Name: one-channel cell-attached patch-clamp recording
Uploaded: 2014-06-09T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording at JoVE.com

이 작품은 F31NS086765 (KAC)에 의해 지원되었다, F31NS076235 (MAP), 및 R01 NS052669 (GKP) 및 EIA9100012. 저자는 전문 지식과 분자 생물학 및 조직 문화에 대한 지원은 아일린 Kasperek 감사합니다; 제이슨 마이어스 초기 전두엽 대뇌 피질의 신경 세포에서 얻은 데이터를 공유.

1. 세포 배양 및 단백질 발현 <ol><li> HEK293 세포를 10 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS)이 보충 된 DMEM에서 단층 배양에서, ATCC에 의해 수행 통로를 포함 통로 (22)와 (40) 사이 (ATCC 번호 CRL-1573) 및 5 % CO 2에서 1 % 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신 혼합물을 유지 37 ° C. 실험 사이에, 10 ㎖의 최종 부피의 5 ~ 20 배 희석에서 T25 플라스크에 통과 세포. 참고 :이 구절 동안 세포를 사용하여 최적의 인감 형성 및 패치 안정...

<ol>
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R., Auerbach, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+mechanism+determines+NMDA+receptor+response+to+repetitive+stimulation.">Reaction mechanism determines NMDA receptor response to repetitive stimulation.</a> Nature. 430, 790-793 (2004).</li><li>Prieto, M. L., Wollmuth, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gating+Modes+in+AMPA+Receptors.">Gating Modes in AMPA Receptors.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 30, 4449-4459 (2010).</li><li>Poon, K., Nowak, L. M., Oswald, R. 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Sakmann and E Neher. , (1995).</li></ol>

이온 채널 필드에 연구의 중요한 영역을 열거 나 채널의 게이트 메커니즘을 채널로 연결 이벤트의 순서를 이해하기 위해 최선을 다하고 있습니다. 대부분 채널의 경우,이 프로세스는 복잡하고, 거시적 멀티 채널 신호로부터 도출 될 수없는 여러 운동 단계를 포함한다. 대조적으로, 실험은 단일 채널 레코드의 개방 / 폐쇄 이벤트의 시퀀스를 관찰하는 게이팅 메커니즘에 대한 더 상세한 정보를 생?...

