Name: design and construction of an urban runoff research facility
Uploaded: 2014-08-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility at JoVE.com

저자는 기꺼이이 시설에 대한 스코 츠 미라클 - 그로 회사에서 재정 지원을 인정합니다. 우리는 관개 컨트롤러를 제공과 지원을 토로 (주)에 또한 감사합니다. 이 프로젝트의 초기 단계에서 후반 박사 크리스 Steigler에 의해 비전과 계획도 기꺼이 인정한다. 저자는 또한 샘플 준비 및 분석과 함께 그녀의 기술 지원을 양 N. 스탠리에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

1 사이트 선택 <ol><li> 균일 ~ 4 %의 기울기를 갖는 방해받지 토양의 적절한 크기의 영역을 찾습니다. </li><li> 지형 설문 조사를 실시, 평균 3.7 ± 0.5 %의 기울기를 약 10 MX 100m를 영역을 묘사. </li><li> 세 개의 블록으로 각각 약 10 MX 33.3 m (그림 1) 10 MX 100m 영역을 나눈다. </li><li> 넓은 각 4.1 m 8.2 m 길이에 의해, 8 필드 플롯으로 각 블록을 분할합니다. </li><li> 식별 및 연구 지역에 존재하는 토?...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urban+lawn+infiltration+rates+and+fertilizer+runoff+losses+under+simulated+rainfall.">Urban lawn infiltration rates and fertilizer runoff losses under simulated rainfall.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 39, 349-352 (1975).</li><li>Edmondson, J. L., Davies, Z. G., McCormack, S. A., Gaston, K. J., Leake, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+soils+in+urban+ecosystems+compacted?+A+citywide+analysis.">Are soils in urban ecosystems compacted? A citywide analysis.</a> Biol. Lett. 7, 771-774 (2011).</li><li>Cunningham, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+suburban+stream+syndrome:+Evaluating+land+use+and+stream+impairments+in+the+suburbs.">The suburban stream syndrome: Evaluating land use and stream impairments in the suburbs.</a> Phys. Geogr. 30, 269-284 (2009).</li><li>Erickson, J. E., Cisar, J. L., Volin, J. C., Snyder, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+nitrogen+runoff+and+leaching+between+newly+established+St.+Augustinegrass+turf+and+an+alternative+residential+landscape.">Comparing nitrogen runoff and leaching between newly established St. Augustinegrass turf and an alternative residential landscape.</a> Crop Sci. 41, 1889-1895 (2001).</li><li>Morton, T. G., Gold, A. J., Sullivan, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+overwatering+and+fertilization+on+nitrogen+losses+from+home+lawns.">Influence of overwatering and fertilization on nitrogen losses from home lawns.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 17, 124-130 (1988).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+415.1+Organic+carbon,+total+(combustion+or+oxidation).">Method 415.1 Organic carbon, total (combustion or oxidation).</a> Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. , 415.1-415.3 (1983).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphorus+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory,+Office+of+research+and+development.">Determination of phosphorus by semi automated colorimetry. Environmental monitoring systems laboratory, Office of research and development.</a> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+nitrate+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of nitrate nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+ammonia+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of ammonia nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>Gobel, P., Dierkes, C., Coldewey, W. 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물에, 이상 흐름과 토양을 통해 크게 지형, 식생, 토양 물리적 특성에 의해 영향을 받는다. 높은 점토 내용을 지나치게 압축 된 토양과 토양은 감소 침투 속도와 유출의 증가 금액을 전시 할 예정이다. 이 자연의 시설을 구축 할 때 따라서, 모든 노력은 균일 한 경사와 기본 토양을 사용하고 건설 기간 동안 실험 영역에 모든 유형의 트래픽에서 압축을 최소화해야한다. 또한, 포스트 건설 유지 보수 ...

