car battery. It is particularly useful as an equipment option for field laboratories in areas with limited access to resources for water quality monitoring.

This paper describes a method for building an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator for microbial testing of drinking water. Our design is based on widely available materials and can operate under a range of field conditions, while still offering the advantages of higher-end laboratory-based models.

क्षेत्र और प्रयोगशाला उपयोग के लिए एक कम लागत वाले मोबाइल इनयूबेटर का निर्माण

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

नि: शुल्क से वीडियो सामग्री के एक विश्लेषण के साथ नज़र ट्रैकिंग डेटा के संयोजन-एक शहरी पार्क वातावरण में टहलने के एक वीडियो देखने

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and shape of activated sludge flocs can indicate the conditions at the microscale, and also directly affect how well the sludge settles in a clarifier.
Particle size and shape are both misleadingly &#39;simple&#39; measurements. Many subtle issues, often unaddressed in informal protocols, can arise when sampling, imaging, and analyzing particles. Sampling methods may be biased or not provide enough statistical power. The samples themselves may be poorly preserved or undergo alteration during immobilization. Images may not be of sufficient quality; overlapping particles, depth of field, magnification level, and various noise can all produce poor results. Poorly specified analysis can introduce bias, such as that produced by manual image thresholding and segmentation.
Affordability and throughput are desirable alongside reproducibility. An affordable, high throughput method can enable more frequent particle measurement, producing many images containing thousands of particles. A method that uses inexpensive reagents, a common dissecting microscope, and freely-available open source analysis software allows repeatable, accessible, reproducible, and partially-automated experimental results. Further, the product of such a method can be well-formatted, well-defined, and easily understood by data analysis software, easing both within-lab analyses and data sharing between labs.
We present a protocol that details the steps needed to produce such a product, including: sampling, sample preparation and immobilization in agar, digital image acquisition, digital image analysis, and examples of experiment-specific figure generation from the analysis results. We have also included an open-source data analysis pipeline to support this protocol.

The size and shape of particles in activated sludge are important parameters that are measured using varying methods. Inaccuracies arise from non-representative sampling, suboptimal images, and subjective analysis parameters. To minimize these errors and ease measurement, we present a protocol specifying every step, including an open source software pipeline.

आकार और सक्रिय कीचड़ कणों के आकार को मापने के एक खुला स्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर पाइपलाइन के साथ आगर में मैटीरियल

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and ...