생체막 걸쳐 패스트 통신은 일반적으로 채널로 지칭 올리고머 기공 형성하는 막 단백질에 거의 전적으로 의존한다. 이 단백질은 활성화 신호 게이팅 메커니즘 및 전도성 속성에서 크게 다르다. 그 구멍 이온에 선택적인 채널 단백질은 이온 채널로 분류됩니다; 그들의 활성화를 막을 가로 질러 이온 전류를 생성하고, 그 응답은 전기 생리 기법을 사용하여 실시간으로 높은 해상도로 기록 될 수있다. 활성화 신호는 농도 기울기, 기계적 및 전기적 힘 및 온도를 포함하여 화학적 및 물리적 입력의 광범위한 어레이에 걸쳐; 따라서, 추가 리간드에 이온 채널을 분류하면, 게이트 mechanosensitive, 전압 게이트, 또는 열에 민감한 타입. 이 글에서, 프로토콜은 패치 클램프 기술을 사용하여, 리간드 게이트 채널, NMDA 수용체 및 mechanosensitive 채널, PIEZO1에서 1 채널 활동을 기록 할 수 있도록 서술되어있다.0; 패치 클램프 전기 생리학 단일 분자 1, 2의 관찰을 허용하도록 충분히 민감한 첫 번째이자 가장 널리 사용되는 실험 방법이다. 이 절묘한 감도 이외에, 그것은 크게 전기 생리 기록 의무 생물학적 제제를 확장하고 또한 양막에있는 이온 채널의 관찰을 허용했다. 클램핑 전압 및 전류의 기록이 모두 동일 전극으로 수행되기 때문에 먼저, 그것은 작은 세포 또는 세포막 패치 걸쳐 신호를 기록하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 기술은 이온 채널이 개구리의 근육, 장어 electroplaques, 또는 오징어 거대한 축삭 3, 4, 오히려 그들이 횡단 신호 전달 메커니즘의 유비쿼터스기구를 대표하고 단방향 또는 모든 세포막 유형에 본질적인 것으로의 흥분 막에 제한되지 않는 것으로 나타났다 다세포 생물, 또한 세포 세포막에. 수입antly, 단순히 그대로 셀에 유리 피펫을 부착하여 횡단 전류를 기록 할 수있는 기능은 기본 파쇄되지 않은 세포막에있는 이온 채널에서 활동을 기록 할 수있는 전례없는 기회를 제공했다. 따라서,이 프로토콜에서 설명하는 세포 부착 패치 - 클램프 기술은, 최소한 수십 또는 네이티브 환경 이상 연속 이온 채널의 활성을 모니터링 허용한다. 보통 열 변동에 따라, 이온 채널 단백질을 포함한 모든 단백질은, 사이드 체인의 움직임과 전체의 재배치로 표현 훨씬 느린, 덜 자주 변경에 의한 가능성이 가장 높은 표현하는 가장 빠르고 가장 빈번하게 재 배열로, 다양한 시간 규모에 구조적인 변화를 겪을 도메인이나 서브 유닛, 또는 포스트 번역 상 수정 또는 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용 (5, 6)에 의해 일부의 경우. 하나의 분자에 의해 생성 된 활동의 긴 기간을 준수하면 기능을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다tional의 본래 생리 세포막에있는 이온 채널의 역학은 관찰 된 분자의 작동 메커니즘에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공합니다. 세포 유형 및 발달 단계에 걸쳐 이온 채널, 네이티브 세포막 이온 채널의 분자 조성에 대한 지식의 다양성 증가 이해와 대조적으로 여전히 제한된다. 모든 이온 채널은 다중 체 단백질 및 네이티브 이온 채널의 대부분은 종종 다양한 컨덕턴스 및 게이팅 특성이 수반되는 다양한 분자 다양성의 단백질을 생산하는 여러 종류의 서브 유닛에서 조립한다. 이 때문에, 정의 분자 조성물의 이온 채널은 이종 시스템에서 발현에 다룬다. 특히, 불멸의 인간 배아 신장 세포 (7)의 클론 라인입니다 HEK293 세포는 재조합 이온 채널의 이종 식에 대한 선호 시스템으로 광범위한 수용을 얻었다. 남자 중이온 채널 전기 생리학에 대한 선택 시스템으로 HEK293 세포를 상승 Y 장점은 간편하고 배양 능력이며, 수명이 긴 안정 문화를 유지, 번역 후 폴딩, 가공, 포유 동물 단백질의 거래를 수행 할 수있는 능력, 그리고 많은 경우에 그들의 낮은 수준 또는 그 7, 8 채널의 내인성 표현의도 부재. 재조합 이온 채널을 표현하고 HEK293 세포에서의 기능적 특성을 연구하는 구조 기능의 이온 채널의 특성뿐만 아니라 이온 채널 이소 및 기본 조직에서 자신의 역할의 특정 속성에 대한 정보를 얻을 수있는 유용한 방법이 될 것을 계속한다. 이 문서에서 설명하는 프로토콜은 HEK293 세포에서 발현 된 재조합 이온 채널 및 네이티브 이온 채널에 동일하게 잘 적용될 수있다. 요약하면, 전례없는 능력을 통해 패치 클램프 기술은 신호를 해결하기 위해한 분자에서의 날짜에, 단일 분자의 거동을 관찰하기위한 가장 직접적인 방법 남아있다. 그 셀에 연결된 모드에서 패치 클램프 기록을 한 분자에 대해 수행 될 때, 이온 채널의 동작에 뛰어난 통찰력을 제공 할 수있는, 긴 관측주기를 허용한다. 아래는 하나의 이온 채널 단백질을 함유하는 세포 부착 패치로부터 고해상도 현재 녹화를 얻기위한 프로토콜을 제시한다.

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	<tbody>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:189px;">Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:205px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Borosillicate Glass</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>BF-150-86-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bright field inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>1x51</td>
			<td>Nikon also has similar microscopes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluroescent box</td>
			<td>X-cite</td>
			<td>Series 120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Liquid Light Guide</td>
			<td>X-cite</td>
			<td>OEX-LG15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>TDS1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td colspan="2">Axon Axopatch 200B&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td align="right">63561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NIDAQ card</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>776844-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polisher</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>Microforge MF-830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Faraday Cage</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td align="right">8133306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">High Speed Pressure Clamp</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>ALA HSPC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pressue/Vaccuum Pump</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>ALA PV-PUMP</td>
			<td>For HSPC-1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