가장 빠르게 성장하는, 높은 인구 대도시 중 4 아열대 기후 일에 미국 남부에 위치하고 있습니다. 또한, 1982 년과 1997 년 사이 도시화 땅에서 가장 큰 변화 퍼센트 남부 USA 일에 발생했습니다. 증가 된 도시 지역으로 여름이 동안 야외 사용을 위해 사용된다 상당 부분 식수를위한 동반 수요를 온다. 새로운 건설로, 프로그램에 지상 관개 시스템은 종종 설치됩니다. 불행하게도, 이러한 시스템은 종종 더 자주 및 / 또는 풍경이의 증발산 수요를 초과하는 볼륨에 도시 조경에 관개를 제공하도록 프로그램되어있다. 이 도시 스트림 증후군 3이라고 된 내용에 기여하는 수역에 도시 조경에서 유출의 중요한 볼륨을 초래한다. 도시 스트림 증후군의 증상은, 지표면 유출 및 부식 흐름의 주파수를 증가 nitroge 증가 포함N (N), 인 (P)의 채널 형태, 담수 생물학의 변화에 더하여, 독성 물질 및 온도, 3 생태계를 처리한다. 농업 생태계에서 N과 P의 손실은 광범위하게 연구하고 4 가지 요소에 주로 의존하는 것으로 밝혀졌다 : 영양원, 응용 프로그램의 속도, 응용 프로그램 타이밍 및 영양 배치 4. 적은 수의 게시 된 데이터가 현재 도시 풍경에서 영양소의 오프 사이트 이동에 존재하지만,이 원칙은 직접, 잔디가 문화에 적용 집 잔디, 잔디 농장, 공원, 또는 다른 녹색 공간이든 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 풍경에서 유출이 발생할 부적절한 관개 관행은 이러한 손실을 악화시킬 수 있습니다. 영양소 손실은 상기 관개 수질에 의해 변경 될 수있다. 남서 미국의 지역은 대개 집에 잔디와 도시 풍경 5,6의 관개 더 식염수 또는 염분이 물을 사용한다. 의 화학 조성관개 용수가 크게 유출 물, 탄소, 질소, 칼슘 및 다른 양이온의 방출을 일으키는 토양 화학을 변경할 수 있습니다. 최근 연구는 추출 물 증가 나트륨 흡수율 (SAR)이 크게 성 Augustinegrass 스크랩, 라이 그래스 스크랩 및 기타 유기 물질 7에서 침출 된 탄소 (C), 질소 (N)의 양을 증가 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 레크리에이션 잔디가 토양에서 물을 추출 토양 C, N, P 및 손실이 크게 관개 용수 화학 성분 (6)의 상관 관계를 보였다. Washbusch 등은. 매디슨, 위스콘신에 도시 유출을 공부하고 잔디가 전체 인 8의 가장 큰 기여는 것을 발견했다. 또한, 그들은 또한 &quot;거리의 먼지&quot;총 P의 25 %가 나뭇잎과 잔디 예지물에서 유래 한 것으로 나타났습니다. 전형적인 시골 설정에서 낙엽은 땅에 떨어지면 다음의 다시 천천히 방출 영양소를 분해오일 환경을 제공합니다. 그들이에 &quot;거리 먼지를&quot;기여 곳 그러나 도시 환경에서 영양이 풍부한 잎과 잔디 예지물의 상당량에 떨어지거나 세척 또는 이후 거리로 그들의 방법을 만드는 차도, 보도 및 도로 등 hardscapes에 날아가는 , 그 중 대부분은 수신 수로에 직접 세척됩니다. 도시 풍경의 토양은 종종 방해도 감소로 인해 침투 속도 구에 흐르는 빗물의 양을 증가시킬 수 있습니다 건설, 동안 높은 압축됩니다. Kelling 피터슨은 총 유출 볼륨 및 홈 잔디 유출량 영양소 농도가 모두 압축 또는 심각하게 이전 건설 활동 10에 의한 방해 토양 프로파일이 잔디에서 증가 보도했다. 에드 먼슨 등은. 반면에, 도시의 토양 Leic의 도시와 교외 지역에서 농업 토양 주변에 비해 덜 압축 된 것을 발견에스테르, 영국 11. 그들은 사용 무거운 농업 기계에이 기인하지만, 그들은 또한 잔디 잔디 잔디 깎기와 큰 인간 짓밟고에 기인 한 나무와 관목에서 토양보다 더 큰 토양 벌크 밀도가 있다고 지적했다. 그것은 많은 상황에서, 도시와 교외 스트림 증후군이 크게 유출 및 포인트 - 소스가 3,12를 방전에 의해 영향을받는 것으로 생각된다. 포인트 소스가 허가 및 재활용을 통해 조작 할 수 있지만, 추가 연구 개발 및 유출에 영양소 손실을 최소화하기 위해 홈 잔디 구축 및 관리를위한 최적의 관리 절차를 테스트하기 위해 필요합니다. 이 점에서 과거의 연구 노력은 종종 인해 연안 해역에 영양소의 손실을 침출 및 유출의 영향에 관한 우려가 높은 모래 콘텐츠 토양있다 해안 지역을 따라 중심으로하고있다. 매우 모래 토양 작업을 할 때 그러나, 하나는 속을 수 있도록 가파른 슬로프와 강우량의 비율을 가지고 있어야합니다모든 유출 13,14 테. 반면, 중앙 미국에서 토양의 대부분은 질감 괜찮 심지어 작은 강우 유출량을 상당한 양의 결과 낮은 침투 속도를 가지고있다. 따라서, 기본 토양 및 주거 풍경에 발생할 수있는 사람들의 일반적인 경사면에 흐르는 빗물 시설을 설계하고 구축하는 것이 요구되었다. 이 논문은 상대적으로 작은 시간 해상도와 선택 부피 또는 측정 및 정량 시간 간격으로 유출 물 서브 샘플의 동시 모음에서 총 유출 볼륨을 측정하기위한 24 개인 33.6 m 2 필드 플롯을 포함하는 1,000 평방 미터 시설의 설계, 건설 및 기능을 설명합니다 유출 물의 화학 성분.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="778">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Model 4230</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bubbling flow meter that measures and records water flow through flume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Portable Sampler</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Model 6712</td>
			<td>Works in conjunction with the flow meter to collect water samples at predetermined intervals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Link Software to collect data</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Ver 5.0</td>
			<td>Allows communication between flow meter and computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pre-sloped trench drain</td>
			<td>Zurn Industries, LLC</td>
			<td>Z-886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation Controller</td>
			<td>Toro Company</td>
			<td>VP Satellite</td>
			<td>Controls irrigation to each plot individually</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electric Valves</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>2.5 cm PGV</td>
			<td>Opens or closes water flow to individual plots based on signal from irrigation controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spray nozzles</td>
			<td>RainBird</td>
			<td>HE-Van 12</td>
			<td>Sprays irrigation water in predetermined pattern and rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation heads</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>Pro Spray 4</td>
			<td>4 inch pop up spray heads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch slotted drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6410100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - slotted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch plain drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6400100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - plain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Whatman GF/F</td>
			<td>1825-047</td>
			<td>47mm diameter, binder-free, glass microfiber filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>Accumet XL20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Combination pH probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automatic Temperature Compensating Probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-602-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrical conductivity probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-100</td>
			<td>Cell constant of 1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;TOC-VCSH with total nitrogen unit TMN-1</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Corp</td>
			<td>TOC-VCSH with TMN-1</td>
			<td>dissolved C and N analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Smartchem 200</td>
			<td>Unity Scientific</td>
			<td>200</td>
			<td>Discrete Analyzer for P measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Dionex</td>
			<td>ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Ion Chromatography for Ca, Mg, K and Na measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable Soil Moisture Meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">FieldScout TDR 300</td>
			<td>7.5 cm long probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Totallizing Water Meters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Badger</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3/4 inch water meters</td>
			<td>standard homeowner water meters</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and construction of an urban runoff research facility