one-channel cell-attached patch-clamp recording

이온 채널 단백질은 생물의 세포막에 걸쳐 빠른 통신을위한 보편적 인 장치입니다. 그들이 생성하는 이온 플럭스의 시간 서명은 각 채널 단백질뿐 아니라 생성하고 제어하는​​ 메커니즘에 대한 고유 특성에 따라 현재 연구의 중요한 영역을 나타냅니다. 이온 채널 단백질의 동역학 연산에 대한 정보는 단일 분자에 의해 생성 된 전류의 긴 뻗기를 관찰함으로써 수득 될 수있다. 리간드 게이트 이온 채널, NMDA 수용체에 대한 하나의 채널 세포 부착 된 패치 클램프 현재 녹음을 얻기위한 프로토콜이 여기에 설명, 대뇌 피질의 신경 세포 HEK293 세포 또는 기본적으로 발현 된. 또한 메카에 민감한 채널 PIEZO1의 예를 제시하여 관심의 다른 이온 채널에 방법을 적용하는 방법에 대한 지침을 제공합니다. 이 방법은 채널의 전도도 특성 및 OPE의 시간적 순서에 관한 데이터를 제공 할 수 있습니다따라서 건강과 질병에서의 기능을 이해하는 데 도움이 채널의 활성화 메커니즘을 구성하는 N-폐쇄 입체 형태.

재조합 NMDA 수용체 NMDA 수용체 결합과 두 개의 공동 작용제의 수반하는 작업에 응답 글루타민산과 글리신. 그들은 GluN1 서브 유닛과 GluN2 서브 유닛을 바인딩 두 글루타민산 바인딩 두 글리신 heterotetramers로 조립합니다. GluN2 서브 유닛은 뇌에서 가장 널리 전사 형태의 청소년 동물 성인 GluN2B에 GluN2A 4 개의 유전자 (AD)에 의해 이들의 인코딩된다. 때문에 (도 1a)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording at JoVE.com

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

여기에 설명하는 세포 부착 된 패치 클램프 기술로 하나의 이온 채널에서 현재 기록의 장기 복역을 얻기위한 절차입니다. 이 방법은 실시간으로 관찰을 허용, 생물학적 신호를 기초 개폐 채널 입체 형태의 패턴. 이 데이터는 그대로 생체막의 채널 특성에 대해 알려 드리겠습니다.

1 채널의 세포 부착 된 패치 클램프 녹음

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate ...

one-channel-cell-attached-patch-clamp-recording

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

칼리에서 패치 클램프 커패시턴스 레코딩을위한 방법

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

연구

생물학

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

Xenopus Oocytes의 표현 이온 채널 패치 클램프 녹음

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording. We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for recording from small (&lt;3 m) neuronal cell bodies. The basic principal is similar to glass-blowing and combines air pressure and heat to modify the shape of patch pipettes prepared by a conventional micropipette puller. It can be applied to so-called soft (soda lime) and hard (borosilicate) glasses. Generally speaking, pressure polishing can reduce pipette resistance by 25% without decreasing the diameter of the tip opening (Goodman and Lockery, 2000). It can be applied to virtually any type of glass and requires only the addition of a high-pressure valve and fitting to a microforge. This technique is essential for recording from ultrasmall cells (&lt;5 m) and can also improve single-channel recording by minimizing pipette resistance. The blunt shape is also useful for perforated-patch clamp recording since this tip shape results in a larger membrane bleb available for perforation.

This is a guide to modifying the shape of glass micropipettes. Specifically, by using heat and air pressure the taper is widened without increasing the tip opening, leading to lower pipette resistance. This is critical to obtain low noise recordings of small cells but is useful in many applications.

향상된 패치 - 클램프 녹음 압력 연마 Pipettes

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording.  We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for ...

Dissecting and Recording from The C. Elegans Neuromuscular Junction

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale. This complex process requires the coordinated activity of many pre- and post-synaptic proteins to ensure appropriate synaptic connectivity, conduction of electrical signals, targeting and priming of secretory vesicles, calcium sensing, vesicle fusion, localization and function of postsynaptic receptors and finally, recycling mechanisms. As neuroscientists it is our goal to elucidate which proteins function in each of these steps and understand their mechanisms of action. Electrophysiological recordings from synapses provide a quantifiable read out of the underlying electrical events that occur during synaptic transmission. By combining this technique with the powerful array of molecular and genetic tools available to manipulate synaptic proteins in C. elegans, we can analyze the resulting functional changes in synaptic transmission. 
The C. elegans NMJs formed between motor neurons and body wall muscles control locomotion, therefore, mutants with uncoordinated locomotory phenotypes (known as unc s) often perturb synaptic transmission at these synapses 1. Since unc mutants are maintained on a rich supply of a bacterial food source, they remain viable as long as they retain some pharyngeal pumping ability to ingest food. This, together with the fact that C. elegans exist as hermaphrodites, allows them to pass on mutant progeny without the need for elaborate mating behaviors. These attributes, coupled with our recent ability to record from the worms NMJs 2,3,7 make this an excellent model organism in which to address precisely how unc mutants impact neurotransmission. 
The dissection method involves immobilizing adult worms using a cyanoacrylic glue in order to make an incision in the worm cuticle exposing the NMJs. Since C. elegans adults are only 1 mm in length the dissection is performed with the use of a dissecting microscope and requires excellent hand-eye coordination. NMJ recordings are made by whole-cell voltage clamping individual body wall muscle cells and neurotransmitter release can be evoked using a variety of stimulation protocols including electrical stimulation, light-activated channel-rhodopsin-mediated depolarization 4 and hyperosmotic saline, all of which will be briefly described.