도시 인구가 증가함에 따라, 관개 도시 풍경의 영역을 수행합니다. 도시 지역에서 여름 물 사용으로 인해 풍경 관개에 대한 수요 증가로 2 ~ 3 배 겨울베이스 라인 물 사용 할 수 있습니다. 부적절한 관개 관행과 큰 강우은 부영양화에 기여할 수있는 지역의 하천과 호수에 영양분과 퇴적물을 수행 할 잠재력을 가지고 도시 풍경에서 유출이 발생할 수 있습니다. 1,000 평방 미터 시설은 24 개인 33.6 m 2 필드 플롯, 시뮬레이션 도시 풍경에서 유출 물에 화학 성분의 정량 선택한 간격으로 시간과 유출 서브 샘플의 컬렉션 총 유출 볼륨을 측정하기 위해 장착 된 각 구성되는 건설되었다. 제 1 및 제 2 시험 유출량 볼륨은 각각 38.2 및 28.7 %의 값을 변동 (CV)의 계수를 가지고 있었다. 두 시험에 대한 유출의 pH, EC, 그리고 나 농도에 대한 CV 값은 모두 10 % 아래에 있었다. ConcentratioDOC의 NS는 TDN은 DON, PO 4 - P는, K +, Mg를 2 +, 및 칼슘은 모두 시험에서 50 %보다 CV 값이 덜했다. 전반적으로, 시설에서 잔디를 설치 한 후 실행 테스트의 결과는 유출 볼륨과 화학 성분에 대한 플롯 사이의 균일 성을 지적했다. 큰 플롯 크기는 자연 변화의 많은 부분을 포함하기에 충분하며, 따라서 도시의 풍경 생태계의 더 나은 시뮬레이션을 제공합니다.