Application of electrophysiology to accessible synapses provides a quantifiable measure of synaptic activity, useful in analyzing synaptic mutants. This article describes a dissection method used to expose the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and briefly discusses some of the uses to which this preparation can be applied.

해부 및 C. 엘레간스 신경근육학 융티온에서 레코딩

Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transfer information via chemical signals to their post-synaptic targets, on a rapid time scale.   This ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

에 Electrophysiological 녹음 Drosophila 엠브료

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

마우스의 외래 ECG 기록

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

이온 채널 유학을위한 패치 클램프 및 재관류 기법으로 표현 Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography

Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of blood through the vessel and contributes to systemic blood pressure. The contraction process is regulated primarily by cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which is in turn controlled by a variety of ion transporters and channels. Ion channels are common intermediates in signal transduction pathways activated by vasoactive hormones to effect vasoconstriction or vasodilation. And ion channels are often targeted by therapeutic agents either intentionally (e.g. calcium channel blockers used to induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure) or unintentionally (e.g. to induce unwanted cardiovascular side effects).
Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-activated potassium channels have recently been implicated as important physiological and therapeutic targets for regulation of smooth muscle contraction. To elucidate the specific roles of Kv7 channels in both physiological signal transduction and in the actions of therapeutic agents, we need to study how their activity is modulated at the cellular level as well as evaluate their contribution in the context of the intact artery.
The rat mesenteric arteries provide a useful model system. The arteries can be easily dissected, cleaned of connective tissue, and used to prepare isolated arterial myocytes for patch clamp electrophysiology, or cannulated and pressurized for measurements of vasoconstrictor/vasodilator responses under relatively physiological conditions. Here we describe the methods used for both types of measurements and provide some examples of how the experimental design can be integrated to provide a clearer understanding of the roles of these ion channels in the regulation of vascular tone.

Measurements of Kv7 (KCNQ) potassium channel activity in isolated arterial myocytes (using patch clamp electrophysiological techniques) in parallel with measurements of constrictor/dilator responses (using pressure myography) can reveal important information about the roles of Kv7 channels in vascular smooth muscle physiology and pharmacology.

패치 클램프 전기 생리학 및 압력 Myography를 사용하여 간선 평활근 Kv7 칼륨 채널 기능을 탐색

Contraction  or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries  determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of ...

Giant Liposome Preparation for Imaging and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify and explore the function of these important proteins. However, classical preparations, such as planar bilayers, limit the manipulations and experiments that can be performed on the reconstituted channel and its membrane environment. The more cell-like structure of giant liposomes permits traditional patch-clamp experiments without sacrificing control of the lipid environment.
Electroformation is an efficient mean to produce giant liposomes &gt;10 &mu;m in diameter which relies on the application of alternating voltage to a thin, ordered lipid film deposited on an electrode surface. However, since the classical protocol calls for the lipids to be deposited from organic solvents, it is not compatible with less robust membrane proteins like ion channels and must be modified. Recently, protocols have been developed to electroform giant liposomes from partially dehydrated small liposomes, which we have adapted to protein-containing liposomes in our laboratory.
We present here the background, equipment, techniques, and pitfalls of electroformation of giant liposomes from small liposome dispersions. We begin with the classic protocol, which should be mastered first before attempting the more challenging protocols that follow. We demonstrate the process of controlled partial dehydration of small liposomes using vapor equilibrium with saturated salt solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the process of electroformation itself. We will describe simple, inexpensive equipment that can be made in-house to produce high-quality liposomes, and describe visual inspection of the preparation at each stage to ensure the best results.

Reconstituting functional membrane proteins into giant liposomes of defined composition is a powerful approach when combined with patch-clamp electrophysiology. However, conventional giant liposome production may be incompatible with protein stability. We describe protocols for producing giant liposomes from pure lipids or small liposomes containing ion channels.

이미징 및 패치 클램프 전기 생리학에 대한 거대한 리포좀 준비

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

횡단 단백질의 재구성, 현미경 및 패치 클램프 연구 거대한 단일 층 소포에 전압 게이트 이온 채널, KvAP,

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...