플롯 특성 모든 플롯 (24)에 대한 평균 기울기는 3.7 %이고,이 플롯 (표 1) 4.1 %의 높은 플롯에 17 대 3.2 %의 낮은부터였다. 표토 평균 두께는 36cm이고 플롯 10 (표 1)에 대한 51.5 cm의 높이에 플롯 (24)에 대한 25.0 cm의 낮은부터였다. 결선 볼륨 2012년 8월 9일의 첫 번째 재판에서 유출 볼륨은 213.5 L의 평균을했고 변동 계수 38.2 %의 (CV) (표 2)와</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

이 논문에서 유출 물에 화학 성분의 정량으로 선택 간격으로 시간과 유출 서브 샘플의 컬렉션 총 유출 볼륨을 측정하기 위해 장착 된 24 개인 33.6 m 2 필드 플롯을 포함하는 1,000 평방 미터 시설의 설계, 건설 및 기능을 설명합니다 시뮬레이션 홈 잔디.

도시 유출의 연구 시설의 설계 및 건설

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

design-and-construction-of-an-urban-runoff-research-facility

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

연속의 설계 및 운영<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C 및<sup&gt; 15</sup통일 또는 차등을위한&gt; N 레이블 상공 회의소, 대사 및 구조, 식물 동위 원소 라벨링

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

연구

환경과학

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

토양 유출을 연구하기 위해 강우 시뮬레이션을 실시하기위한 프로토콜

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

CO<sub&gt; 2</sub테스트 주식에 대한&gt; 농도 구배 시설<sub&gt; 2</sub초원 생태계 기능에&gt; 농축 및 토양 효과

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges widely over sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East. Cheetah conservationists face two major challenges, conflict with landowners over the killing of domestic livestock, and concern over range contraction. Understanding of the latter remains particularly poor2. Namibia is believed to support the largest number of cheetahs of any range country, around 30%, but estimates range from 2,9053 to 13,5204. The disparity is likely a result of the different techniques used in monitoring.
Current techniques, including invasive tagging with VHF or satellite/GPS collars, can be costly and unreliable. The footprint identification technique5 is a new tool accessible to both field scientists and also citizens with smartphones, who could potentially augment data collection. The footprint identification technique analyzes digital images of footprints captured according to a standardized protocol. Images are optimized and measured in data visualization software. Measurements of distances, angles, and areas of the footprint images are analyzed using a robust cross-validated pairwise discriminant analysis based on a customized model. The final output is in the form of a Ward's cluster dendrogram. A user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user immediate access and clear interpretation of classification results.
The footprint identification technique algorithms are species specific because each species has a unique anatomy. The technique runs in a data visualization software, using its own scripting language (jsl) that can be customized for the footprint anatomy of any species. An initial classification algorithm is built from a training database of footprints from that species, collected from individuals of known identity. An algorithm derived from a cheetah of known identity is then able to classify free-ranging cheetahs of unknown identity. The footprint identification technique predicts individual cheetah identity with an accuracy of &gt;90%.

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an iconic, endangered species, but conservation efforts are challenged by habitat shrinkage and conflict with commercial farmers. The footprint identification technique, a robust, accurate and cost-effective image classification system, is a new approach to monitoring cheetahs.

그들의 발자국으로 확인 개인 : 치타를 구경하기

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

농업과 도시 유출수의 지표수 독성과 관련된 오염 물질 제거를위한 식물 처리 시스템

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

디자인 및 쌍 각 조개 서 스 펜 션 바다에서 먹이 측정 기구 사용

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

Construction of a Compact Low-Cost Radiation Shield for Air-Temperature Sensors in Ecological Field Studies

Low cost temperature sensors are increasingly used by ecologists to assess climatic variation and change on ecologically relevant scales. Although cost-effective, if not deployed with proper solar radiation shielding, the observations recorded from these sensors will be biased and inaccurate. Manufactured radiation shields are effective at minimizing this bias, but are expensive compared to the cost of these sensors. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom fabricated radiation shield, which is more accurate than other published shielding methods that attempt to minimize shield size or construction costs. The method requires very little material: corrugated plastic sheets, aluminum foil duct tape, and cable ties. One 15 cm and two 10 cm squares of corrugated plastic are used for each shield. After cutting, scoring, taping and stapling of the sheets, the 10 cm squares form the bottom two layers of the solar radiation shield, while the 15 cm square forms the top layer. The three sheets are held together with cable ties. This compact solar radiation shield can be suspended, or placed against any flat surface. Care must be taken to ensure that the shield is completely parallel to the ground to prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the sensor, possibly causing increased warm biases in sun-exposed sites in the morning and afternoon relative to the original, larger design. Even so, differences in recorded temperatures between the smaller, compact shield design and the original design were small (mean daytime bias = 0.06 &#176;C). Construction costs are less than half of the original shield design, and the new design results in a less conspicuous instrument that may be advantageous in many field ecology settings.

With the advent of small, low-cost environmental sensors, it is now possible to deploy high-density networks of sensors to measure hyper localized temperature variation. Here, we provide a detailed methodology for constructing a compact version of a previously described custom-fabricated radiation shield for use with inexpensive thermochrons.

생태 분야 연구에서 공기 온도 센서는 소형 저가 방사선 방패의 건설

Low cost temperature sensors are increasingly used by ecologists to assess climatic variation and change on ecologically relevant scales. Although ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water quality. However, commercially available incubators are often costly, difficult to transport, not flexible in terms of volume, and/or poorly adapted to local field conditions where access to electricity is unreliable. The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator that can be constructed using readily available components. The electronic core of the incubator was first developed. These components were then tested under a range of ambient temperature conditions (3.5 &#176;C - 39 &#176;C) using three types of incubator shells (polystyrene foam box, hard cooler box, and cardboard box covered with a survival blanket). The electronic core showed comparable performance to a standard laboratory incubator in terms of the time required to reach the set temperature, inner temperature stability and spatial dispersion, power consumption, and microbial growth. The incubator set-ups were also effective at moderate and low ambient temperatures (between 3.5 &#176;C and 27 &#176;C), and at high temperatures (39 &#176;C) when the incubator set temperature was higher. This incubator prototype is low-cost (&lt; 300 USD) and adaptable to a variety of materials and volumes. Its demountable structure makes it easy to transport. It can be used in both established laboratories with grid power or in remote settings powered by solar energy or a car battery. It is particularly useful as an equipment option for field laboratories in areas with limited access to resources for water quality monitoring.

This paper describes a method for building an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator for microbial testing of drinking water. Our design is based on widely available materials and can operate under a range of field conditions, while still offering the advantages of higher-end laboratory-based models.

분야와 실험실 사용을 위한 저비용 모바일 인큐베이터의 건설

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

도시 공원 환경에서 산책 비디오를 무료로 볼 수 있는 비디오 콘텐츠 분석과 눈 추적 데이터 결합

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and shape of activated sludge flocs can indicate the conditions at the microscale, and also directly affect how well the sludge settles in a clarifier.
Particle size and shape are both misleadingly &#39;simple&#39; measurements. Many subtle issues, often unaddressed in informal protocols, can arise when sampling, imaging, and analyzing particles. Sampling methods may be biased or not provide enough statistical power. The samples themselves may be poorly preserved or undergo alteration during immobilization. Images may not be of sufficient quality; overlapping particles, depth of field, magnification level, and various noise can all produce poor results. Poorly specified analysis can introduce bias, such as that produced by manual image thresholding and segmentation.
Affordability and throughput are desirable alongside reproducibility. An affordable, high throughput method can enable more frequent particle measurement, producing many images containing thousands of particles. A method that uses inexpensive reagents, a common dissecting microscope, and freely-available open source analysis software allows repeatable, accessible, reproducible, and partially-automated experimental results. Further, the product of such a method can be well-formatted, well-defined, and easily understood by data analysis software, easing both within-lab analyses and data sharing between labs.
We present a protocol that details the steps needed to produce such a product, including: sampling, sample preparation and immobilization in agar, digital image acquisition, digital image analysis, and examples of experiment-specific figure generation from the analysis results. We have also included an open-source data analysis pipeline to support this protocol.

The size and shape of particles in activated sludge are important parameters that are measured using varying methods. Inaccuracies arise from non-representative sampling, suboptimal images, and subjective analysis parameters. To minimize these errors and ease measurement, we present a protocol specifying every step, including an open source software pipeline.

형태와 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 파이프라인 Agar에 움직일 활성된 슬러지 입자의 크기 측정

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and ...